Lettuce: Difference between revisions
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'''Lettuce''' (''Lactuca sativa'') is a [[temperate]] [[annual plant|annual]] or [[biennial plant]] of the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. It is most often grown as a [[leaf vegetable]]. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in [[salad]]s, [[hamburger]]s, [[taco]]s, and in many other dishes. In some places, including [[China]], lettuce is typically eaten cooked and use of the stem is as important as use of the leaf. Both the English name and the [[Latin]] name of the genus are ultimately derived from ''lac'', the Latin word for “[[milk]]”,<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd. | year = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | pages = 883 | isbn = 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> referring to the plant’s milky juice. Mild in flavour, it has been described over the centuries as a cooling counterbalance to other ingredients in a salad.<ref name=Grigson313>Grigson, p. 313 |
'''Lettuce''' (''Lactuca sativa'') is a [[temperate]] [[annual plant|annual]] or [[biennial plant]] of the daisy family [[Asteraceae]]. It is most often grown as a [[leaf vegetable]]. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in [[salad]]s, [[hamburger]]s, [[taco]]s, and in many other dishes. In some places, including [[China]], lettuce is typically eaten cooked and use of the stem is as important as use of the leaf. Both the English name and the [[Latin]] name of the genus are ultimately derived from ''lac'', the Latin word for “[[milk]]”,<ref>{{cite book | last = Simpson | first = D.P. | title = Cassell's Latin Dictionary | publisher = Cassell Ltd. | year = 1979 | edition = 5 | location = London | pages = 883 | isbn = 0-304-52257-0}}</ref> referring to the plant’s milky juice. Mild in flavour, it has been described over the centuries as a cooling counterbalance to other ingredients in a salad.<ref name=Grigson313>Grigson, p. 313</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The lettuce plant has a short stem initially (a [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] growth habit), but when it blooms, the stem lengthens, branches, and produces many flower heads that look like those of [[dandelion]]s, but smaller. This is referred to as [[wiktionary:bolt#Verb|bolting]]. When grown to eat, lettuce is harvested before it bolts. Lettuce is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]]. The largest lettuce head, of the Salad Bowl cultivar, weighed 11 [[Kilogram|kg]] (25 [[Pound (mass)|lb]]) grown by Colin Bowcock of [[Willaston]], [[England]], in 1974. {{Fact|date=January 2009}} |
The lettuce plant has a short stem initially (a [[Rosette (botany)|rosette]] growth habit), but when it blooms, the stem lengthens, branches, and produces many flower heads that look like those of [[dandelion]]s, but smaller. This is referred to as [[wiktionary:bolt#Verb|bolting]]. When grown to eat, lettuce is harvested before it bolts. Lettuce is used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]]. The largest lettuce head, of the Salad Bowl cultivar, weighed 11 [[Kilogram|kg]] (25 [[Pound (mass)|lb]]) grown by Colin Bowcock of [[Willaston]], [[England]], in 1974. {{Fact|date=January 2009}} |
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==Religious restrictions== |
==Religious restrictions== |
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The [[Yazidi]] of northern Iraq consider eating lettuce [[Taboo food and drink|taboo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E5DF1E3FF930A35752C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Bashiqa Journal: A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due |first=Neill |last=MacFarquhar |authorlink=Neil MacFarquhar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> |
The [[Yazidi]] of northern Iraq consider eating lettuce [[Taboo food and drink|taboo]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E5DF1E3FF930A35752C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Bashiqa Journal: A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due |first=Neill |last=MacFarquhar |authorlink=Neil MacFarquhar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2003-01-03 |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> |
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==Cultural References== |
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In his humorous essay ''100 Things I chew'', filmmaker [[John Waters (filmmaker)|John Waters]] refers to iceberg lettuce as "the [[polyester]] of greens".<ref>{{cite book |last=Waters|first=John |authorlink=John Waters (filmmaker) |title=Crackpot: the Obsessions of John Waters |year=1987 |publisher=Vintage|isbn=0394755340}}</ref> |
