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| 14
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| [[silicon]]<ref group=upper-alpha>of which 5,000 tonnes is electronic grade</ref>
| [[silicon]]<ref group=upper-alpha>5,000 tonnes of annual procuction is electronic grade</ref>
| Si
| Si
| 277,200
| 277,200

Revision as of 12:23, 10 February 2012

Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroids materials is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides.

The table shows the abundance of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage or parts per million (ppm) in mass; 10,000 ppm = 1%.

Note that numbers are estimates, and they will vary depending on source and method of estimation. Order of magnitude of data can roughly be relied upon.

Z Element Symbol Lithosphere abundance[1] Relative proportion (ppm)[2] Crustal abundance (ppm)[3] Crustal abundance (ppm)[4] Crustal abundance (ppm)[5] Annual
production (t)
8 oxygen O 460,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 100,000,000
14 silicon[A] Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 3,880,000
13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 30,000,000
26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,200,000,000
20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 112,000,000
11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 200,000
19 potassium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 36,000,000
12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 350,000
22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 99,000
1 hydrogen H 1,400 0 1,500 1,400 1,400 50,000,000
15 phosphorus P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 153,000,000
25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 6,220,000
9 fluorine F 800 950 540 290 585 4,000,000
56 barium Ba 500 340 500 425 6,000,000
6 carbon[B] C 300 480 1,800 940 200 8,600,000,000
38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 137,000
16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 54,000,000
40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 7,000
74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.25 45,100
23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 7,000
17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 50,000,000
24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 4,000,000
37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 9
28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 1,300,000
30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 12,500,000
29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 15,000,000
58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 24,000
60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 7,300
57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 12,500
39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 400
7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 44,000,000
27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 17,000
3 lithium Li 20 17 20 39,000
41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 15,000
31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 30
21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 0.50
82 lead Pb 14 10 14 2,800,000
62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 700
90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 31,000
59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 2400
5 boron B 950 8.7 10 1,000,000
64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 400
66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 100
72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 50
68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 500
70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 50
55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3 20
4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 364
50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 165,000
63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 400
92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 45,000
73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.0 840
32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 80
42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 80,000
33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 47,000
67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 10
65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 10
69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 50
35 bromine Br 0.37 3 2.4 330,000
81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 30
71 lutetium[6] Lu 0.5 10
51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 53,000
53 iodine I 0.14 0.490 0.450 30,000
48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 23,000
80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 8,400
34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 600
49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 75
83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 6,000
52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 215
78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 30
79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 2,800
44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 12
46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 24
75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 4.5
77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 3
45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 3
76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 1
  1. ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual procuction is electronic grade
  2. ^ sum of carbon content of coal, crude oil and natural gas

References

  1. ^ "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  2. ^ Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  3. ^ "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  4. ^ "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  5. ^ "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  6. ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 0198503415.

See also

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