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|isbn = 0-275-96011-0
|isbn = 0-275-96011-0
}}</ref> Article 49(6) of that Convention requires that "The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies".<ref name=4GC>[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5 Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.] Geneva, 12 August 1949.</ref>
}}</ref> Article 49(6) of that Convention requires that "The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies".<ref name=4GC>[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/7c4d08d9b287a42141256739003e636b/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5 Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.] Geneva, 12 August 1949.</ref>

==Israeli settler violence==
{{main|Israeli settler violence}}
According to B'Tselem, Israeli civilians killed 49 Palestinians between 2000 and 2010,<ref name="btselem6">{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties.asp |title=Statistics |publisher=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> of which the majority is settler-related.<ref name="btselem7">{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Statistics/Casualties_Data.asp?Category=3&region=TER |title= Palestinians killed by Israeli civilians in the Occupied Territories, 29.9.2000 - 31.7.2010 |publisher=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref>

In June 2011, Israeli settlers burned down 350 trees near Nablus belonging to Palestinian farmers.<ref>[http://www.speroforum.com/site/article.asp?id=56772&t=ISRAEL+%96+PALESTINE+++Record+settler+attacks+against+Palestinian+farmland+in+West+Bank ISRAEL – PALESTINE Record settler attacks against Palestinian farmland in West Bank], July 10, 2011.</ref>


==Racism directed towards Blacks==
==Racism directed towards Blacks==

Revision as of 04:27, 13 July 2011

Racism in the Palestinian territories refers mainly to campaigns of discrimination and intolerance. According to many observers, racism and ethnic discrimination against Jews, Palestinians, Christians and blacks, have existed in the Palestinian territories, or in Palestine, from the mid-19th century to present days.

Antisemitism

History

British Mandate in Palestine

The British Mandate in Palestine period was marked by rising intercommunal tensions between the Zionist Yishuv and rising Palestinian and Arab nationalism. Arab nationalists not only opposed British rule, but the Zionist plan for a Jewish state in Palestine, and some Arabs engaged in violence against Jews, notably during the Arab Revolt. Some historians and other observers have interpreted this opposition as rooted in racism (the "anti-Zionism equals anti-Judaism equals anti-Semitism" interpretation), while others have argued that Arab positions and actions were "political in character, aiming to defend Arab social, economic, and cultural, and political interests. It was not racial in character, and neither did it reflect racial concepts rooted in Islam."[1] Historian Gudrun Krämer argues the "anti-Zionism equals anti-Judaism equals anti-Semitism" interpretation "is itself politically motivated, and must be understood as such."[1] Scholars of both positions agree that European and Nazi antisemitism appeared in Mandate Palestine in the forms of the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (which was translated into Arabic and published in Cairo in 1925[2]), and the embrace of Nazi antisemitism by Jerusalem Mufti Haj Amin al-Husayni. However, scholars also disagree on the broader impact of the elements of antisemitism, with Jeffrey Herf[3] arguing that it was influential enough to provide seeds for later Islamist movements, and Krämer[4] and René Wildangel[5] arguing that most Palestinians and Arab nationalists distanced themselves from Nazi ideology. Richard Levy notes that, "Original works of Arabic antisemitic literature did not appear until the second half of the twentieth century, after the establishment of the state of Israel and the defeat of Arab armies in 1948, 1956, and 1967."[6]

1920s - 40s Template:Image After the British assumed power in the region, Haj Amin al-Husayni was appointed as Mufti of Jerusalem by High Commissioner Herbert Samuel. He was the principal leader of the Arab national movement in Palestine and a popular personality in the Arab world during most of the years of British rule.[7] He met with Hitler and other Nazi officials on various occasions and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve the "Jewish problem" in Palestine.[8] Due to his role of leadership in Palestine and his association with the Nazi leader, he was sometimes referred to as the "fuhrer of the Arab world".[9] In one of his speeches he said: "Kill the Jews wherever you find them—this pleases Allah."[9]

