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'''Louisiana's 1st congressional district''' comprises mostly land on the North Shore and South Shore of [[Lake Pontchartrain]], although it also contains areas west of Lake Pontchartrain. The district includes some or all of the following Louisiana parishes: [[Washington Parish, Louisiana|Washington]], [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany]], [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa]], [[Jefferson Parish|Jefferson]], [[Orleans Parish|Orleans]] and [[St. Charles Parish, Louisiana|St. Charles]]. It includes the cities of [[Hammond, Louisiana|Hammond]] and [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]] and most of the western suburbs of [[New Orleans]] that include [[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]] and [[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]], along with a small portion of the city itself.
'''Louisiana's 1st congressional district''' is a [[congressional district]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Louisiana]]. The district comprises mostly land on the North Shore and South Shore of [[Lake Pontchartrain]], although it also contains areas west of Lake Pontchartrain. The district includes some or all of the following parishes: [[Washington Parish, Louisiana|Washington]], [[St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany]], [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa]], [[Jefferson Parish|Jefferson]], [[Orleans Parish|Orleans]] and [[St. Charles Parish, Louisiana|St. Charles]]. It also includes the cities of [[Hammond, Louisiana|Hammond]] and [[Slidell, Louisiana|Slidell]] and most of the western suburbs of [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]] that include [[Metairie, Louisiana|Metairie]] and [[Kenner, Louisiana|Kenner]], along with a small portion of the city itself. The district has the lowest percentage of [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]] residents in the state.


The district is currently represented by [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Steve Scalise]].
The seat was most recently held by former Representative and current Governor [[Bobby Jindal]], a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]]. The Republicans have held the seat since 1977, when [[Bob Livingston]] won a special election after [[Richard Alvin Tonry]], who won the seat in the [[United States House elections, 1976|1976 general election]], was forced to resign the seat and lost the Democratic primary in the special election.


==History==
Republican [[Steve Scalise]] represents the district.<ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/floorsummary/floor.html?day=20080410&today=20080410 CURRENT HOUSE FLOOR PROCEEDINGS LEGISLATIVE DAY OF MAY 7, 2008 110TH CONGRESS - SECOND SESSION]</ref><ref>[http://clerk.house.gov/new.html '''Office of the clerk, U.S. House of Representative''': New To the Web site 5/7/2008]</ref>
Prior to 1974 the 1st Congressional District was entirely south of Lake Pontchartrain;'''as a result of the 1970 U.S. Census and a concern to ensure that the [[Louisiana's 2nd congressional district|2nd Congressional District]] was majority African American, in 1974, the 1st Congressional District shed precincts south of the lake and acquired [[Saint Tammany Parish, Louisiana|St. Tammany Parish]], which borders Lake Pontchartrain on the north, from the [[Louisiana's 6th congressional district|6th Congressional District]]. Subsequently, the 1st Congressional District has acquired [[Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana|Tangipahoa]] and [[Washington Parish, Louisiana|Washington]] parishes, both north of the lake, from the 6th Congressional District.
The seat was vacant, since Representative Jindal was sworn in as [[Governor of Louisiana]] on January 14, 2008. This triggered a [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district special election, 2008|special election]] on May 3 which Scalise won; he was sworn in on May 7.


The African-American population percentage is lowest in the 1st District among the U.S. House electoral districts of Louisiana. Prior to 1974 the 1st District was entirely south of Lake Pontchartrain''';''' as a result of the 1970 census and a concern to ensure the [[Louisiana's 2nd congressional district|2nd District]] as majority African-American, in 1974 the 1st District shed precincts south of the Lake and acquired [[Saint Tammany Parish]], which borders Lake Pontchartrain on the north, from the [[Louisiana's 6th congressional district|6th District]]. Subsequently the 1st District has acquired [[Tangipahoa Parish]] and [[Washington Parish]], both north of the Lake, from the 6th District. Correspondingly the 1st District has shed conservative [[Saint Bernard Parish]] and other areas south of the Lake to the [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|3rd District]], but overall the 1st has become a very safe district for the [[U.S. Republican Party|Republican Party]].<ref>[[Cook Partisan Voting Index]]</ref> The number of registered voters north of the Lake is, as of 2008, slightly higher than south of the Lake; but the 1st District has yet to be represented by a resident from north of Lake Pontchartrain.<ref>Several residents of the northlake area (eastern [[Florida Parishes]]) have served in Congress to represent the 6th District before it ceded territory to the 1st District.</ref> The reformulation of the 1st District so that it virtually surrounds [[Lake Pontchartrain|"the nation's second-largest saltwater lake"]] has generated a local joke that in the 1st District of Louisiana the voters are outnumbered by the fish.
Correspondingly, the 1st Congressional District has shed conservative [[Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana|St. Bernard Parish]] and other areas south of the lake to the [[Louisiana's 3rd congressional district|3rd Congressional District]], but overall, the 1st Congressional District has become a very safe district for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>[[Cook Partisan Voting Index]]</ref> The number of registered voters north of the lake is, as of 2008, slightly higher than south of the lake; however, the 1st Congressional District has yet to be represented by a resident from north of Lake Pontchartrain.<ref> Several residents of the northlake area (eastern [[Florida Parishes]]) have served in Congress to represent the 6th Congressional District before it ceded territory to the 1st Congressional District.</ref> The reformulation of the 1st Congressional District so that it virtually surrounds [[Lake Pontchartrain|"the nation's second-largest saltwater lake"]] has generated a local joke that in the 1st Congressional District of Louisiana the voters are outnumbered by the fish.


