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'''Joseph Kony''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|koɲ}};<ref>http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html</ref> born c. 1961)<ref name="Britannica bio" /> is a Ugandan [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla group]] leader, head of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA). While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA turned brutally on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the [[Acholi people]] and turn [[Uganda]] into a [[theocracy]] ruled by the [[Ten Commandments]].<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-deadly-cult-of-joseph-kony-1001084.html|publisher=''The Independent''|title=The deadly cult of Joseph Kony|date=November 8, 2008|author=Daniel Howden|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>
'''Joseph Kony''' (pronounced {{IPA-all|koɲ}};<ref>http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html</ref> born c. 1961)<ref name="Britannica bio" /> is a Ugandan [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla group]] leader, head of the [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA). While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA turned brutally on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the [[Acholi people]] and turn [[Uganda]] into a [[theocracy]].<ref name="independent">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/the-deadly-cult-of-joseph-kony-1001084.html|publisher=''The Independent''|title=The deadly cult of Joseph Kony|date=November 8, 2008|author=Daniel Howden|accessdate=March 7, 2012}}</ref>


Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a [[spirit medium]], primarily of the [[Holy Spirit]], which the group believes can represent itself in many manifestations. Ideologically, the group is a [[syncretic]] mix of of [[Traditional African religion|mysticism]], [[Acholi people|Acholi nationalism]], and Christianity,<ref name="afraf.oxfordjournals.org">{{cite web|first1=Ruddy|last1=Doom|first2=Koen|last2=Vlassenroot|url=http://afraf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/98/390/5 |title=The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda|publisher=Afraf.oxfordjournals.org|date=1 January 1999|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="community.seattletimes.nwsource.com">[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19960401&slug=2321945 "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"]</ref><ref name="cesnur.org">[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/uganda_004.htm Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda]</ref><ref name="entertainment.timesonline.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/non-fiction/article3449276.ece |location=London |work=The Times | title=The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green |first=Christina | last=Lamb | date=2 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/05/world/christian-rebels-wage-a-war-of-terror-in-uganda.html | work=The New York Times | title=Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda| first=James C. | last=McKinley Jr | date=5 March 1997}}</ref><ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/13/uganda.internationalcrime |location=London |work=The Guardian | title=Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court | first=Chris | last=McGreal | date=13 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/18/AR2008031803054.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court | first=Nora | last=Boustany | date=19 March 2008}}</ref><ref name='Haynes'>{{cite book | last = Haynes | first = Jeffrey | title = Politics in the developing world | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2002 | page = 121 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-0631225560 }}</ref><ref name='gpf'>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/wanted/2004/1231mystic.htm |title=The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel? |accessdate=4 March 2009 |last=McLaughlin |first=Abraham |date=31 December 2004 |work=Christian Science Monitor |publisher=[[Global Policy Forum]] }}</ref><ref name='gmu'>{{cite journal|title=Child Soldiers in the Lord’s Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process|journal=George Mason University|date=8 May 2008|first=Rachel|last=Muth|page=23|id= |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3005|accessdate=4 March 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref> and claims to be establishing a [[Theocracy|theocratic]] state based on the [[Ten Commandments]] and local [[Acholi]] tradition.<ref name="aa">{{cite journal|name=African Affairs|volume=98|issue=390|pages=5–36|author=Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot|year=1999|publisher=Oxford Journals / Royal African Society|title=Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Gus | title = Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues | publisher = SAGE | year = 2006 | pages = 196–197 | url = | id = | isbn = 978-1412927222 }}</ref><ref name="irininterview">[http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72472 "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command"] and [http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=58&ReportId=72445 " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations"] in ''[[IRIN]] In Depth'', June 2007</ref>
The LRA is a militant group, with an extreme religious ideology that is a [[syncretism|syncretic]] mix of [[mysticism]], Acholi nationalism and [[Christianity]], known for the atrocities it commits against civilians, including murder, mutilations, rape, and in some accounts even cannibalism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalafricansociety.org/articles-by-richard-dowden/261.html |title=Court threatens to block cannibal cult's peace offer |author=Richard Dowden |date= |work= |publisher=Royal African Society |accessdate=January 5, 2011}}</ref>


