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[[Thomas Edison]] was widely known as the world's most prolific inventor.<ref name="Time" /><ref>[http://edison.rutgers.edu/biogrphy.htm Thomas Alva Edison Biography at Rutgers University]</ref> He holds a total of 1,093 U.S. patents (1,084 utility patents and 9 design patents).<ref Name="Edison Utility">[[List of Edison patents]]</ref> By 2005, he was passed by [[Japanese people|Japanese]] inventor [[Shunpei Yamazaki]].<ref name="usatoday" /> Yamazaki was subsequently passed by [[Australian]] inventor [[Kia Silverbrook]] on February 26, 2008.<ref Name="bassonbooyens">[http://www.bassonbooyens.com/The_True_Inventor.html The True Inventor] Basson-Booyens website</ref> Silverbrook currently holds 4,266 U.S. utility patents.<ref Name="Silverbrook Utility">[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=IN%2F%28%22Silverbrook%2C+Kia%22+or+%22Kia%2C+Silverbrook%22%29and+APT%2F1&d=PTXT USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook]</ref>
[[Thomas Edison]] was widely known as the world's most prolific inventor.<ref name="Time" /><ref>[http://edison.rutgers.edu/biogrphy.htm Thomas Alva Edison Biography at Rutgers University]</ref> He holds a total of 1,093 U.S. patents (1,084 utility patents and 9 design patents).<ref Name="Edison Utility">[[List of Edison patents]]</ref> By 2005, he was passed by [[Japanese people|Japanese]] inventor [[Shunpei Yamazaki]].<ref name="usatoday" /> Yamazaki was subsequently passed by [[Australian]] inventor [[Kia Silverbrook]] on February 26, 2008.<ref Name="bassonbooyens">[http://www.bassonbooyens.com/The_True_Inventor.html The True Inventor] Basson-Booyens website</ref> Silverbrook currently holds 4,266 U.S. utility patents.<ref Name="Silverbrook Utility">[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=IN%2F%28%22Silverbrook%2C+Kia%22+or+%22Kia%2C+Silverbrook%22%29and+APT%2F1&d=PTXT USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook]</ref>


The top 43 '''most prolific inventors''' by worldwide [[utility patent]] [[Patent family|families]] are shown in the following table. In many cases, this number is also the number of granted U.S. utility patents. A [[patent family]] is a set of patents filed in various countries to protect a single invention.
The top 44 '''most prolific inventors''' by worldwide [[utility patent]] [[Patent family|families]] are shown in the following table. In many cases, this number is also the number of granted U.S. utility patents. A [[patent family]] is a set of patents filed in various countries to protect a single invention.


{|class="wikitable sortable"
{|class="wikitable sortable"
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||[[Thin film transistors]], [[Liquid crystal displays]]
||[[Thin film transistors]], [[Liquid crystal displays]]
||<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=In%2F%28%22Zhang%2C+Hongyong%22+or+%22Hongyong%2C+Zhang%22%29+and+apt%2F1&d=PTXT USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang]</ref><ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?bookmarkedResults=true&submitted=true&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_gb&sf=a&FIRST=1&CY=gb&LG=en&&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=&IN=%22Hongyong+Zhang%22+or++%22Zhang+Hongyong%22&EC=&IC= Worldwide Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang]</ref>
||<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=In%2F%28%22Zhang%2C+Hongyong%22+or+%22Hongyong%2C+Zhang%22%29+and+apt%2F1&d=PTXT USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang]</ref><ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?bookmarkedResults=true&submitted=true&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_gb&sf=a&FIRST=1&CY=gb&LG=en&&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=&IN=%22Hongyong+Zhang%22+or++%22Zhang+Hongyong%22&EC=&IC= Worldwide Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang]</ref>
|-
||[[Ravi Arimilli]]
||413
||{{flag|India}}
||751
||1963 -
||[[Computer architecture]], [[Semiconductor memory]], [[Cache coherence]], [[Symmetric multiprocessing]]
||<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=0&p=1&f=S&l=50&Query=in%2F%28%22Arimilli%3B+Ravi%22+or+%22Ravi+Arimilli%22%29+and+apt%2F1&d=PTXT USPTO Utility Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli]</ref><ref>[http://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?bookmarkedResults=true&submitted=true&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_gb&sf=a&FIRST=1&CY=gb&LG=en&&TI=&AB=&PN=&AP=&PR=&PD=&PA=&IN=%22Ravi+Arimilli%22+or+%22+Arimilli+Ravi%22&EC=&IC= Worldwide Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli]</ref>
|-
|-
||Wilhelm Brandes
||Wilhelm Brandes

