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[[Big Tree (Washington)|Big Tree]], (also known as '''Trout Lake Big Tree'''), is a massive [[Ponderosa pine|ponderosa]] pine tree in majestic, [[old growth]] pine and fir forests at the southern base of Mount Adams.<ref name="trails1">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Loop|url=http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=SGW009-087|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> The tree rises to a lofty {{convert|202|ft|m}}<ref name="richard1">{{cite news|last=Richard|first=Terry|title=Big ponderosa pine near Mount Adams lives up to its name: Big Tree (video)|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2011/09/big_ponderosa_pine_near_mount.html|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> with a diameter of {{convert|7|ft|m}},<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Interpretive Site|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/giffordpinchot/recreation/natureviewing/recarea/?recid=31718&actid=63|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> and is one of the largest known ponderosa pine trees in the world.<ref name="trails2">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Loop|url=http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=SGW009-087|publisher=Trails.com|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref>
[[Big Tree (Washington)|Big Tree]], (also known as '''Trout Lake Big Tree'''), is a massive [[Ponderosa pine|ponderosa]] pine tree in majestic, [[old growth]] pine and fir forests at the southern base of Mount Adams.<ref name="trails1">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Loop|url=http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=SGW009-087|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> The tree rises to a lofty {{convert|202|ft|m}}<ref name="richard1">{{cite news|last=Richard|first=Terry|title=Big ponderosa pine near Mount Adams lives up to its name: Big Tree (video)|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/terryrichard/2011/09/big_ponderosa_pine_near_mount.html|accessdate=6 April 2013|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> with a diameter of {{convert|7|ft|m}},<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Interpretive Site|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/giffordpinchot/recreation/natureviewing/recarea/?recid=31718&actid=63|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> and is one of the largest known ponderosa pine trees in the world.<ref name="trails2">{{cite web|title=Big Tree Loop|url=http://www.trails.com/tcatalog_trail.aspx?trailid=SGW009-087|publisher=Trails.com|accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Divide Camp Trail Sign at Mount Adams Wilderness 05.JPG|Bird on a trail sign
File:Divide Camp Meadows at Mount Adams Wilderness 02.JPG|Divide Camp Meadows
File:Adams Creek at Mount Adams Wilderness 02.JPG|Rushing Adams Creek
File:Lake Reflection at Mount Adams Wilderness 01.JPG|A small lake's reflection of Adams
File:High Camp at Mt Adams 05.JPG|High Camp at nearly {{convert|7,000|ft|m}} elevation.
File:Meadows at Mount Adams Wilderness 01.JPG|Wildflower meadows
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 10:19, 21 August 2013

Mount Adams
Mount Adams, 1999
Highest point
Elevation12,281 ft (3,743 m) NAVD 88[1]
Prominence8,116 ft (2,474 m)[2]
ListingUltra
Geography
Mount Adams is located in Washington (state)
Mount Adams
Mount Adams
Washington, U.S.
LocationYakima County / Skamania County, Washington, U.S.
RegionUS-WA
Parent rangeCascade Range
Topo mapUSGS Mount Adams East
Geology
Age of rockLess than 275,000 years
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arcCascade Volcanic Arc
Last eruptionAbout 550 BC ± 1000 years[3][4][5]
Climbing
First ascent1854 by A.G. Aiken and party
Easiest routeSouth Climb Trail #183

Mount Adams is a potentially active[6] stratovolcano in the Cascade Range and the second-highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington.[7] Adams is a member of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, and is one of the arc's largest volcanoes,[8] located in a remote wilderness approximately 31 miles (50 km) east of Mount St. Helens.[9] The Mount Adams Wilderness comprises the upper and western part of the volcano's cone. The eastern side of the mountain is part of the Yakama Nation.[10][11]

Adams' asymmetrical and broad body rises 1.5 miles (2.4 km) above the Cascade crest. Its nearly flat summit was formed as a result of cone-building eruptions from separated vents. Air travelers flying the busy routes above the area sometimes confuse Mount Adams with nearby Mount Rainier, which has a similar flat-topped shape.

The Pacific Crest Trail traverses the western flank of the mountain.[12][13] Although Adams has not erupted in over 1,400 years, it is not considered extinct.