Directed by Kony, the LRA has earned a reputation for its actions against the people of several countries, including northern Uganda, the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], and [[Sudan]]. It has abducted and forced an estimated 66,000 children to fight for them, and has forced the internal displacement of over two million people since its rebellion began in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2478 |title=Read The Bill: H.R. 2478 |publisher=GovTrack.us |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref>
Directed by Kony, the LRA has earned a reputation for its actions against the people of several countries, including northern Uganda, the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], and [[Sudan]]. It has abducted and forced an estimated 66,000 children to fight for them, and has forced the internal displacement of over two million people since its rebellion began in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2478 |title=Read The Bill: H.R. 2478 |publisher=GovTrack.us |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:44, 12 March 2012

This article is about the Ugandan guerrilla group leader. For the radio station in Utah, see KONY. For the village in Hungary, see Kóny.
Joseph Kony
Born
Joseph Kony

1961 (age 62–63)[1]
Odek, Uganda[2][3]
NationalityUgandan
Known forLeader of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
Height5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
TitleLeader of the Lord's Resistance Army
SpouseThought to have 88 wives as of 2007[4]
ChildrenThought to have 42 children[5]

Joseph Kony (pronounced IPA: [koɲ];[6] born c. 1961)[1] is a Ugandan guerrilla group leader, head of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). While initially enjoying strong public support, the LRA turned brutally on its own supporters, supposedly to "purify" the Acholi people and turn Uganda into a theocracy.[2]

Kony proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium, primarily of the Holy Spirit, which the group believes can represent itself in many manifestations. Ideologically, the group is a syncretic mix of of mysticism, Acholi nationalism, and Christianity,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and claims to be establishing a theocratic state based on the Ten Commandments and local Acholi tradition.[17][18][19]

Directed by Kony, the LRA has earned a reputation for its actions against the people of several countries, including northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, South Sudan, and Sudan. It has abducted and forced an estimated 66,000 children to fight for them, and has forced the internal displacement of over two million people since its rebellion began in 1986.[20]

In 2005, Kony was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands, but has evaded capture.[21]

Early life

Kony was born in 1961[1] in Odek, a village east of Gulu in northern Uganda.[2][22] He is a member of the Acholi people.[2] His father was Luizi Obol, a farmer, and his mother Nora.[23][24] Kony enjoyed a good relationship with his siblings, but was quick to retaliate in a dispute and when confronted he would often resort to physical violence.[25] His father was a lay catechist of the Catholic Church and his mother was an Anglican. Kony was an altar boy for several years but stopped attending church around the age of 15[25] and also dropped out of school.[2]

As a teenager, Kony was apprenticed as the village witch doctor under Jamie Brow, his older brother, and when Jamie died, Kony took over the position.[26]

Cult leader

Kony first came to prominence in January 1986, as the leader of one of the many premillennialist groups that sprang up in Acholiland in the wake of the wildly popular Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Auma (also known as Lakwena and to whom Kony is thought to be related).[2] Their relative loss of influence after the overthrow of Acholi President Tito Okello by Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army (NRA) during the Ugandan Bush War (1981–1986) spurred resentment among the Acholi, which boosted Joseph Kony's popularity.[citation needed]

Kony, along with a small group of followers, first moved beyond his home village of Odek on 1 April 1987.[27] A few days later he met with a small group of former Uganda National Liberation Front soldiers from the Black Battalion and managed to recruit them for his group.[27] His first raid, carried out shortly afterwards, was on the city of Gulu.[27]

Lord's Resistance Army

Further information: Lord's Resistance Army
Lord's Resistance
Army insurgency
Conflict history
Related articles

Kony's group was originally called the United Holy Salvation Army (UHSA), and was not perceived as a threat by the NRA. By 1988 it had become a major player in Ugandan affairs: an agreement between the NRA and the Uganda People's Democratic Army (UPDA) left members of the UPDA unsatisfied, and many joined the UHSA as a form of rebellion. One such person was Commander Odong Latek, who convinced Kony to use standard military tactics instead of attacking in cross-shaped formations and sprinkling holy water. The new tactics proved successful, and the UHSA completed several small victories against the NRA.[28]