Revision as of 13:09, 24 November 2011

Thomas Edison was widely known as the world's most prolific inventor.[1][2] He holds a total of 1,093 U.S. patents (1,084 utility patents and 9 design patents).[3] By 2005, he was passed by Japanese inventor Shunpei Yamazaki.[4] Yamazaki was subsequently passed by Australian inventor Kia Silverbrook on February 26, 2008.[5] Silverbrook currently holds 4,266 U.S. utility patents.[6]

The top 44 most prolific inventors by worldwide utility patent families are shown in the following table. In many cases, this number is also the number of granted U.S. utility patents. A patent family is a set of patents filed in various countries to protect a single invention.

Inventor Patent Families Country Total, INPADOC Years Main fields of invention Ref
Kia Silverbrook 4,266  Australia 9,187 1958 - Printing, Digital paper, Internet, Electronics, CGI, Chemical, MEMS, Mechanical, VLSI [7][5][4][8][6][9]
Shunpei Yamazaki 2,729  Japan 10,696 1942 - Thin film transistors, Liquid crystal displays, Solar cells, Flash memory, OLED [10][11][7][4][8]
Paul Lapstun 1,124  Australia 3,048 19?? - Printing, Digital paper, Internet, Electronics, CGI, VLSI [12][13][7]
Thomas Edison 1,084  United States 2,332 1847–1931 Electric power, Lighting, Batteries, Phonograph, Cement, Telegraphy, Mining [3][14][1][5][7]
George Albert Lyon 993  Canada NA 1882–1961 Automotive, Stainless steel products [15][7]
Leonard Forbes 965  Canada 1,308 1940 - Semiconductor Memories, CCDs, Thin film processes and materials, VLSI [16][17][7][8]
Donald Weder 960  United States 1,909 1947 - Florist supplies [18][19][7][4][8]
John F. O'Connor 949  United States NA 1864–19?? Railway draft gearing [20][7]
Melvin De Groote 925  United States NA 1896–1963 Chemical de-emulsifiers [1][7]
Gurtej Sandhu 907  India 1,446 1960 - Thin film processes and materials, VLSI, Semiconductor device fabrication [21][22][4][8]
Francis H. Richards 894  United States NA 1850–19?? Mechanical, automation [1][7]
Carleton Ellis 753  United States NA 1876-1941 Margarine, Polyester, Anti-knock gasoline, Paint stripper [23][20]
Warren Farnworth 742  United States 924 1954 - Semiconductor packaging [24][25][4][8]
George Spector 722  United States 747 19?? - Gadgets, Toys [8][26][4][8]
Jun Koyama 717  Japan 2,535 19?? - Thin film transistors, Liquid crystal displays, OLED [27][28]
Elihu Thomson 696  UK NA 1853–1937 Electric power, Arc lamp, Electric motors, Lightning arrester, Arc welder [1][20]
Salman Akram 691  United States 830 1967 - Semiconductor packaging [29][30][4][8]
William I. Wood 642  United States 3,573 19?? - Proteins, Antibodies [31][32]
Josef Theurer 625  Austria 4,934 19?? - Railroad maintenance machines [33][34]
Audrey Goddard 611  United States 3,461 19?? - Proteins, Antibodies [35][36]
Simon Walmsley 611  Australia 1,246 19?? - Printing, Electronics, VLSI, Cryptography [37][38]
Jerome Lemelson 606  United States NA 1923-1997 Toys, Industrial robots, Cordless telephones, Fax machines, Videocassette recorders [39][1]
Austin L. Gurney 607  United States 3,387 19?? - Proteins, Antibodies [40][41]
Béla Barényi 595  Hungary 1,238 1907-1997 Passive safety in automobiles [42][43]
Jay Walker 593  United States 1,902 1955 - Gaming machines [44][45]
Paul J. Godowski 577  United States 2,645 19?? - Proteins, Antibodies [46][47]
Hideo Ando 576  Japan 1,748 19?? - Optical recording [48][49]
Artur Fischer 570  Germany 3,091 1919 - Fasteners, Construction toys [50][51]
Tetsujiro Kondo 563  Japan 4,069 19?? - Signal processing, Image processing [52][53]
Edwin H. Land 535  United States 1,214 1909-1991 Instant photography, Polarizing film [54][55]
Henry Dreyfus 524  United States 2,098 1882-1944 Polymers, Synthetic fibers, Dyes [56][57]
Clyde C. Farmer 513  United States 816 18??-19?? Railway air brakes [58][59][20]
Kie Y Ahn 512  United States 682 19?? - Thin film processes and materials, VLSI, Semiconductor device fabrication [60][61]
Mark I. Gardner 511  United States 583 1955 - Consumer electronics, Energy, Computers, Semiconductors, Physics [62][63][4][8]
Heinz Focke 510  Germany 2,888 19?? - Cigarette packaging [64][65][4]
Tadahiro Ohmi 504  Japan 2,378 19?? - Thin film processes and materials, Semiconductor device fabrication [66][67]
Louis H. Morin 503  United States 721 18??-19?? Fasteners, Locks, Bobbins [58][68]
Michael J. Sullivan 496  United States 1,164 19?? - Golf balls [69][70]
Tobin King 460  Australia 1,235 19?? - Printing, Digital paper, Mechanical [71][72]
Eberhard Ammermann 452  Germany 5,078 19?? - Fungicides [73][74]
William Eby 449  United States 554 19?? - Transgenic soybeans [75][76]
Hongyong Zhang 425  Japan 758 19?? - Thin film transistors, Liquid crystal displays [77][78]
Ravi Arimilli 413  India 751 1963 - Computer architecture, Semiconductor memory, Cache coherence, Symmetric multiprocessing [79][80]
Wilhelm Brandes 411  Germany 2,922 19?? - Fungicides [81][82]

