Courtesan

A courtesan is originally a woman courtier, which means is a person who attends the court of a monarch or other powerful person. In feudal society, the court was the centre of government as well as the residence of the monarch, and social and political life were often completely mixed together.

In Renaissance Europe, courtiers played an extremely important role in upper-class society. As it was customary during this time for royal couples to lead separate lives — commonly marrying simply to preserve bloodlines and to secure political alliances — men and women would often seek gratification and companionship from people living at court. In fact, the verb "to court" originally meant "to be or reside at court", and later came to mean "to behave as a courtier" and then "to pay amorous attention to somebody". The most intimate companion of a ruler was called the favourite. As a result, in mid-16th century usage, the italian word "cortigiana" (courtesan), feminine of "cortigiano" (courtier) came to refer to a mistress and/or trained artisan of dance and singing, especially one associated with wealthy, powerful, or upper-class men who provided luxuries and status in exchange for companionship. In Italy, Baldassare Castiglione in his The Book of the Courtier uses the masculine form "cortigiano" (courtier) but avoids the feminine form "cortigiana" (courtesan) preferring the circumlocution "donna di palazzo" (litt. palace lady). By the time the word was loaned from Italian, it had already changed its meaning from "woman courtier" into "prostitute".

Madame de Pompadour, famous courtesan and favourite of Louis XV of France.

Today, the term has come to designate an escort or a high-class prostitute. A courtesan offers her charms and sexual pleasures, generally to people of substantial wealth, in return for money. She differentiates herself from other prostitutes by tending to service a few long-term clients, depending on her ability to seduce on a number of levels.

Categories

Essentially, there were two types of courtesan. In one category was a type of courtesan known (in Italy) as the cortigiana onesta, or the honest courtesan, who was cast as an intellectual. In the other was the cortigiana di lume, a lower class of courtesan. Although the latter was still considered better than an average prostitute, the former was the sort most often romanticized and treated more-or-less equal to women of the nobility. It is with this type of courtesan that the art of "courtisanerie" is best associated.

The cortigiane oneste were usually well-educated and worldly (sometimes even more so than the average upper-class woman), and often held simultaneous careers as performers or artists. They were typically chosen on the basis of their "breeding"—social and conversational skills, intelligence, common-sense, and companionship—as well as their physical attributes. It was usually their wit and personality that set them apart from regular women. They were prostitutes in the sense that sex was one of their obligations, but unlike the average prostitute, sex constituted only a facet of the courtesan's array of services. For example, they were expected to be well-dressed and ready to engage in a variety of topics ranging from art to music to politics.

In some cases, courtesans were from well-to-do backgrounds, and were even married –- but to husbands lower on the social ladder than their clients. In these cases, their relationships with those of high social status had the potential to improve their spouses' status -– and so, more often than not, the husband was aware of his wife's profession and dealings.

Differences in status

As primary employment

Courtesans from non-wealthy backgrounds were expected to provide charming companionship for extended periods, no matter what their own feelings or commitments might have been at the time, and had to be prepared to do so on short notice. They were also subject to lower social status, and often religious disapproval, because of the perceived immoral aspects of their profession and their reliance upon courtisanerie as a primary source of income. In cases like this, a courtesan was solely dependent on her benefactor or benefactors financially, making her vulnerable.

Often, courtesans serving in this capacity began their career as a prostitute, or were passed from one benefactor to another, thereby resulting in them being viewed in society circles as lower than both their benefactor and those of wealth and power with whom they would socialize. Often, in instances of this sort, if the courtesan had satisfactorily served a benefactor, that benefactor would, when ending the affair, pass them on to another benefactor of wealth as a favor to the courtesan, or set them up in an arranged marriage to a semi-wealthy benefactor. In the event that the courtesan had angered or dissatisfied a benefactor, they would often find themselves cast out of wealthy circles, returning more often than not to street prostitution.

For social or political benefits

Those from wealthy backgrounds, either by birth or marriage, and who were only acting as courtesans for the social or political advancement of themselves and/or their spouses, were generally treated as equals. They were more respected by their extramarital companions, both placing one another's family obligations ahead of the relationship and planning their own liaisons or social engagements around the lovers' marital obligations.

Affairs of this sort would often be short-lived, ending when either the courtesan or the courtesan's spouse received the status or political position desired, or when the benefactor chose the company of another courtesan, and compensated the former companion financially. In instances like this, it was often viewed simply as a business agreement by both parties involved. The benefactor was aware of the political or social favors expected by the courtesan, the courtesan was aware of the price expected from them for those favors being carried out, and the two met one another's demands.

This was generally a safe affair, as both the benefactor's spouse and the courtesan's spouse usually were fully aware of the arrangement, and the courtesan was not solely dependent on the benefactor. It, rather, was simply an affair of benefits gained for both those involved. Publicly and socially, affairs of this sort were common during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, as well as the early 20th century, and were generally accepted in wealthy circles.