Geography

Close-up of summit

Summit area

Contrary to legend, the flatness of Adams' current summit area is not due to the loss of the volcano's peak. Instead it was formed as a result of cone-building eruptions from separated vents. A false summit rises 11,500 feet (3,510 m) on the south side of the nearly half-mile (800 m) wide summit area. The true summit is about 800 feet (240 m) higher on the gently sloping north side. A small lava cone marks the highest point. Suksdorf Ridge is a long buttress trending from the false summit down to an elevation of 8,000 feet (2,440 m). This structure was built by repeated lava flows in the late Pleistocene. The Pinnacle forms the northwest false summit and was created by erosion from Adams and White Salmon glaciers. The summit crater is filled with snow and is open on its west rim.[8] On a clear day from the summit, other visible volcanoes in the Cascade Range include Mount Rainier to the north, Mount Hood and Mount Jefferson to the south in Oregon, and Mount Saint Helens to the west.[14]

Glaciers

Adams Glacier as seen from the Pacific Crest Trail

Ice, mostly in the form of glaciers, covers about 6.2 square miles (16.1 km2) of the mountain's upper cone. Water from melting ice and rain slowly percolates through the very porous interior of the main cone and flows out through springs near the base of the volcano.

Glaciers cover a total of 2.5% of Adams' surface but during the last ice age about 90% of the mountain was glaciated. Most of the largest remaining glaciers (including the Adams, Klickitat, Lyman, and White Salmon) originate from Adams' summit ice cap. On the northwest face of the mountain, Adams Glacier cascades down a steep channel in a series of icefalls before spreading out and terminating at around the 7,000 feet (2,100 m). Klickitat Glacier on the volcano's eastern flank originates in a 1 mile (1.6 km) wide cirque and is fed by two smaller glaciers from the summit ice cap. It terminates around 6,600 feet (2,000 m), where it becomes the source of Big Muddy[disambiguation needed] Creek, a tributary of the Klickitat River. In the Cascades, Adams Glacier is second in size only to Carbon Glacier on Mount Rainier.[15]

The total glacier area on Mount Adams decreased 49%, from 12.2 square miles (31.5 km2) to 6.3 square miles (16.2 km2), between 1904 and 2006.[16]

Surrounding area

Aerial view of the south face from across the Columbia River Gorge

Mount Adams is surrounded by a variety of other volcanic features and volcanoes. The largest flank volcano is a basaltic shield volcano on Adams east base called Goat Butte. This structure is at least 150,000 years old.

Little Mount Adams is a symmetrical cinder cone on top of the Ridge of Wonders on Adams' southeast flank.[17]

Trout Lake (Trout Lake Creek) reflecting Mount Adams near the small town of Trout Lake

Potato Hill is a cinder cone on Adams' north side that was created in the late Pleistocene and stands 800 feet (240 m) above its lava plain.[18] Lavas from its base flowed into the Cispus Valley where they were later modified by glaciers. At the 7,500 feet (2,300 m) level on Adams' south flank is South Butte. The lavas associated with this structure are all younger than Suksdorf Ridge but were emplaced before the end of the ice age.[18]

Located a few miles north of Adams is Goat Rocks Wilderness and the heavily eroded ruins of a stratovolcano that is much older than Adams. Unlike Adams, the Goat Rocks volcano was periodically explosive and deposited ash 2.5 million years ago that later solidified into 2,100-foot (640 m) thick tuff layers.[19]

In the area surrounding Mount Adams, many underground caves have formed around inactive lava vents. These caves are usually close to the surface and can be hundreds of feet deep and wide.[20]

The Highline trail encircles Mount Adams and is approximately 35 miles (56 km) long.[21] The trail is also known as the "Around the Mountain" trail. An 8-mile (13 km) section of the trail is on the Yakama Indian Reservation, which requires special permits.[21] Part of the Highline trail is coincident with the Pacific Crest Trail.

Recreation

Adams Glacier cascades down Mount Adams' northwestern face

Each year, hundreds of outdoorsmen try to summit Mount Adams. Crampons and ice axes are needed on many routes because of the glaciers and how steep they are. But it is easy to climb up with just boots and ski poles on the south side of the mountain in the summer. The biggest hazard is the loose rocks and boulders which are easily dislodged and a severe hazard for climbers below. Climbing Mount Adams can be dangerous for a variety of reasons and people do die in pursuit of the summit.[22]

Many trails access the Round the Mountain trail. On the south, The Shorthorn Trail leaves from near the Morrison Creek Campground. On the west side, there are three trails going up: Stagman Ridge, Pacific Crest Trail, and the Riley Creek Trail. On the north side are the Divide Camp, Killen Creek, Muddy Meadows trails, and again the Pacific Crest Trail. These trails generally gain between 1,500 feet (460 m) and 3,000 feet (910 m) in between 3 miles (4.8 km) and 6 miles (9.7 km). Trails are mostly snow-covered from early winter until early summer.

