Swimsuit

A swimsuit, bathing suit or swimming costume is an item of clothing designed to be worn while participating in water sports and activities such as swimming, water polo, diving, surfing, water skiing, or for any activity in the sun, such as sun bathing. In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs or bathers. This term is less common in other parts of the Commonwealth where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric if the garment becomes transparent when wet.

Swimsuits are designed to cover intimate bodily areas of men and women.

Swimsuit types

Men's swimsuit styles are swimming trunks such as boardshorts, jammers, speedo-style briefs, thongs or g-strings.

Women's swimsuits are generally one-piece, bikinis or thongs. The most recent innovation is the burqini, a more modest garment designed for Muslim women, which covers the whole body and head (but not face) in a manner similar to a diver's wetsuit. These are an updated version of full-body swimwear, which has been available for centuries, but complies with Islam's traditional emphasis on modest dress. In Egypt, the term "Sharia swimsuit" is used to describe full-body swimwear.

Special swimsuits for competitive swimming, designed to reduce skin drag, can resemble unitards. For some kinds of swimming and diving, special bodysuits called diveskins are worn. These suits are made from spandex and provide little thermal protection, but they do protect the skin from stings and abrasion. Most competitive swimmers also wear special swimsuits including partial and full bodysuits, racerback styles, jammers and racing briefs to assist their glide through the water and gain speed advantages (see competitive swimwear).

Swimming without a swimsuit is a form of social nudity. Nude beaches may be reserved for nude sun bathing and swimming. As an alternative to a swimsuit, some people wear trousers, underpants or T-shirt either as a make-shift swimsuit or because they prefer regular clothes over swimsuits. In some countries, such as Korea or Thailand, swimming in regular clothes is the norm while swimsuits are unknown. At beaches, this may be more accepted than at swimming pools, which tend not to permit the practice because underwear is unlined, may become translucent, and may be perceived as unclean. For pre-pubescent girls leaving the chest uncovered is sometimes considered unacceptable.

Swimsuits are also worn for the purpose of body display in beauty pageants. Magazines like Sports Illustrated's annual "swimsuit issue" feature models and sports personalities in swimsuits.

Unisex styles

Name	Image	Description
Boardshorts		A loose-fitting style of shorts with the leg length going down to the knees.
Rash guard (also known as rash vest)		A type of athletic shirt made of spandex and nylon or polyester. Rash guards may be worn as an alternative to wetsuits during warmer weather. They may also offer UV protection.
Wetsuit		A close fitting, insulating garment usually made from neoprene or similar material.
Drag suits		A pair of shorts worn over a swimmer's inner swimsuit to increase resistance against the water and build up the swimmer's endurance.
Racing suits		Swimsuits made of technologically advanced fabrics designed to hug the body tightly and provide increased speed and decreased drag resistance in the water. Available in a variety of cuts such as bodyskin, legskin and kneeskin.

Women's swimsuits

Name	Image	Description
One-piece (also known as tank suit, maillot)		Probably the most common form of one-piece swimsuit, the tank suit form is inspiration for the subsequent creation of the tank top as a mainstream article of clothing. The name "tank suit" is also supposed to be derived from the term "swimming tank", an obsolete term for what is now called a swimming pool.
Bikini (also known as two piece)	File:Bkpic.jpg	A women's swimsuit with two parts, one covering the breasts, the other the groin and buttocks, leaving an uncovered area between the two. Bikinis are available in many stylistic variations. (see Bikini variants)
Monokini (also known as a unikini or topless swimsuit)	File:Topless women on the beach.jpg	A women's swimsuit with one piece that exposes the breasts, originally invented by Rudi Gernreich in 1964. Monokinis are available in many stylistic variations, and generally refers to a bikini bottom, or thong worn alone without a top. (see Monokini)

Men's swimsuits

Name	Image	Description
Swim briefs (also known as racing briefs, speedos, competition briefs, bathers, racer bathers)		Swimwear in the same style as underwear briefs. Swim briefs are often made of a nylon and spandex composite, while some longer lasting suits are made from polyester. The style varies from a full seat to thong or g-string. Most swim briefs have a beige or white lining on the inside front made of a similar fabric.
Trunks		A loose mid-thigh swimwear, made of 100% polyester or 100% nylon fabric. They are like regular shorts, but features a polyester liner inside the shorts. Although trunks have been used as swimwear since the 1940s, their heyday was in 1990s when they were highly popularized thanks in part to TV shows like Baywatch. Today, they have been eclipsed by boardshorts. Despite this, they remain very common, particularly among older age groups.
Square leg suits		A swimwear style similar to swim briefs, but with a much more conservative cut.
Swim jammer		A type of men's swimwear worn primarily by competitive athletes, somewhat resembling cycling shorts or compression shorts.
Fundoshi		A traditional Japanese style of underwear, sometimes worn as swimwear.
Mankini		A buttock-revealing unitard swimsuit for men popularized by Borat.

Competitive swimwear

Unlike regular swimsuits, which are designed mainly for the physical appearances, competitive swimwear is manufactured for the purpose of aiding athletes in swim competitions. They reduce friction and drag in the water, increasing the efficiency of the swimmer's forward motion. The tight fits allow for easy movement and are said to reduce muscle vibration, thus reducing drag. Starting around 2000, in an effort to improve the effectiveness of the swimsuits, engineers have taken to designing them to replicate the skin of sea based animals, sharks in particular.