Zvi Elpeleg, while rehabilitating Haj Amin from other charges,[10] wrote that there is no doubt that the Mufti's hatred was not limited to Zionism, but extended to Jews as such. Amin, according to Elpeleg, knew the fate which awaited Jews, and he was not only delighted that Jews were prevented from emigrating to Palestine, but was very pleased by the Nazis' Final Solution.[11] Benny Morris also argues that the Mufti was deeply anti-Semitic, since he 'explained the Holocaust as owing to the Jews' sabotage of the German war effort in World War I and [their] character: (...) their selfishness, rooted in their belief that they are the chosen people of God."[12] In contrast, Idith Zertal asserts that 'in more correct proportions, [Husayni appeared] as a fanatic nationalist-religious Palestinian leader'.[13]

In the 1930s, wealthy Arab youths, educated in Germany and having witnessed the rise of fascist paramilitary groups, began returning home with the idea of creating an "Arab Nazi Party".[14] The atmosphere of the 1930s Arab movement was described by one of the leaders of the Syrian Ba'ath Party, Sami al-Jundi: "We were racists, admiring Nazism, reading its books and the source of its thought..."[15] In 1935, Jamal al-Husayni (Haj Amin's brother) established the Palestine Arab Party, the party was used to create the "fascist-style" youth organization, al-Futuwwa; also sometimes called the "Nazi Scouts".[14][16] The organization recruited children and youth, who took the following oath: "Life -- my right; independence -- my aspiration; Arabism -- my country, and there is no room in it for any but Arabs. In this I believe and Allah is my witness."[14][16] The British expressed concern at the situation in Palestine, stating in a report that "the growing youth and scout movements must be regarded as the most probable factors for the disturbance of the peace."[14]

Holocaust denial

Main article: Holocaust denial

Holocaust denial and Jewish conspiracy theories are considered a form of antisemitism.[17][18][19][20][21]

According to the US Congress report "Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism"

"In July 1990, the Palestinian Liberation Organization-affiliated Palestinian Red Crescent published an article in its magazine Balsam claiming that Jews concocted, “The lie concerning the gas chambers.” Gradually, throughout the 1990s, Holocaust denial became commonplace in popular media in the Middle East, particularly in the Palestinian Authority."[22]

In August, 2003, senior Hamas official Dr Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala

It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis’ murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[23]

In August 2009, Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime."[24]

Within the Palestinian leadership

See also: Antisemitism in the Arab world: Palestinian Authority

In 1982, Mahmoud Abbas, later to become President of the Palestinian Authority wrote his doctoral thesis which later became a book, The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism. In the book, Abbas raised doubts that gas chambers were used for extermination of Jews, and suggested that the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust was "less than a million", claiming secret ties between the Nazis and the Zionist movement. He also claimed that the Holocaust was a joint Zionist-Nazi plot, writing "The Zionist movement led a broad campaign of incitement against the Jews living under Nazi rule, in order to arouse the government's hatred of them, to fuel vengeance against them, and to expand the mass extermination."[citation needed]

Hamas

Hamas ("Islamic Resistance Movement") is the Palestinian Islamist socio-political organization, which won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament in 2006 and currently rules the Gaza strip.

According to academic Esther Webman, antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology, although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets. The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists. In other Hamas publications and in interviews with its leaders attempts at this differentiation have been made.[25]

The Hamas covenant states, "Our struggle against the Jews is very great and very serious." It continues by claiming that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created as a Jewish zionist conspiracy. It also claims the Freemasons and Rotary clubs are Zionist fronts and refers to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic text purporting to describe a plan to achieve global domination by the Jewish people.[26]

Hamas legislator and imam, Sheik Yunus al-Astal, said that "suffering by fire is the Jews' destiny in this world and the next". He concluded "Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews".[27][28] Another Hamas cleric, Yousif al-Zahar said that "Jews are a people who cannot be trusted. They have been traitors to all agreements. Go back to history. Their fate is their vanishing.".[27][28]

In the Media and education

Main article: Palestinian textbook controversy

In its 2009 report on human rights in the Palestinian territories, the US State Department noted that:

"Rhetoric by Palestinian terrorist groups included expressions of anti-Semitism, as did sermons by many Muslim religious leaders. Most Palestinian religious leaders rejected the right of Israel to exist. Hamas's al-Aqsa television station carried shows for preschoolers extolling hatred of Jews and suicide bombings."[29]

According to the report, International academics had concluded that "the textbooks did not incite violence against Jews"[29]

In its 2004 report on global anti-semitism, the US State Department reported that

"The rhetoric of some Muslim religious leaders at times constituted an incitement to violence or hatred. For example, the television station controlled by the Palestinian Authority broadcast statements by Palestinian political and spiritual leaders that resembled traditional expressions of anti-Semitism."[30]

Demonization

The report goes on about the demonization of Jews, on vilifying Jews as "nazis", to clarify matters, it cites what former Secretary of State Colin Powell, April 28, 2004 said:

“It is not anti-Semitic to criticize the policies of the state of Israel, but the line is crossed when Israel or its leaders are demonized or vilified, for example, by the use of Nazi symbols and racist caricatures.”[31]

Other analysts, such as Joseph Massad and Marc Ellis, disagree that the use of Nazi analogies is racist or antisemitic, and describe the widespread use of such analogies by Jewish critics of Israeli policies (including Holocaust survivors), as well the use of nazi analogies against identified enemies of Israel, including Gamal Nasser and Yasser Arafat.[32][33]

Use of 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri appeared on the Saudi satellite channel Al-Majd on February 20, 2005, commenting on the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. "Anyone who studies The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and specifically the Talmud," he said, "will discover that one of the goals of these Protocols is to cause confusion in the world and to undermine security throughout the world."[34]

In 2005, it was reported that the Palestinian Authority was referring to the Protocols in a textbook for 10th grade students. After media exposure, the PA issued a revised edition of the textbook that does not include references to the Protocols.[35]

Suggestions of Apartheid and racism in Arab Palestine leadership

Official policies by the Palestinian Authority

Main article: Palestinian land laws
See also: International law and Israeli settlements

There's a wide controversy over the Palestinian Authority's prohibition, based on a 1973 Jordanian law and endorsed by the PA's chief Islamic authority, against selling land to Israelis.[36] The law made such sales, which in the case of Israeli settlers are exclusively to Jews, punishable by death. In 1996, the Palestinian Authority's Mufti, Ikremah Sabri, issued a fatwa (religious decree), banning the sale of Arab and Muslim property to Jews. Sabri endorsed the killing of anyone who violated the order.[citation needed] The Palestinian Authority announced it would enforce the law in 1997, and drafted a replacement for it called the Property Law for Foreigners.[37] The Palestinian Authority describes the law as a response to occupation and illegal settlement.[37]

As of September 2010, the Palestinian Authority has not executed anyone under the law, but numerous land dealers suspected of selling land to Israeli Jews have been extrajudicially killed in recent decades.[37] At least seven land dealers were killed in 1996.[citation needed] On May 5, 1997, Palestinian Authority announced that the death penalty would be imposed on anyone convicted of ceding "one inch" to Israel.[citation needed] Later that month, two Arab land dealers were killed. A year later, another Palestinian suspected of selling land to Jews was murdered. In October 2004, Palestinians who allegedly sold land to Jews were killed.[38] In April 2006, Muhammad Abu al-Hawa was tortured and murdered in Jericho for allegedly selling an apartment building in an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem, Israel's capital city, to Jews. He was buried in Jericho rather than Jerusalem, as the Palestinian Authority's mufti in Jerusalem had banned all Muslims accused of selling land to Jews from being buried there.[39][40] On April 2009, a Palestinian Authority military court sentenced an Arab from Hebron to death by hanging for the "crime" of selling land to Jews in Judea and Samaria.[41] At one such case, an arrest by the PA of Arabs who did sell to Jews, the community of Jewish settlers in Hebron sharply protested, declaring: "We call upon the government to accept the racial hatred prevalent in the PA."[42]