The seat was most recently held by current [[Governor of Louisiana|Governor]] [[Bobby Jindal]]. Republicans have held the seat since 1977, when [[Bob Livingston]] won a special election after [[Richard Alvin Tonry]], who won the seat in [[United States House elections, 1976|1976]], was forced to resign the seat and lost the Democratic primary in the special election.
==Recent election results==
===2000===
{{main|United States House elections, 2000}}
{| class=wikitable
! colspan=2 align=center valign=top | Party
! Candidate
! valign=top width=75px | Votes
! valign=top width=50px | %
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[David Vitter]]
| align=right | 190,657
| align=right | 80
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Michael A. Armato]]
| align=right width=75px |29,858
| align=right width=50px |13
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Cary J. Deaton]]
| align=right width=75px |10,929
| align=right width=50px |10
{{American politics/party colors/Independent/row}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| [[Martin A. Rosenthal]]
| align=right |3,126
| align=right |1
{{American politics/party colors/Independent/row}}
| [[United States Libertarian Party|Libertarian Party]]
| [[John Paul Simanonok]]
| align=right |2,380
| align=right |1
|}

===2002===
{{main|United States House elections, 2002}}
{| class=wikitable
! colspan=2 align=center valign=top | Party
! Canadidate
! valign=top width=75px | Votes
! valign=top width=50px | %
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[David Vitter]]
| align=right | 146,288
| align=right | 82
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[Monica L. Monica]]
| align=right |19,991
| align=right |11
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[Robert Namer]]
| align=right |7,283
| align=right |4
{{American politics/party colors/Independent/row}}
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| [[Ian P. Hawxhurst]]
| align=right |5,846
| align=right |3
|}

===2004===
{{main|United States House elections, 2004}}
{| class=wikitable
! colspan=2 align=center valign=top | Party
! Canadidate
! valign=top width=75px | Votes
! valign=top width=50px | %
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[Bobby Jindal]]
| align=right | 225,708
| align=right | 78
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Roy Armstrong]]
| align=right width=75px |19,266
| align=right width=50px |7
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[M. V. Mendoza]]
| align=right width=75px |12,779
| align=right width=50px |4
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Daniel Zimmerman]]
| align=right width=75px |12,135
| align=right width=50px |4
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Jerry Watts]]
| align=right width=75px |10,034
| align=right width=50px |4
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[Mike Rogers (Congressional candidate)|Mike Rogers]]
| align=right |7,975
| align=right |3
|}

===2006===
{{main|United States House elections, 2006}}
{| class=wikitable
! colspan=2 align=center valign=top | Party
! Canadidate
! valign=top width=50px | %
{{American politics/party colors/Republican/row}}
| [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]]
| [[Bobby Jindal]]
| align=right | 88.1
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[David Gereighty]]
| align=right width=50px |7.4
{{American politics/party colors/Democratic/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
| [[Stacey Tallitsch]]
| align=right width=50px |3.4
{{American politics/party colors/Libertarian/row}}
| width=150px | [[United States Libertarian Party|Libertarian Party]]
| [[Peter Beary]]
| align=right width=50px |1.1
|}

===2008===
: ''See [[Louisiana's 1st congressional district special election, 2008]]''


==List of representatives ==
==List of representatives ==

{| class=wikitable
{| class=wikitable
! Representative
! Representative
Line 382: Line 253:
| Incumbent
| Incumbent
|}
|}