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==Notes==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. --> |
==Notes==<!-- BiolConserv137:248. --> |
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Revision as of 14:10, 10 April 2009
| Lettuce | |
|---|---|
| |
| Iceberg lettuce field in Northern Santa Barbara County | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | L. sativa
|
| Binomial name | |
| Lactuca sativa | |
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy | 55 kJ (13 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2.2 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dietary fibre | 1.1 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||
0.2 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
1.4 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Water | 96 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Vit. K[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3] | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a temperate annual or biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable. In many countries, it is typically eaten cold, raw, in salads, hamburgers, tacos, and in many other dishes. In some places, including China, lettuce is typically eaten cooked and use of the stem is as important as use of the leaf. Both the English name and the Latin name of the genus are ultimately derived from lac, the Latin word for “milk”,[4] referring to the plant’s milky juice. Mild in flavour, it has been described over the centuries as a cooling counterbalance to other ingredients in a salad.[5]
Description
The lettuce plant has a short stem initially (a rosette growth habit), but when it blooms, the stem lengthens, branches, and produces many flower heads that look like those of dandelions, but smaller. This is referred to as bolting. When grown to eat, lettuce is harvested before it bolts. Lettuce is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera. The largest lettuce head, of the Salad Bowl cultivar, weighed 11 kg (25 lb) grown by Colin Bowcock of Willaston, England, in 1974. [citation needed]
Cultivation
Lettuce is grown commercially worldwide, hardy to Zone 6,[6] requiring light, sandy, humus rich, moist soil.[6] It dislikes dry conditions, which can cause the plants to go to seed (known as bolting). It is normally grown by early and late sowing in sunny positions, or summer crops in shade[6]. It is considered fairly easy to grow and a suitable crop for beginners.[7]
Planting Depth: Some resources suggest planting seeds by covering lightly with soil[8] while others suggest a depth of 1/4 to 1/2 inch[9]
Planting Spacing: Thin seedlings to 10 cm (4 in) apart for leaf lettuce [1 sq. m (9/sq ft)] and 6 to 8 inches apart for Cos or Butterhead (4/sq ft - 1/sq ft), transplant Crisphead seedlings 10 to 12 inches apart in the row (1/sq ft).[9]
Row Spacing: 12 - 18 inches apart[9]
History
The earliest depiction of lettuce is in the carvings at the temple of Senusret I at Karnak, where he offers milk to the god Min, to whom the lettuces was sacred. Lettuce was considered an aphrodisiac food in Ancient Egypt, and appears as such in The Contendings of Horus and Seth. Later, Ancient Greek physicians believed lettuce could act as a sleep-inducing agent. The Romans cultivated it, and it eventually made its way to France cultivated of the Papal Court at Avignon.[10] Christopher Columbus introduced lettuce to the new world.[11]
Cultivars
There are six commonly recognised Cultivar Groups of lettuce which are ordered here by head formation and leaf structure; there are hundreds of cultivars of lettuce selected for leaf shape and colour, as well as extended field and shelf life, within each of these Cultivar Groups:
- Butterhead forms loose heads. Its leaves have a buttery texture. Butterhead cultivars are most popular in Europe. Popular varieties include Boston, Bibb, Buttercrunch, and Tom Thumb.
- Chinese lettuce types generally have long, sword-shaped, non-head-forming leaves, with a bitter and robust flavour unlike Western types,for use in stir-fried dishes and stews. Chinese lettuce cultivars are divided into “stem-use” types (called celtuce in English), and “leaf-use” types such as youmaicai (Chinese: 油麦菜; pinyin: yóumàicài) or shengcai (生菜).
- Crisphead, also called Iceberg, forms tight, dense heads that resemble cabbage. They are generally the mildest of the lettuces, valued more for their crunchy texture than for flavour. Cultivars of iceberg lettuce are the most familiar lettuces in the USA. The name Iceberg comes from the way the lettuce was transported in the US starting in the 1920s on train-wagons covered in crushed ice, making them look like icebergs[citation needed].
- Looseleaf has tender, delicate, and mildly flavoured leaves. This group includes oak leaf and lollo rosso lettuces.