†This table was last updated on November 24, 2011.

  • Inventor: The name of the inventor.
  • Patent Families: This is the number of families of utility patents that have been issued. In many cases above, it is also the number of issued U.S. utility patents. There is a direct correspondence between the number of patent families and the number of unique patented inventions. The total number of worldwide patents does not correspond closely to the number of inventions, as each separate invention must be filed as a separate patent in each country for which patent protection is sought. Only utility patents are listed, as a utility patent is a patent for an invention. Not all patents are for inventions. Other patent types are: design patents for the ornamental design of an object; plant patents for plant varieties; and reissue patents, where a correction is made to an already granted patent. This list does not include patent applications (patents pending) as there is no guarantee that a patent application actually describes a novel invention until the patent is granted.
  • Total, INPADOC: Worldwide number of patents of all types (utility, design, plant, etc.) This includes patent applications, and duplication of the same patent in multiple countries, so is usually an overestimate of the total number of inventions. This data is primarily from INPADOC, an international patent collection produced and maintained by the European Patent Office (EPO). For some inventors active before computer records were available, the total number of patents is not available (NA).
  • Country: This is the country of birth of the inventor, where known. If the country of birth is unknown, this is the country of patent filing.
  • Years: These are the birth and death years of the inventor, where known.
  • Main fields of invention: These are the main areas that the inventor is or was active in.


Significance of inventions

This table is a ranking of the most prolific inventors, not necessarily the most significant inventors. The significance of inventions is often not apparent until many decades after the invention has been made. For recent inventors, it is not yet possible to determine their place in history.

The common symbol for inventiveness - the light bulb - is a perfect example. The first incandescent light bulb was invented by British chemist Sir Humphry Davy in 1802. Many subsequent inventors improved Davy's invention prior to the successful commercialization of electric lighting by Thomas Edison in 1880, 78 years later. Electric lighting continued to be developed. Edison's carbon filament light bulb was made obsolete by the tungsten filament light bulb, invented in 1904. It is this that forms the popular conception of a light bulb, though there are other major forms of lighting. The principle of fluorescent lights was known since 1845, and various inventors, including Edison and Nikola Tesla worked on them without commercial success. Various improvements were made by many other inventors, until General Electric introduced "fluorescent lumiline lamps" commercially in 1938, first available to the public at the 1939 World's Fair. LED lamps also have a long history, with the first light-emitting diode (LED) invented in 1927 by Oleg Losev. LEDs were initially of low brightness, and have been used as indicator lamps and seven-segment displays since 1968. It wasn't until the development of high efficiency blue LEDs by Shuji Nakamura in the 1980s that white LEDs for lighting applications became practical. Although higher cost than incandescent light bulbs, LEDs have higher efficiency and longer life and may finally displace light bulbs in general lighting applications. In each case, more than 50 years passed between the initial invention and commercial success in general lighting applications.