==Recent Election Results==
===2002===
{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2002)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[David Vitter]]*
|votes = 147,117
|percentage = 81.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Monica L. Monica
|votes = 20,268
|percentage = 11.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Robert Namer
|votes = 7,229
|percentage = 4.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Ian P. Hawxhurst
|votes = 5,956
|percentage = 3.30
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 180,570
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2004)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Bobby Jindal]]
|votes = 225,708
|percentage = 78.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Roy Armstrong
|votes = 19,266
|percentage = 6.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Vinny Mendoza
|votes = 12,779
|percentage = 4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Daniel Zimmerman
|votes = 12,135
|percentage = 4.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Jerry Watts
|votes = 10,034
|percentage = 3.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = Mike Rogers
|votes = 7,975
|percentage = 2.77
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 287,897
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2006)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Bobby Jindal]]*
|votes = 130,508
|percentage = 88.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = David Gereighty
|votes = 10,919
|percentage = 7.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Stacey Tallitsch
|votes = 5,025
|percentage = 3.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Libertarian Party (United States)
|candidate = Peter L. Beary
|votes = 1,676
|percentage = 1.13
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 148,128
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Special Election (May 3, 2008)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Steve Scalise]]
|votes = 33,867
|percentage = 75.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Gilda Reed
|votes = 10,142
|percentage = 22.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = R.A. "Skip" Galan
|votes = 786
|percentage = 1.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anthony Gentile
|votes = 280
|percentage = 0.62
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 45,075
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District General Election (2008)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Steve Scalise]]*
|votes = 189,168
|percentage = 65.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Jim Harlan
|votes = 98,839
|percentage = 34.32
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 288,007
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin no change| title=Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2010)}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|
|party = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate = [[Steve Scalise]]*
|votes = 157,182
|percentage = 78.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Myron Katz
|votes = 38,416
|percentage = 19.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Arden Wells
|votes = 4,578
|percentage = 2.29
}}
{{Election box total no change|
|votes = 200,176
|percentage = 100.00
}}
{{Election box turnout no change|
|percentage =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing|
|winner = Republican Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:11, 18 April 2011

Louisiana's 1st congressional district
Representative
Area2,402 sq mi (6,220 km2)
Distribution
  • 79.66% urban
  • 20.34% rural
Population (2000)638,355
Median household
income		40,948
Ethnicity
Cook PVIR+24

Louisiana's 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district comprises mostly land on the North Shore and South Shore of Lake Pontchartrain, although it also contains areas west of Lake Pontchartrain. The district includes some or all of the following parishes: Washington, St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, Jefferson, Orleans and St. Charles. It also includes the cities of Hammond and Slidell and most of the western suburbs of New Orleans that include Metairie and Kenner, along with a small portion of the city itself. The district has the lowest percentage of African American residents in the state.

The district is currently represented by Republican Steve Scalise.

History

Prior to 1974 the 1st Congressional District was entirely south of Lake Pontchartrain;as a result of the 1970 U.S. Census and a concern to ensure that the 2nd Congressional District was majority African American, in 1974, the 1st Congressional District shed precincts south of the lake and acquired St. Tammany Parish, which borders Lake Pontchartrain on the north, from the 6th Congressional District. Subsequently, the 1st Congressional District has acquired Tangipahoa and Washington parishes, both north of the lake, from the 6th Congressional District.

Correspondingly, the 1st Congressional District has shed conservative St. Bernard Parish and other areas south of the lake to the 3rd Congressional District, but overall, the 1st Congressional District has become a very safe district for the Republican Party.[1] The number of registered voters north of the lake is, as of 2008, slightly higher than south of the lake; however, the 1st Congressional District has yet to be represented by a resident from north of Lake Pontchartrain.[2] The reformulation of the 1st Congressional District so that it virtually surrounds "the nation's second-largest saltwater lake" has generated a local joke that in the 1st Congressional District of Louisiana the voters are outnumbered by the fish.

The seat was most recently held by current Governor Bobby Jindal. Republicans have held the seat since 1977, when Bob Livingston won a special election after Richard Alvin Tonry, who won the seat in 1976, was forced to resign the seat and lost the Democratic primary in the special election.