Intrigues

Prior to the Victorian era, courtesans were sometimes limited in their apparel by various sumptuary laws and were restricted in where they could appear at social functions. Periods of overt religious piety in a city would often lead to persecution of the courtesans, up to and including accusations of witchcraft. In many cases prior to the 18th century, women leading the life of a courtesan in a royal court, with romantic relationships with kings, achieved wealth and status, but eventually it would lead to many of them being executed following very public trials that often left them appearing to have been evil, or power-hungry, when in fact they more often than not were nothing more than a lover and mistress to the king.

Very often, courtesans would betray one another in acts of political intrigue in attempts to climb into higher positions of power within royal courts. There are many cases throughout history where one courtesan would attempt (sometimes successfully) to supplant the mistress to a king or emperor. This was typically preceded by her discrediting the ruler's companion, often by divulging secrets that could lead to her rival being cast aside and replaced by her. However, this was a delicate process, and if a courtesan of lower status attempted to replace a courtesan who wielded a substantial amount of power within the court, it would often result in the lower courtesan being exiled from the royal court, or married off to a lesser noble in an arranged marriage, or even murdered. There are also many examples of courtesans who took advantage of their involvement with powerful individuals, which usually ended in their downfall.

Career length

In later centuries, from the mid-18th century on, courtesans would often find themselves cast aside by their benefactors, but the days of public execution or imprisonment based on their promiscuous lifestyle were over. There are many examples of courtesans who, by remaining discreet and respectful to their benefactors, were able to extend their careers into or past middle age and retire financially secure. By the late 19th century, and for a brief period in the early 20th century, courtesans had reached a level of social acceptance in many circles and settings, often even to the extent of becoming a friend and confidant to the wife of their benefactor.

More often than not, a woman serving as a courtesan would last in that field only as long as she could prove herself useful to her companion, or companions. This, of course, excludes those who served as courtesans but who were already married into high society. When referring to those who made their service as a courtesan as their main source of income, success was based solely on financial management and longevity. Many climbed through the ranks of royalty, serving as mistress to lesser nobles first, eventually reaching the role of mistress to a king or prince. Others were able to obtain such a high position early on, but few lasted long, and after serving a prince or king there was nowhere to go but down.

Pietro Aretino, an Italian Renaissance writer, wrote a series of dialogues (Capricciosi ragionamenti) in which a mother teaches her daughter what options are available to women and how to be an effective courtesan. The French novelist Balzac wrote about a courtesan in his Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes (1838–47). Emile Zola likewise wrote a novel, Nana (1880), about a courtesan in nineteenth-century France.

Famous courtesans in history and fiction

The term "courtesan" has often been used in the political context to damage the reputation of a powerful woman, or disparage her importance. Because of this, there is still much historical debate over whether certain women in history can be referred to as courtesans, and the following list of women should not be seen as an irrefutable resource on the subject.

Particularly striking examples of the above-mentioned phenomenon are when the title was applied to the Byzantine empress Theodora, who had started life as a burlesque actress but later became the wife of the Emperor Justinian and, after her death, an Orthodox saint; the term "courtesan" has also been disparagingly and inaccurately applied to influential women like Anne Boleyn, Madaline Bishop, Diane de Poitiers, Mathilde Kschessinska, Pamela Harriman and Eva Perón.

17th century and before

• Lais of Corinth
• Lais of Hyccara (killed 340 BC)
• Thaïs
• Aspasia (469 BC-409 BC), lover of the Athenian statesman Pericles
• Phryne (4th century BC)
• Diaochan (born 169 AD, the lover of warlord Dong Zhuo and warrior Lü Bu during the Chinese Three Kingdoms)
• Su Xiaoxiao (late 5th century)
• Theodora (6th century) (c. 500 - June 28, 548), wife of Emperor Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire
• Agnès Sorel (1421–1450) - mistress to King Charles VII of France, first official royal mistress in France
• Jane Shore (1445–1527) - mistress of King Edward IV of England
• Margaret Drummond (Mistress) (1475–1502) - mistress to King James IV of Scotland
• Françoise de Foix (1495–1537) - first official mistress of King Francis I of France
• Diane de Poitiers (1499–1566) - official mistress of King Henry II of France
• Mary Boleyn (1499–1543) - mistress of King Henry VIII of England and (allegedly) lover of King Francis I of France
• Hwang Jin-i (1550) - legendary gisaeng of the Joseon Dynasty
• Anne de Pisseleu d'Heilly (1508–1580) - last official mistress of King Francis I of France
• Tullia d'Aragona (c. 1510 - 1556) - top courtesan in several Italian cities, and published poet
• Veronica Franco (1546–1591) - a Venetian courtesan who was once lover to King Henry III of France
• Marie Touchet (1549–1638) - the only mistress of King Charles IX of France
• Marion Delorme (circa 1613–1650) - lover of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, the Prince of Condé, and Cardinal Richelieu
• Ninon de l'Enclos (1615–1705) - lover of the Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny
• Lucy Walter (1630–1658) - mistress to King Charles II of England during his exile
• Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland (1640–1709) - first official mistress at the court of King Charles II of England
• Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (1641–1707) - mistress to King Louis XIV of France
• Louise de la Vallière (1644–1710) - mistress to King Louis XIV of France
• Nell Gwyn (1650–1687) - actress, mistress to King Charles II of England

