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DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate) and subsequently to [[phthalic acid|phthalate]] salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the [[aldehyde]] and carboxylic acid.<ref name=Ullmanns/>
DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate) and subsequently to [[phthalic acid|phthalate]] salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the [[aldehyde]] and carboxylic acid.<ref name=Ullmanns/>
==Effects on living organisms==
==Effects on living organisms==
===Smaller penis size and other feminizing links===
DEHP metabolites measured from the blood of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased [[penis width]], shorter [[anogenital distance]], and the incomplete descent of [[testes]] of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals.<ref name=pel>{{cite journal |last=Pelley |first=Janet |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2008 |month=November |title=Plasticizer may make boys less masculine |journal=Environ Sci Technol |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url=http://pubs.acs.org/action/showStoryContent?doi=10.1021%2Fon.2008.11.12.154968 |accessdate=2009-01-19 |quote= |doi=10.1021/on.2008.11.12.154968 }}</ref> Approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levels similar to those in the study.<ref name=pel/>

===Obesity===
A study on [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] data, published in ''Environmental Health Perspectives'' (EHP), "revealed that American men with abdominal [[obesity]] or [[insulin resistance]] (a precursor to [[diabetes]]) were more likely to have high levels of [DEHP and [[Dibutyl phthalate|DBP]]] metabolites in their urine than men without those problems."<ref>{{cite web|title=Fat's Hidden Trigger|author=Emily Main|url=http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/121/fat|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080829164208/http://www.thegreenguide.com/doc/121/fat|archivedate=20080829}}</ref>

===Toxicity===
The acute toxicity of DEHP is 30g/kg in rats (oral) and 24g/kg in rabbits (dermal).<ref name=Ullmanns/> Concerns instead focus on its potential as an [[endocrine disruptor]]. Some countries have banned DEHP from toys; see [[phthalate]] for legal status.

===Cardiotoxicity===
===Cardiotoxicity===
A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHP has been shown to have a significant impact on the behavior of [[cardiac]] cells in culture. This includes an uncoupling effect that leads to [[Cardiac arrhythmia|irregular rhythms]] [[in vitro]]. This is observed in conjunction with a significant decrease in the amount of [[gap junction]]al [[connexin]] proteins in [[cardiomyocytes]] treated with DEHP.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344669?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Pubmed]</ref><ref>[http://www.lab.sarvazyan.com/REPRINTS/Gillum2009.pdf Gillum N, Karabekian Z, Swift LM, Brown RP, Kay MW, Sarvazyan N. Clinically relevant concentrations of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2009, 236(1):25-38.]</ref>
A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHP has been shown to have a significant impact on the behavior of [[cardiac]] cells in culture. This includes an uncoupling effect that leads to [[Cardiac arrhythmia|irregular rhythms]] [[in vitro]]. This is observed in conjunction with a significant decrease in the amount of [[gap junction]]al [[connexin]] proteins in [[cardiomyocytes]] treated with DEHP.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19344669?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Pubmed]</ref><ref>[http://www.lab.sarvazyan.com/REPRINTS/Gillum2009.pdf Gillum N, Karabekian Z, Swift LM, Brown RP, Kay MW, Sarvazyan N. Clinically relevant concentrations of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2009, 236(1):25-38.]</ref>

Revision as of 14:30, 18 November 2011

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Names
IUPAC name
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (BEHP)
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.003.829 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • O=C(OCC(CC)CCCC)
    C1=CC=CC=C1C(OCC(CC)CCCC)=O
Properties
C24H38O4
Molar mass 390.56
Melting point -50°C
Boiling point 385°C
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, commonly abbreviated DEHP, is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(C8H17COO)2. It is sometimes called dioctyl phthalate and abbreviated DOP. It is the most important "phthalate," being the diester of phthalic acid and the branched-chain 2-ethylhexanol. This colourless viscous liquid is soluble in oil, but not in water. It possesses good plasticizing properties. Being produced on a massive scale by many companies, it has acquired many names and acronyms, including BEHP and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate.

Production

The process entails the reaction of phthalic anhydride with 2-ethylhexanol:

C6H4(CO)2O + 2 C8H17OH → C6H4(CO2 C8H17)2 + H2O

Approximately three billion kilograms are produced annually.[1]

Use

Due to its suitable properties and the low cost, DEHP is widely used as a plasticizer in manufacturing of articles made of PVC.[1] Plastics may contain 1% to 40% of DEHP. It is also used as a hydraulic fluid and as a dielectric fluid in capacitors. DEHP also finds use as a solvent in glowsticks.

Environmental exposure

DEHP has a low vapor pressure, but the temperatures for processing PVC articles are often high, leading to release of elevated levels, raising concerns about health risks (see outgassing). It can be absorbed from food and water. Higher levels have been found in milk and cheese. It can also leach into a liquid that comes in contact with the plastic; it extracts faster into nonpolar solvents (e.g. oils and fats in foods packed in PVC). Food and Drug Administration (FDA) therefore permits use of DEHP-containing packaging only for foods that primarily contain water. In soil, DEHP contamination moves very slowly because of its low solubility in water. Therefore, leaching from disposed plastics in landfills is generally slow. The US EPA limits for DEHP in drinking water is 6 ppb. The U.S. agency OSHA's limit for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m3 of air.