List of representatives

Representative Party Years District home Note
District created March 4, 1823
Edward Livingston Jacksonian D-R March 4, 1823 - March 3, 1825 La Nouvelle Orléans
Jacksonian March 4, 1825 - March 3, 1829
Edward Douglass White Sr. Anti-Jacksonian March 4, 1829 - ?????, 1834 Donaldsonville Resigned
Vacant ??????, 1834 - ??????, 1834
Henry Johnson Anti-Jacksonian ????, 1834 – March 3, 1837 Donaldsonville
Whig March 4, 1837 - March 3, 1839
Edward Douglass White Sr. Whig March 4, 1839 - March 3, 1843 Donaldsonville
John Slidell Democratic March 4, 1843 - November 10, 1845 La Nouvelle Orléans Resigned
Emile La Sére Democratic January 29, 1846 - March 3, 1851 La Nouvelle Orléans
Louis St. Martin Democratic March 4, 1851 - March 3, 1853 La Nouvelle Orléans and Saint Charles Parish
William Dunbar Democratic March 4, 1853 - March 3, 1855 Saint Bernard Parish
George Eustis Jr. Know Nothing March 4, 1855 - March 3, 1859 La Nouvelle Orléans
J. E. Bouligny Know Nothing March 4, 1859 - March 3, 1861 La Nouvelle Orléans; Washington, DC Bouligny opposed Louisiana's secession and remained in Washington during the American Civil War. He never retook residency in Louisiana.
Vacant March 4, 1861 - December 3, 1862 (Civil War)
Benjamin Flanders Unionist December 3, 1862 - March 3, 1863 Remained seated for his term during War
Vacant March 3, 1863 - July 18, 1868 (Civil War - Louisiana under occupation)
Jacob Hale Sypher Republican July 18, 1868 - March 3, 1869 New Orleans
Vacant March 3, 1869 - November 7, 1870 contested election of Louis St. Martin and Jacob Hale Sypher, House decided neither candidate entitled to seat
Jacob Hale Sypher Republican November 7, 1870 - March 3, 1875 New Orleans Sypher's 1874 re-election was successfully contested by Lawrence: Sypher lost; Lawrence was elected.
Effingham Lawrence Democratic March 3, 1875 - March 3, 1875 New Orleans Successfully contested Sypher's election, then retired after 1 day in office.
Randall Lee Gibson Democratic March 4, 1875 - March 3, 1883 New Orleans Retired from House on election to U.S. Senate.
Carleton Hunt Democratic March 4, 1883 - March 3, 1885 New Orleans
Louis St. Martin Democratic March 4, 1885 - March 3, 1887 Saint Charles Parish
Theodore Stark Wilkinson Democratic March 4, 1887 - March 3, 1891 Pointe Celeste Plantation in Plaquemines Parish
Adolph Meyer Democratic March 4, 1891 - March 8, 1908 New Orleans Died
Vacant March 8, 1908 - November 3, 1908
Albert Estopinal Democratic November 3, 1908 - April 28, 1919 New Orleans Died
Vacant April 28, 1919 - June 5, 1919
James O'Connor Democratic June 5, 1919 - March 3, 1931 New Orleans Lost renomination
Joachim O. Fernandez Democratic March 4, 1931 - January 3, 1941 New Orleans Lost renomination
Felix Edward Hébert Democratic January 3, 1941 - January 3, 1977 New Orleans Retired
Richard Alvin Tonry Democratic January 3, 1977 - May 4, 1977 Chalmette Resigned
Vacant May 4, 1977 - August 27, 1977
Bob Livingston Republican August 27, 1977 - March 1, 1999 Metairie Resigned
Vacant March 2, 1999 - May 29, 1999
David Vitter Republican May 29, 1999 - January 3, 2005 Metairie Retired, elected U.S. Senator
Bobby Jindal Republican January 3, 2005 - January 14, 2008 Kenner Retired, elected Governor
Vacant January 14, 2008 – May 3, 2008
Steve Scalise Republican May 3, 2008 – Present Metairie Incumbent

Recent Election Results

2002

Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2002)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican David Vitter* 147,117 81.47
Republican Monica L. Monica 20,268 11.22
Republican Robert Namer 7,229 4.00
Libertarian Ian P. Hawxhurst 5,956 3.30
Total votes 180,570 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

2004

Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2004)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bobby Jindal 225,708 78.40
Democratic Roy Armstrong 19,266 6.69
Democratic Vinny Mendoza 12,779 4.44
Democratic Daniel Zimmerman 12,135 4.22
Democratic Jerry Watts 10,034 3.49
Republican Mike Rogers 7,975 2.77
Total votes 287,897 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

2006

Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2006)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Bobby Jindal* 130,508 88.11
Democratic David Gereighty 10,919 7.37
Democratic Stacey Tallitsch 5,025 3.39
Libertarian Peter L. Beary 1,676 1.13
Total votes 148,128 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

2008

Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Special Election (May 3, 2008)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Steve Scalise 33,867 75.14
Democratic Gilda Reed 10,142 22.50
Independent R.A. "Skip" Galan 786 1.74
Independent Anthony Gentile 280 0.62
Total votes 45,075 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold
Louisiana's 1st Congressional District General Election (2008)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Steve Scalise* 189,168 65.68
Democratic Jim Harlan 98,839 34.32
Total votes 288,007 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

2010

Louisiana's 1st Congressional District Election (2010)
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Steve Scalise* 157,182 78.52
Democratic Myron Katz 38,416 19.19
Independent Arden Wells 4,578 2.29
Total votes 200,176 100.00
Turnout  
Republican hold

References

  1. ^ Cook Partisan Voting Index
  2. ^ Several residents of the northlake area (eastern Florida Parishes) have served in Congress to represent the 6th Congressional District before it ceded territory to the 1st Congressional District.
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present

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