The Palestinian Authority and opponents of such land purchases argue that a prohibition of such land purchases is necessary to prevent the illegal expansion of Israeli settlements, and to avoid the prejudicing negotiations on the status of Palestine and further reductions in Palestinians' freedom of movement.[37] Draft PA legislation described the sale of land to "occupiers" as "national treason."[37] There is a broad international consensus, affirmed by a series of UN Security Council resolutions, that Israeli settlements, and the transfer of Israeli nationals into the West Bank and Gaza, constitute violations of international law, specifically the Fourth Geneva Convention.[43][44][45][46] Article 49(6) of that Convention requires that "The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies".[47]

Israeli settler violence

Main article: Israeli settler violence

According to B'Tselem, Israeli civilians killed 49 Palestinians between 2000 and 2010,[48] of which the majority is settler-related.[49]

In June 2011, Israeli settlers burned down 350 trees near Nablus belonging to Palestinian farmers.[50]

Racism directed towards Blacks

Former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, has been the subject of some viciously racial personal attacks, alongside vociferous criticism of her policies.[51] These included an anti-black racist Cartoon in Palestinian Authority's controlled Press Al Quds. The New York Times reported in 2006

"Her comment that the Israel-Lebanon war represented the “birth pangs of a new Middle East”— coming at a time when television stations were showing images of dead Lebanese children — sparked ridicule and even racist cartoons. A Palestinian newspaper, Al Quds," which "depicted Ms. Rice as pregnant with an armed monkey, and a caption that read, “Rice speaks about the birth of a new Middle East." [52]

The Palestinian media has used racist terms including "black spinster" and "colored dark skin lady."[53][54]