The NRA responded by significantly weakening Kony's group through political actions and a military campaign named Operation North. The operation was devastating to the UHSA and, with their numbers reduced from thousands to hundreds, they engaged in retaliatory attacks on civilians and NRA collaborators. The LRA say that spirits were sent to communicate this mission directly to Kony.[29]

The bulk of Kony's foot soldiers were children.[25] Whilst estimates of the number of children conscripted since 1986 vary, some put the figure as high as 104,000.[25] When abducting the children, Kony and his army often killed their family and neighbors, thus leaving the children with little choice but to fight for him.[25] In 1992 Kony renamed the group the United Democratic Christian Army, and it was at this time that they kidnapped 139 girls from the Sacred Heart Secondary and St. Mary's girls schools.[30]

For a decade, starting in the mid-1990s, the LRA was strengthened by military support from the government of Sudan, which was retaliating against Ugandan government support for rebels in what would become South Sudan.[1] Sudan withdrew its support for the LRA shortly after the ICC issued a warrant for Kony's arrest, however.

Religious beliefs

Betty Bigombe remembered that the first time she met Kony, his followers used oil to ward off bullets and evil spirits.[31] In a letter regarding future talks, Kony stated that he must consult his self-styled holy spirit. When the talks did occur, they insisted on the participation of religious leaders and opened the proceedings with prayers, led by LRA's Director of Religious Affairs Jenaro Bongomi. During the 1994 peace talks, Kony was preceded by men in robes sprinkling holy water.[22]

Kony was thought among followers and detractors alike to have been possessed by spirits; he has been portrayed as either the Messiah or the Devil. He reportedly made annual trips to the Ato Hills in Uganda. He would allegedly ascend to the highest of the hills and lie down in the hot sun for days. He would be covered by a blanket of red termites that bit deeply into his skin. Oil from the Yao plant was spread over his body. Then he would enter a cave and stay in seclusion for weeks.[citation needed] Kony believes in the literal protection provided by a cross symbol and tells his child soldiers a cross on their chest drawn in oil will protect them from bullets.[25]

Kony believes in polygamy, and as of 2007 he was thought to have 88 wives, along with 42 children.[4][32]

Kony insists that he and the Lord's Resistance Army are fighting for the Ten Commandments. He defends his actions: "Is it bad? It is not against human rights. And that commandment was not given by Joseph. It was not given by LRA. No, those commandments were given by God."[33]

Indictment

Main article: International Criminal Court investigation in Uganda

On October 6, 2005, the International Criminal Court (ICC) announced that arrest warrants had been issued for five members of the Lord's Resistance Army for crimes against humanity following a sealed indictment. On the next day Ugandan defense minister Amama Mbabazi revealed that the warrants include Kony, his deputy Vincent Otti, and LRA commanders Raska Lukwiya, Okot Odiambo, and Dominic Ongwen. According to spokesmen for the military, the Ugandan army killed Lukwiya on August 12, 2006.[21] The BBC received information that Otti had been killed on October 2, 2007, at Kony's home.[34]

On November 12, 2006, Kony met Jan Egeland, the United Nations Undersecretary-General for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief. Kony told Reuters: "We don't have any children. We only have combatants."[35]

Action against Kony

Uganda

The Ugandan military has attempted to kill Kony throughout the insurgency. In Uganda's latest attempt to track Kony down, former LRA combatants have been enlisted to search remote areas of the Central African Republic, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo where he was last seen.[36] After the September 11th attacks, the United States declared the Lord's Resistance Army a terrorist group.[37] On August 28, 2008, the United States Treasury Department placed Kony on its list of "Specially Designated Global Terrorists", a designation that carries financial and other penalties.[38] It is not known whether Kony has any assets that are affected by this designation.

United States

In November 2008, the U.S. President George W. Bush personally signed the directive to the United States Africa Command to provide assistance financially and logistically to the Ugandan government during the unsuccessful Garamba Offensive, code-named Operation Lightning Thunder. No US troops were directly involved, but 17 US advisers and analysts provided intelligence, equipment, and fuel to Ugandan military counterparts.[39] The offensive pushed Kony from his jungle camp, he was not captured. 100 children were rescued.