- Romaine, also called Cos, grows in a long head of sturdy leaves with a firm rib down the center. Unlike most lettuces, it is tolerant of heat.
- Summer Crisp, also called Batavian, forms moderately dense heads with a crunchy texture. This type is intermediate between iceberg and looseleaf types.
Some lettuces (especially iceberg) have been specifically bred to remove the bitterness from their leaves. These lettuces have a high water content with very little nutrient value. The more bitter lettuces and the ones with pigmented leaves contain antioxidants. [citation needed]
-
Some lettuce cultivars -
-
Chemical compunds which occur in lettuce:
1: α-Lactucerol (=Taraxasterol); 2: β-Lactucerol (=Lactucon, Lactucerin); 3: Lactucin; 4: Lactucopicrin. -
More lettuce cultivars
Breeding
L. sativa can easily be bred with closely related species in Lactuca such as L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa, and breeding programs for cultivated lettuce have included those species to broaden the available gene pool. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as L. tatarica.[12]
Seed saving
Lettuce is an inbreeding plant[6][8]. Flowers form in heads of 10-25 individual florets[8] of perfect flowers[6]. Lettuce is considered suitable for seed-saving beginners.[13]
Production
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reports that world production of lettuce and chicory for calendar year 2007 was 23.55 million tons, primarily coming from China(51%), United States(22%) and Spain(5%).
| Top Ten Lettuce and Chicory Producers — 2007 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Production (Tonnes) | Footnote | ||
 People's Republic of China |
12 000 000 | F | ||
 United States |
5 105 980 | |||
 Spain |
1 070 000 | F | ||
 Italy |
850 078 | |||
 India |
790 000 | F | ||
 Japan |
560 000 | F | ||
 France |
471 000 | F | ||
 Turkey |
382 034 | |||
 Mexico |
275 000 | F | ||
 Australia |
185 000 | F | ||
| Template:Country data World | 23 550 943 | A | ||
| No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure A = Aggregate(may include official, semi-official or estimates); | ||||
Nutrition
Lettuce is a fat free, low calorie food. It is a valuable source of vitamin A and folic acid. Lactucarium (or “Lettuce Opium”) is a mild opiate-like substance that is contained in all types of lettuce. Both the Romans and Egyptians took advantage of this property eating lettuce at the end of a meal to induce sleep.[14] Lettuce is good for a well balanced diet and people should be encouraged to eat it often, especially trying to include lettuce into their lunch when possible.
Religious restrictions
The Yazidi of northern Iraq consider eating lettuce taboo.[15]
Cultural References
In his humorous essay 100 Things I chew, filmmaker John Waters refers to iceberg lettuce as "the polyester of greens".[16]
Notes
- ^ Molly Damon, Nancy Z. Zhang, David B. Haytowitz, Sarah L. Booth (2005). "Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of vegetables". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 18. Elsevier: 751–758. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2004.07.004.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
- ^ Grigson, p. 313
- ^ a b c d e "Plants for a Future: Lactuca sativa". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ "Mother Earth News: 10 Best Garden Crops for Beginners". Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ a b c Ashworth, Suzanne (2002). Seed to Seed. Seed Savers Exchange. ISBN 1-882424-58-0.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ^ a b c "University of Illinois Extension: Lettuce". Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Grigson, p. 312
- ^ "Lettuce:Food Facts & Trivia". Retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ^ Wim J. M. Koopman, Eli Guetta, Clemens C. M. van de Wiel, Ben Vosman and Ronald G. van den Berg (1998). "Phylogenetic relationships among Lactuca (Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. pp. 1517–1530.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e e d S a v i n g I n s t i t u t e - Lettuce". Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ "Lettuce - Lactuca sativa - Daisy family". Hamilton, Dave (2005).
- ^ MacFarquhar, Neill (2003-01-03). "Bashiqa Journal: A Sect Shuns Lettuce and Gives the Devil His Due". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
- ^ Waters, John (1987). Crackpot: the Obsessions of John Waters. Vintage. ISBN 0394755340.
- "Iceberg and Leaf Lettuce", University of California
Cited text
- Grigson, Jane (1978). The Vegetable Book. London: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-046-352-6.