Use in medical devices

DEHP has been used as a plasticiser in medical devices such as intravenous tubing and bags, catheters, nasogastric tubes, dialysis bags and tubing, and blood bags and transfusion tubing, and air tubes. For this reason, concern has been expressed about leachates transported into the patient, especially for those requiring extensive infusions, e.g. newborns in intensive care nursery settings, hemophiliacs, and kidney dialysis patients. According to the European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), exposure to DEHP may exceed the tolerable daily intake in some specific population groups, namely people exposed through medical procedures such as kidney dialysis.[2] The American Academy of Pediatrics has advocated not to use medical devices that can leach DEHP into patients and, instead, to resort to DEHP-free alternatives.[citation needed] In July 2002, the U.S. FDA issued a Public Health Notification on DEHP, stating in part, "We recommend considering such alternatives when these high-risk procedures are to be performed on male neonates, pregnant women who are carrying male fetuses, and peripubertal males" noting that the alternatives were to look for non-DEHP exposure solutions;[3] they mention a database of alternatives.[4] The CBC documentary The Disappearing Male raised concerns about sexual development in male fetal development, miscarriage (as DEHP is a pseudo-estrogen and a hormone modifier found in most plastic products such as PVC, polycarbonate, nearly all cosmetic chemical products, and many others), and as a cause of dramatically lower sperm counts in men. [5]

Metabolism

DEHP hydrolyzes to MEHP (mono-ethylhexyl phthalate) and subsequently to phthalate salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the aldehyde and carboxylic acid.[1]

Effects on living organisms

DEHP metabolites measured from the blood of pregnant women have been significantly associated with the decreased penis width, shorter anogenital distance, and the incomplete descent of testes of their newborn sons, replicating effects identified in animals.[6] Approximately 25% of US women have phthalate levels similar to those in the study.[6]

Obesity

A study on CDC data, published in Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP), "revealed that American men with abdominal obesity or insulin resistance (a precursor to diabetes) were more likely to have high levels of [DEHP and DBP] metabolites in their urine than men without those problems."[7]

Toxicity

The acute toxicity of DEHP is 30g/kg in rats (oral) and 24g/kg in rabbits (dermal).[1] Concerns instead focus on its potential as an endocrine disruptor. Some countries have banned DEHP from toys; see phthalate for legal status.

Cardiotoxicity

A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHP has been shown to have a significant impact on the behavior of cardiac cells in culture. This includes an uncoupling effect that leads to irregular rhythms in vitro. This is observed in conjunction with a significant decrease in the amount of gap junctional connexin proteins in cardiomyocytes treated with DEHP.[8][9]

Alternative plasticizers

Manufacturers of flexible PVC articles can choose among several alternative plasticizers offering similar technical properties as DEHP. These alternatives include other phthalates such as DINP, DPHP, DIDP, and non-phthalates, e.g. DINCH and Citrates.

Government and industry response

Taiwan

In October 2009, Consumers' Foundation, Chinese Taipei (CFCT) published test results[10] that found 5 out of the sampled 12 shoes contained over 0.1% of phthalate plasticizer content, including DEHP, which exceeds the government's Toy Safety Standard (CNS 4797). CFCT recommend that users should first wear socks to avoid direct skin contact.

In May 2011, the illegal use of the plasticizer DEHP in clouding agents for use in food and beverages has been reported in Taiwan.[11] An inspection of products initially discovered the presence of plasticizers. As more products were tested, inspectors found more manufacturers using DEHP and DINP.[12] The Department of Health confirmed that contaminated food and beverages had been exported to other countries and regions, which reveals the widespread prevalence of toxic plasticizers.

Further information: 2011 Taiwan food scandal

References

  1. ^ a b c d Peter M. Lorz, Friedrich K. Towae, Walter Enke, Rudolf Jäckh, Naresh Bhargava, Wolfgang Hillesheim "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2002.
  2. ^ "Phthalates in school supplies". GreenFacts Website. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
  3. ^ FDA Public Health Notification: PVC Devices Containing the Plasticizer DEHP, USFDA July 12, 2002
  4. ^ Products for Hazard: DEHP, Sustainable Hospitals
  5. ^ The Disappearing Male – Sunday February 14, 2010 at 3 pm on CBC-TV, CBC
  6. ^ a b Pelley, Janet (2008). "Plasticizer may make boys less masculine". Environ Sci Technol. doi:10.1021/on.2008.11.12.154968. Retrieved 2009-01-19. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Emily Main. "Fat's Hidden Trigger". Archived from the original on 20080829. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  8. ^ Pubmed
  9. ^ Gillum N, Karabekian Z, Swift LM, Brown RP, Kay MW, Sarvazyan N. Clinically relevant concentrations of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2009, 236(1):25-38.
  10. ^ "《消費者報導雜誌》342期 第4至11頁「跟著流行走？踩著危機走！園丁鞋逾4成可塑劑超量」" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Consumers' Foundation, Chinese Taipei (CFCT).
  11. ^ FOOD SCARE WIDENS:Tainted additives used for two decades: manufacturer, Taipei Times, May 29, 2011
  12. ^ 生活中心綜合報導 (2011-05-23). "塑化劑危機！台灣海洋深層水等4廠商飲料緊急下架" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). NOWnews. Retrieved 2011-5-25查閱. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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