In May 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama signed into law the Lord's Resistance Army Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act,[40] legislation aimed at stopping Kony and the LRA. The bill passed unanimously in the United States Senate on March 11. On May 12, 2010, a motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill was agreed to by voice vote (two-thirds being in the affirmative) in the House of Representatives.[41] In November 2010, Obama delivered a strategy document to Congress, asking for more funding to disarm Kony and the LRA.[42]

In October 2011, Obama authorized the deployment of approximately 100 combat-equipped U.S. troops to central Africa.[43] Their goal is to help regional forces remove Kony and senior LRA leaders from the battlefield. "Although the U.S. forces are combat-equipped, they will only be providing information, advice, and assistance to partner nation forces, and they will not themselves engage LRA forces unless necessary for self-defense," Obama said in a letter to Congress.[44][45]

In the media

Main article: Kony 2012

Kony received a surge of attention in early March 2012 when a thirty-minute documentary titled Kony 2012 by film maker Jason Russell for the campaign group Invisible Children Inc was released. The intention of the production is to draw attention to Kony in an effort to increase United States involvement in the issue. Michael Geheren, blogger for The Huffington Post, commented: "The 27-minute video was posted on Vimeo and YouTube by Invisible Children and became a worldwide trending topic on the Internet. Personally, I have never seen an outpour of support from people on my Facebook news feed like this."[46] More than 70 million viewings of the YouTube video have been reported.

The Daily Telegraph pointed out that the film has quickly received attention from celebrities.[47] Elizabeth Flock, writer for the Washington Post, offered more background on the LRA as well as Invisible Children in response to the documentary.[48] Flock and The Toronto Star stated that Invisible Children hoped to raise Kony's notoriety enough to provoke a massive overnight poster campaign, planned for April 20, 2012.[48][49]

See also

Bibliography

  • Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. ISBN 978-1846270307. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Briggs, Jimmie (2005). The Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to War. Basic Books. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Bussman, Jane (2009). The Worst Date Ever: War Crimes, Hollywood Heart-Throbs and Other Abominations. Macmillan. ISBN 0230737129. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