These swim suits are created in order to make water resistance as minimal as possible and thus allowing a swimmer to move more efficiently in water. The company Speedo, for example, came out with a swimsuit called "Fastskin". It was discovered by scientists studying sharkskin that human skin is inadequate at “slicing” the water because of its porous design. Sharkskin is made of scales spaced very closely together called dermal denticles. It is the grooves in between the scales that produce drag resistant skin. The ridges allow water to pass around the shark more efficiently. More recently, Speedo launched a new swimsuit called "Fastskin LZR RACER". Scientists carried out a global 3D body scanning exercise involving some 400 athletes to discover more about the precise shape of their bodies. Computational fluid dynamics, which can predict how existing and new product designs will behave in real-world environments, was used to evaluate the friction, pressure and fluid flow characteristics around swimmers. This analysis indicated where most drag occurs on the swimmer’s body, allowing Speedo to design for optimal drag reduction. In July 2009, FINA voted to ban non-textile swimsuits in competitive events from 2010.

1858 Woman's bathing suit.

Cartoon by George du Maurier in Punch, 1877. Shows men's and children's bathing suits.

Some swimmers use a specialized training suit called drag suits to artificially increase drag during practice. Drag suits are swimwear with an outer layer of looser fabric - often mesh or nylon - to increase resistance against the water and build up the swimmer's endurance. They come in a variety of styles, but most resemble a looser fitting square-cut or swim brief.

History

In Classical antiquity swimming and bathing was most often done nude. In some settings coverings were used. Murals at Pompeii show women wearing two-piece suits covering the areas around their breasts and hips in a fashion remarkably similar to a bikini of ca. 1960. After this, the notion of special water apparel seems to have been lost for centuries.

In various cultural traditions one swims, if not in the nude, in a version in suitable material of a garment or undergarment commonly worn on land, e.g. a loincloth such as the Japanese man's fundoshi.

The invention of the railway, and the proliferation of rail travel in the mid 1800s made it possible for large numbers of people to visit coastal regions. In the 18th century women wore "bathing gowns" in the water; these were long dresses of fabrics that would not become transparent when wet, with weights sewn into the hems so that they would not rise up in the water. The men's swim suit, a rather form-fitting wool garment with long sleeves and legs similar to long underwear, was developed and would change little for a century.

In the 19th century, the woman's two piece suit became common—the two pieces being a gown from shoulder to knees plus a set of trousers with leggings going down to the ankles.

In the Victorian era, popular beach resorts were commonly equipped with bathing machines designed to avoid the exposure of people in swimsuits, especially to people of the opposite sex.

In 1907 the swimmer Annette Kellerman from Australia visited the United States as an "underwater ballerina", a version of synchronized swimming involving diving into glass tanks. She was arrested for indecent exposure because her swimsuit showed arms, legs and the neck. Kellerman changed the suit to have long arms and legs and a collar, still keeping the close fit that revealed the shapes underneath. She later starred in several movies, including one about her life.

Man and woman in swimsuits, ca. 1910; she is exiting a bathing machine

American 1920swoman's bathing suit

After this, bathing wear started to shrink, first uncovering the arms and then the legs up to mid-thigh. Collars receded from around the neck down to around the top of the bosom. The development of new fabrics allowed for new varieties of more comfortable and practical swim wear.

Due to the figure-hugging nature of these garments, glamour photography since the 1940s and 1950s has often featured people wearing swimsuits. This subset of glamour photography eventually evolved into swimsuit photography exemplified by the Sports Illustrated annual swimsuit issues.

The first bikinis were introduced just after World War II. Early examples were not very different from the women's two pieces common since the 1920s, except that they had a gap below the breast line allowing for a section of bare midriff. They were named after Bikini Atoll, the site of several nuclear weapons tests, for their supposed explosive effect on the viewer.

Through the 1950s, it was thought proper for the lower part of the bikini to come up high enough to cover the navel. From the 1960s on, the bikini shrank in all directions until it sometimes covered little more than the nipples and genitalia, although less revealing models giving more support to the breasts remained popular. At the same time, fashion designer Rudi Gernreich introduced the monokini, a topless suit for women consisting of a modest bottom supported by two thin straps. Although not a commercial success, the suit opened eyes to new design possibilities. In the 1980s the thong or "tanga" came out of Brazil, said to have been inspired by traditional garments of native tribes in the Amazon. However, the one-piece suit continued to be popular for its more modest approach.

Men's swimsuits developed roughly in parallel to women's during this period, with the shorts covering progressively less. Eventually racing-style "speedo" suits became popular—and not just for their speed advantages. Thongs, G-strings, and bikini style suits are also worn, typically these are more popular in more tropical regions; however, they may also be worn at public swimming pools and inland lakes. But in the 1990s, longer and baggier shorts became popular, with the hems often reaching to the knees. These were often worn lower on the hips than regular shorts.

See also

• Competitive swimwear
• Drysuit
• Surfing
• Swimming
• Wetsuit
• List of swimwear manufacturers
• Wetlook