Racism towards blacks during times of slavery

Chattel slavery in the Ottoman Palestine included both black Africans and people of other ethnicities, many of whom circulated through the Arab slave trade. Nineteenth century travelers accounts tell of being served by black eunuch slaves.[55] The trade was suppressed in the Ottoman Empire beginning in the mid-19th century, and slavery was legally abolished in 1889.[citation needed] Late 19th-century slaves in Palestine included enslaved Africans and the sold daughters of poor Palestinian peasants. British mandate officials reported no chattel slavery in mandate Palestine as of 1924.[56] Black slaves were owned by Bedouin in the Negev, who had a proverb, "Don't buy a black slave unless you have a stick; for slaves are not just filthy, but importunate too."[57]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Krämer, Gudrun (2008). A history of Palestine: from the Ottoman conquest to the founding of the state of Israel. Princeton University Press. p. 268. ISBN 9780691118970.
  2. ^ Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 9781851094394.
  3. ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2009-11-24). Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300145793.
  4. ^ Krämer, Gudrun (2008). A history of Palestine: from the Ottoman conquest to the founding of the state of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691118970.
  5. ^ Wildangel, René (2007-07). Zwischen Achse und Mandatsmacht: Palästina und der Nationalsozialismus. Schwarz. ISBN 9783879976409. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)Nordbruch, Götz. "Palestine and National Socialism: Correcting the Picture". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  6. ^ Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 9781851094394.
  7. ^ The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement, Studies of the Middle East Institute, Philip Mattar, Columbia University Press, 1992, p. 13
  8. ^ The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict by Walter Laqueur, Barry M. Rubin 2001, p. 51
  9. ^ a b Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved August 21, 2010. Cite error: The named reference "icon" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  10. ^ Eric Rouleau, Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ? (Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem ?), Le Monde diplomatique, august 1994.
  11. ^ Zvi Elpeleg, Conclusion of the chapter Involvement in the destruction of the Jews, The Grand Mufti, 1993, p.72
  12. ^ 1948, Benny Morris, Yale University Press, 2008, pages 21-22 [1]
  13. ^ Idith Zertal, Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood, 2005, p. 102.
  14. ^ a b c d Armies of the young: child soldiers in war and terrorism, The Rutgers series in childhood studies, David M. Rosen, Rutgers University Press, 2005, page 106 [2]
  15. ^ Semites and anti-Semites: an inquiry into conflict and prejudice, Bernard Lewis, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, page 147 [3]
  16. ^ a b Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881-2001, Benny Morris, Knopf [4]
  17. ^ Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2007.
  18. ^ Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: : who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, ISBN 0-520-23469-3, p. 106.
  19. ^ Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved May 17, 2007.
  20. ^ Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust -- The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993, ISBN 0-452-27274-2, p. 27.
  21. ^ Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8078-5374-7, p. 445.
  22. ^ http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/102301.pdf
  23. ^ [5]
  24. ^ "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust." JTA. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.
  25. ^ Webman, Esther. Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. ISBN 965-222-592-4
  26. ^ Hamas Covenant 1988 articles 22 and 32.
  27. ^ a b "Hamas ratchets up its rhetoric against Jews". Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  28. ^ a b Erlanger, Steven (April 1, 2008). "In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace". New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
  29. ^ a b "2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories". State.gov. Retrieved August 21, 2010. See section "Societal Abuses and Discrimination"
  30. ^ "Report on Global Anti-Semitism". State.gov. January 5, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2010. See section "Occupied Territories"
  31. ^ http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/102406.htm
  32. ^ Massad, Joseph Andoni (2006). The persistence of the Palestinian question: essays on Zionism and the Palestinians. Taylor & Francis. pp. 132–34. ISBN 9780415770095.
  33. ^ Ellis, Marc H. (2004-08). Toward a Jewish theology of liberation: the challenge of the 21st century. Baylor University Press. pp. 115–16. ISBN 9781932792003. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  34. ^ The anti-Jewish lie that refuses to die by Steve Boggan, The Times, March 2, 2005
  35. ^ Analysis and Evaluation of the New Palestinian Curriculum; Reviewing Palestinian Textbooks and Tolerance Education Program Grades 5 & 10 by Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) Submitted to: The Public Affairs Office US Consulate General Jerusalem, July 2006
  36. ^ Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1997-1998. Transaction Publishers. 1998. p. 577. ISBN 076580476X. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ a b c d e Abu Toameh, Khaled (2010-09-20). "PA affirms death penalty for land sales to Israelis". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
  38. ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1097136933331
  39. ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1143498851964&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
  40. ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1143498874080&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter
  41. ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1238562884554&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
  42. ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/jordan-pa-arrest-2-palestinians-for-selling-hebron-house-to-jews-1.217018
  43. ^ "Jewish settlers in West Bank building curb protest". BBC. 2009-12-09. Retrieved 12 December 2009.
  44. ^ Emma Playfair (Ed.) (1992). International Law and the Administration of Occupied Territories. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 396. ISBN 0-19-825297-8.
  45. ^ Cecilia Albin (2001). Justice and Fairness in International Negotiation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-521-79725-X.
  46. ^ Mark Gibney (1999). Judicial Protection of Human Rights: Myth or Reality?. Westport, CT: Praeger/Greenwood. p. 72. ISBN 0-275-96011-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949.
  48. ^ "Statistics". B'Tselem.
  49. ^ "Palestinians killed by Israeli civilians in the Occupied Territories, 29.9.2000 - 31.7.2010". B'Tselem.
  50. ^ ISRAEL – PALESTINE Record settler attacks against Palestinian farmland in West Bank, July 10, 2011.
  51. ^ Karon, Tony (26 July 2006). "Condi in Diplomatic Disneyland". Time. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  52. ^ New York Times, "Rice’s Hurdles on Middle East Begin at Home", by Helena Cooper, August 10, 2006 [6]
  53. ^ Jerusalem Post, August 2, 2006, "Palestinian anti-Rice feeling peaks with monkey cartoon", Khaled Abu Toameh [7][8]
  54. ^ "Condi’s Cartoon, Wasn’t That Freedom of the Press Too!" Arab news, August 5, 2006 [9]
  55. ^ Through Samaria to Galilee and the Jordan: Scenes of the Early Life and Labors of Our Lord, Josias Porter, 1889, Thomas Nelson and Sons, London, Edinburgh, and New York, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 242.
  56. ^ Law and identity in mandate Palestine; Studies in legal history," Assaf Likhovski, UNC Press Books, 2006, p. 87-8.
  57. ^ A culture of desert survival: Bedouin proverbs from Sinai and the Negev, Clinton Bailey, Yale University Press, 2004, p. 182.
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