References

  1. ^ a b c d Craine, Anthony. "Joseph Kony". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Daniel Howden (November 8, 2008). "The deadly cult of Joseph Kony". The Independent. Retrieved March 7, 2012. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ "Joseph Kony". Nndb.com. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  4. ^ a b Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 136. ISBN 9781846270314. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Beatrice Debut Gulu (February 10, 2006). "Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  6. ^ http://boingboing.net/2012/03/08/african-voices-respond-to-hype.html
  7. ^ Doom, Ruddy; Vlassenroot, Koen (1 January 1999). "The Lord's Resistance Army in Northern Uganda". Afraf.oxfordjournals.org. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  8. ^ "Christian Cult Killing, Ravaging In New Uganda"
  9. ^ Ten Commandments of God: Mass Suicide in Uganda
  10. ^ Lamb, Christina (2 March 2008). "The Wizard of the Nile The Hunt for Africas Most Wanted by Matthew Green". The Times. London.
  11. ^ McKinley Jr, James C. (5 March 1997). "Christian Rebels Wage a War of Terror in Uganda". The New York Times.
  12. ^ McGreal, Chris (13 March 2008). "Museveni refuses to hand over rebel leaders to war crimes court". The Guardian. London.
  13. ^ Boustany, Nora (19 March 2008). "Ugandan Rebel Reaches Out to International Court". The Washington Post.
  14. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey (2002). Politics in the developing world. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 121. ISBN 978-0631225560.
  15. ^ McLaughlin, Abraham (31 December 2004). "The End of Uganda's Mystic Rebel?". Christian Science Monitor. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 4 March 2009.
  16. ^ Muth, Rachel (8 May 2008). "Child Soldiers in the Lord's Resistance Army: Factors in the Rehabilitation and Reintegration Process". George Mason University: 23. Retrieved 4 March 2009.[dead link]
  17. ^ Ruddy Doom and Koen Vlassenroot (1999). "Kony's message: A new Koine? The Lord's Resistance Army in northern Uganda". 98 (390). Oxford Journals / Royal African Society: 5–36. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  18. ^ Martin, Gus (2006). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE. pp. 196–197. ISBN 978-1412927222.
  19. ^ "Interview with Vincent Otti, LRA second in command" and " A leadership based on claims of divine revelations" in IRIN In Depth, June 2007
  20. ^ "Read The Bill: H.R. 2478". GovTrack.us. 2009-05-19. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  21. ^ a b "Ugandan army 'kills senior rebel'". BBC News. August 13, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  22. ^ a b "Profile: Joseph Kony". BBC News. October 7, 2005. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  23. ^ Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 215. ISBN 9781846270314. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. p. 121. ISBN 9781846270314. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ a b c d e f Jimmie Briggs (2005). Innocents Lost: When Child soldiers Go to war. pp. 105–144.
  26. ^ Peter Eichstaedt, First Kill Your Family: Child Soldiers of Uganda and the Lord's Resistance Army, p. 206
  27. ^ a b c Green, Matthew (2008). The Wizard of the Nile: The Hunt for Africa's Most Wanted. Portobello Books. pp. 40–41. ISBN 9781846270314. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ "Joseph Kony". The New York Times. October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011. Mr. Kony has presented himself over the years as the channel through which these lingering voices communicate from the beyond.
  29. ^ "Joseph Kony". The New York Times. October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011. Mr. Kony has presented himself over the years as the channel through which these lingering voices communicate from the beyond.
  30. ^ "Crises in Sudan and Northern Uganda". Subcommittee on Africa. U.S. House of Representatives. July 29, 1998. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  31. ^ Boustany, Nora (July 11, 2007). "The Woman Behind Uganda's Peace Hopes". The Washington Post. p. 3. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  32. ^ Beatrice Debut Gulu (February 10, 2006). "Portrait of Uganda's rebel prophet, painted by wives". Mail & Guardian Online. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  33. ^ "I will use the Ten Commandments to liberate Uganda". Times Online. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) (subscription required)
  34. ^ "Otti 'executed by Uganda rebels'". BBC News. December 21, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
  35. ^ "[AlertNet]". (subscription required)
  36. ^ Gettleman, Jeffrey (2010-04-10). "Uganda Enlists Former Rebels to End a War". NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
  37. ^ Philip T. Reeker (December 6, 2001). "Statement on the Designation of 39 Organizations on the USA PATRIOT Act's Terrorist Exclusion List". U.S. Department of State.
  38. ^ Capaccio, Tony (October 14, 2011). "Obama Sends Troops Against Uganda Rebels". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  39. ^ Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt (February 6, 2009). "U.S. Aided a Failed Plan to Rout Ugandan Rebels". Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  40. ^ "LRA Disarmament and Northern Uganda Recovery Act of 2009". Resolve Uganda. May 24, 2010.
  41. ^ 2010 Congressional Record, Page H3416.
  42. ^ Kavanagh, Michael J. (November 25, 2010). "Obama Administration Asks for Funds to Boost Uganda's Fight Against Rebels". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  43. ^ Gerson, Michael (January 26, 2011). "Joseph Kony and the international effort to bring him to justice". Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
  44. ^ USA Today - The Oval: "Obama dispatches 100 troops to Africa" October 14, 2011
  45. ^ ABC News: "Obama Sends 100 US Troops to Uganda to Help Combat Lord’s Resistance Army" October 14, 2011
  46. ^ "Michael Geheren, "Kony 2012: Changing the World, One Tweet at a Time", March 7 2012". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  47. ^ "Joseph Kony 2012: online video campaign to bring Uganda war criminal to justice goes viral". Telegraph.co.uk. 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  48. ^ a b "Invisible Children’s ‘Stop Kony’ campaign", Elizabeth Flock, Washington Post: BlogPOST, March 7 2012.
  49. ^ "Casey, "Kony 2012 campaign goes viral in an effort to help hunt down Ugandan warlord Joseph Kony", March 7 2012". Thestar.com. Retrieved 2012-03-08.

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