18th and 19th centuries

• Madame de Pompadour (1721–1764) - the famous mistress and long time favorite of King Louis XV
• Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchess de Châteauroux (1717–1744)
• Claudine Alexandrine Guérin de Tencin (1681–1749)
• Louise Julie, Comtesse de Mailly (1710–1751)
• Kitty Fisher (died 1767)
• Sophia Baddeley (1745–1786)
• Madame du Barry (1743–1793)
• Marie-Louise O'Murphy (1737–1814)
• Dorothy Jordan (1761–1816)
• Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey (1753–1821)
• Grace Elliott (1754? – 1823)
• Harriette Wilson (1786–1846)
• La Païva (1819-1884)
• Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay (1873-1916)
• Marie Duplessis (1824–1847)
• Lola Montez (1821–1861)
• Cora Pearl (1835–1886)
• Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (1837–1899)
• Catherine Walters (1839–1920)
• Lillie Langtry (1853-1929)
• Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick (1861–1938)
• Alice Keppel (1869–1947)
• Liane de Pougy (1869–1950)
• La Belle Otero (1868–1965)
• Umrao Jaan (1804-1875) Lucknow, India
• "Klondike Kate" Rockwell (1873-1957)
• Sarah Bernhardt (1844-1923)
• Blanche d'Antigny (1840-1874)
• Katharina Schratt (1853–April 17,1940, Vienna), companion of Emperor Franz Josef

In fiction

• The Lady of the Camellias was a novel about a courtesan by French author Alexandre Dumas, fils that was turned into the opera La Traviata by Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi. In the opera, the courtesan's name is "Violetta". "La Traviata" in Italian translates "The Wayward One".
• Satine played by Nicole Kidman, an actress/courtesan who falls in love with a penniless poet/writer played by Ewan McGregor, in the movie Moulin Rouge!.
• The movie Dangerous Beauty, starring Catherine McCormack, tells the story of Veronica Franco, a Venetian courtesan.
• Angellica Bianca in Aphra Behn's 1677 play The Rover.
• Nana, in Emile Zola's eponymous novel of 1880 is a courtesan.
• In Sarah Dunant's In the Company of the Courtesan, Fiammetta Bianchini, a renowned courtesan of Rome, and her sharp-witted dwarf rise to success among the intrigue and secrets of Renaissance Venice.
• In John Cleland's Fanny Hill: or, the Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, Fanny goes from poor orphaned country girl to wealthy skilled courtesan eventually finding her one true love and retiring to marriage. Her history is told in the first person through several letters to friends detailing her life as a courtesan.
• In the book A Great and Terrible Beauty, Pippa accuses Felicity of having a mother that is a courtesan and a consort, and who ran away to France not only to run a salon but to be with her lover, a Frenchman.
• Inara Serra, a 26th century Alliance companion in Joss Whedon's TV series Firefly.
• Phèdre nó Delaunay, the premier courtesan of Terre D'Ange in Jacqueline Carey's Kushiel's Legacy novels.
• The Broadway plays, musicals, and movies based upon the book Gigi are about a young Parisian girl who is being trained to be a courtesan by her great-aunt, a retired career courtesan herself.
• Bianca who appears in Anne Rice's The Vampire Armand one of her Vampire Chronicles is a courtesan.
• Bianca in William Shakespeare's Othello, is considered a courtesan to Cassio

See also

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References

• Griffin, Susan (2001). The Book of the Courtesans: a Catalogue of Their Virtues. New York: Broadway Books
• Hickman, Katie (2003). Courtesans: Money, Sex, and Fame in the Nineteenth Century. New York: HarperCollins
• Lawnes, Lynne (1987). Lives of the Courtesans: Portraits of the Renaissance. New York: Rizzoli
• Rounding, Virginia (2003). Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four Nineteenth-Century Courtesans. London: Bloomsbury

External links

• Defining the Courtesan (Mt. Holyoke College)
• About Courtesans: By Vatsayayana in Kamasutra
• The Rise and Fall of the Courtesans
• Countesses and Courtesans