Various published lists

Rankings of prolific inventors have been published at various times. However, until the patent records were digitized, these lists were very tedious to prepare, as many thousands of patent records had to be checked manually. Even after digitization, it is still not a simple process. While the USPTO keeps statistics for annual rankings of inventions assigned to companies, it no longer publishes rankings of individual inventors. The last such list was published by the USPTO in 1998.[83] Also, patents predating 1976 have not yet been digitized in the USPTO records. This means that patents before 1976 will not be included in a USPTO search by inventor name, and the number of patents granted before 1976 must be added to current searches.

In January 1936, Popular Science Magazine published a list of the "most prolific living inventors to be found in America today":[20]

Rank Inventor U.S. Patents
1 John F. O'Connor 949
2 Elihu Thomson 696
3 Carleton Ellis 648
4 Henry A. Wise Wood 434
5 John Hays Hammond Jr. 360
6 Clyde C. Farmer 344
7 Ethan I. Dodds 321
8 Edward Weston 309

Thomas Edison was not included in the list, as he died in 1931, five years earlier.

Time Magazine (2000)

On December 4, 2000, Time Magazine published a list of the "top five inventors".[1]

Rank Inventor U.S. Patents
1 Thomas Edison 1,093
2 Melvin De Groote 925
3 Francis H. Richards 894
4 Elihu Thomson 696
5 Jerome Lemelson 554

This list only included U.S. inventors, so omitted Canadian inventor George Albert Lyon, with 993 U.S. patents at the time of publication, Japanese inventor Shunpei Yamazaki, with 745 U.S. patents, and Béla Barényi, with 595 German patents. Also omitted were John F. O'Connor with 949 U.S. patents, and Carleton Ellis, with 753 U.S. patents at the time of publication.

USA Today (2005)

On December 13, 2005 USA Today published a list of "the top 10 living U.S. patent holders":[4]

Rank Inventor U.S. Patents
1 Shunpei Yamazaki 1,432
2 Donald Weder 1,322
3 Kia Silverbrook 810
4 George Spector 723
5 Gurtej Sandhu 576
6 Warren Farnworth 547
7 Salman Akram 527
8 Mark Gardner 512
9 Heinz Focke 508
10 Joseph Straeter 477

This research was performed by ipIQ of Chicago (now "The Patent Board"[84]) and 1790 Analytics[85] of New Jersey. This list only considered living inventors, and thus did not include such prolific inventors as Thomas Edison, Melvin De Groote, and Elihu Thomson. This list included design patents, which are not patents for inventions.

Condé Nast Portfolio (2007)

On October 15, 2007 Condé Nast Portfolio Magazine published a list[8] of "the world's most prolific inventors alive":

Rank Inventor U.S. Patents
1 Shunpei Yamazaki 1,811
2 Kia Silverbrook 1,646
3 Donald Weder 1,350
4 George Spector 722
5 Gurtej Sandhu 674
6 Leonard Forbes 671
7 Warren Farnworth 635
8 Salman Akram 612
9 Mark Gardner 515
10 Joseph Straeter 485

This research was performed by The Patent Board,[84] a Chicago patent research and advisory firm. As with the USA Today list, the Portfolio list only considered living inventors, and thus did not include such prolific inventors as Thomas Edison. This list also included design patents, which are not patents for inventions.

Business Insider (2011)

On 6 May 2011 Business Insider published an article titled: "The Ten Greatest Inventors In The Modern Era"[7] containing the following list:

Rank Inventor U.S. Patents
1 Kia Silverbrook 3,847
2 Shunpei Yamazaki 2,061
3 Thomas Edison 1,084
4 George Albert Lyon 993
5 Paul Lapstun 969
6 Donald Weder 951
7 John F. O'Connor 949
8 Leonard Forbes 948
9 Melvin De Groote 925
10 Francis H. Richards 894

This list included living and dead inventors, and only included granted utility patents (patents for inventions).

Differences between lists

Differences in patent numbers between the various lists are due to several reasons:

  • The lists were created on different dates. As many of the inventors in the lists are still active, the number of patents they hold are increasing.
  • While the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) is the primary source for U.S. patent information, only patents issued since 1976 can be electronically searched by the inventor's name at the USPTO website.[86] For some of the listed inventors, such as Thomas Edison, all of their patents predate 1976, so other sources must be used.
  • Often entities list the worldwide total number of patents that they hold. This is not the same as the number of inventions, as a patent in one country may be for the same invention as a patent in another country. The set of patents covering a single invention in different countries is a Patent family.
  • The Time, USA Today and Portfolio lists show the total number of U.S. patents, including patents for designs (Design patents) as well as patents for inventions (Utility patents).

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Man-Made Marvels Time Magazine, Dec 4, 2000
  2. ^ Thomas Alva Edison Biography at Rutgers University
  3. ^ a b List of Edison patents
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k You really can find identities of top patent holders USA Today, Dec 13, 2005
  5. ^ a b c The True Inventor Basson-Booyens website
  6. ^ a b USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Ten Greatest Inventors In The Modern Era Business Insider, 6 May 2011
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Masters of invention Portfolio, October 15, 2007
  9. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Kia Silverbrook
  10. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Shunpei/Shumpei Yamazaki
  11. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Shunpei/Shumpei Yamazaki
  12. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Paul Lapstun
  13. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Paul Lapstun
  14. ^ Edison's Foreign Patents
  15. ^ Archived Boliven Utility Patent Search for George Albert Lyon(s)
  16. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Leonard Forbes
  17. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Leonard Forbes
  18. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Donald Weder
  19. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Donald Weder
  20. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Gurtej Sandhu
  21. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Gurtej Sandhu
  22. ^ B. Zorina Khan, The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790-1920 (Cambridge University Press, 2005) pp209-210
  23. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Warren Farnworth
  24. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Warren Farnworth
  25. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for George Spector
  26. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Jun Koyama
  27. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Jun Koyama
  28. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Salman Akram
  29. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Salman Akram
  30. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for William I. Wood
  31. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for William I. Wood
  32. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Josef Theurer
  33. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Josef Theurer
  34. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Audrey Goddard
  35. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Audrey Goddard
  36. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Simon Walmsley
  37. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Simon Walmsley
  38. ^ The Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention & Innovation web site, Jerome Lemelson's Patents.
  39. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Austin L. Gurney
  40. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Austin L. Gurney
  41. ^ German Utility Patent Search for Béla Barényi
  42. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Béla Barényi
  43. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Jay Walker
  44. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Jay Walker
  45. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Paul J. Godowski
  46. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Paul J. Godowski
  47. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hideo Ando
  48. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Hideo Ando
  49. ^ Reference to German patents of Artur Fischer
  50. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Artur Fischer
  51. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tetsujiro Kondo
  52. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tetsujiro Kondo
  53. ^ Victor K. McElheny, Insisting on the impossible: The Life of Edwin Land (Perseus Books, 1998)
  54. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Edwin H. Land
  55. ^ Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
  56. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Henry Dreyfus
  57. ^ a b Archived Boliven.com website
  58. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Clyde C. Farmer
  59. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Kie Y Ahn
  60. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Kie Y Ahn
  61. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Mark I. Gardner
  62. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Mark I. Gardner
  63. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Heinz Focke
  64. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Heinz Focke
  65. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tadahiro Ohmi
  66. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tadahiro Ohmi
  67. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Louis H. Morin
  68. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Michael Sullivan
  69. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Michael J. Sullivan
  70. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Tobin King
  71. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Tobin King
  72. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Eberhard Ammermann
  73. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Eberhard Ammermann
  74. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for William Eby
  75. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for William Eby
  76. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang
  77. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Hongyong Zhang
  78. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli
  79. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Ravi Arimilli
  80. ^ USPTO Utility Patent Search for Wilhelm Brandes
  81. ^ Worldwide Patent Search for Wilhelm Brandes
  82. ^ USPTO publication: Prolific Inventors Receiving Utility Patents 1988-1997
  83. ^ a b The Patent Board website
  84. ^ 1790 Analytics website
  85. ^ USPTO Patent Search website
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