Mount Adams early morning reflection at Takhlakh Lake

Campgrounds near Mount Adams are open during the snow-free months of summer. Campgrounds in the area include the Takhlakh Lake Campground, offering views across the lake of Mount Adams; Olallie Lake; Horseshoe Lake; Killen Creek; Council Lake; and Keenes Horse Camp. Adams Fork Campground and Twin Falls Campground are located along the Lewis and Cispus Rivers.[23] Most lakes within the Midway High Lakes Area offers scenic views of Mount Adams and its glaciers.[24] Adams Fork Campground, Cat Creek Campground, and Twin Falls Campground are located nearer to Mount Adams and are just a few of the many campgrounds along the scenic Lewis and Cispus Rivers.

On the southeast side of the mountain, the Mount Adams Recreation Area offers activities such as hiking, camping, picnicking, and fishing. The area features Bird Creek Meadows, a popular picnic and hiking area noted for its outstanding display of wildflowers,[25] and exceptional views of Mount Adams and its glaciers, as well as Mount Hood to the south.[26] Hikers can access the Hellroaring Overlook, where they can view Hellroaring Meadows, a glacial valley about 1,000 feet (300 m) down from the viewpoint precepe. From here, hikers can gaze gaze up 5,800 feet (1,800 m) at Mount Adams,the Klickitat Glacier, and various waterfalls tumbling off of high cliffs below the glaciers terminus.[27] There are many loop trails at Bird Creek Meadows, including the Trail of the Flowers. Trails travel through meadows, streams, and waterfalls, including Crooked Creek Falls.[28][29] Little Mount Adams 6,821 ft (2,079 m)is a symmetrical cinder cone on top of the Ridge of Wonders, and rises from the northeast end of Hellroaring Meadow and the Hellroaring Creek valley. It offers a trail to the east base of the peak. To reach the top, hikers must traverse rocky terrain; and if there are, user-made trails.[30] There are three campgrounds in the Mount Adams Recreation Area. A campground is located each at Bird Lake, Mirror Lake, and Bench Lake. The area is accessed from Trout Lake via the Mount Adams Recreation Highway, northeast on Forest Road 82, to Forest Road 8225, and on Tribal Route 285 (Bench Lake Road), passing the Bird Creek Meadows Parking Area, and ending at Bench Lake. Bird Lake Road leads off of Bench Lake Road, and heads north to Bird Lake. All of the roads after the short section known as the Mount Adams Recreation Highway is gravel and dirt, and is known to be extremely rough and often only suitable for trucks or high clearance vehicles.[31]

For winter recreation, there are a number of Washington state sno-parks on the south side that are popular with snowmobilers and cross-country skiers.

Geology

Adams is made of several overlapping cones that together form an 18-mile (29 km) diameter base which is elongated in its north-south axis and covers an area of 250 square miles (650 km2). The volcano has a volume of 85 cubic miles (350 km3) placing it second only to Mount Shasta in that category among the Cascade stratovolcanoes.[8] Mount Adams was probably created by the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate, which is located just off the coast of the Pacific Northwest.

Takh Takh Lava Flow below Mount Adams

Mount Adams was born in the relatively late Pleistocene and grew in several pulses of mostly lava-extruding eruptions. Each eruptive cycle was separated from one another by long periods of dormancy during which glaciers eroded the mountain to below 9,000 feet (2,700 m). Potassium-argon dating has identified two such eruptive periods; the first occurring 275,000 to 200,000 years ago and the second 150,000 to 100,000 years ago. Most of these eruptions and therefore most of the volcano, consist of lava flows with little tephra. The loose material that makes up much of Adams' core is made of brecciated lava.[8]

Mount Adams as seen from Mount St. Helens

Andesite and basalt flows formed a 20-to-200-foot (6 to 60 m) thick circle around the base of the Mount Adams, and filled existing depressions and ponded in valleys. Most of the volcano is made of andesite together with handful of dacite and pyroclastic flows which erupted early in Adams' development. The present main cone was built when Adams was capped by a glacier system in the last ice age. The lava that erupted was shattered when it came in contact with the ice and the cone interior is therefore made of easily eroded andesite fragments. Since its construction, constant emissions of heat and caustic gases have transformed much of the rock into clays (mostly kaolinite), iron oxides, sulfur-rich compounds and quartz.[32]

The present eruptive cone above 7,000 feet (2,100 m) was constructed sometime between 25,000 to 10,000 years ago. Since that time the volcano has erupted at least seven times, all of which were above 6,500 feet (1,980 m) on the summit. One of the most recent flows issued from South Butte and created the 4.5-mile (7.2 km) long by 0.5-mile (0.8 km) wide A.G. Aiken Lava Bed. This flow looks young but has 3,500-year-old Mount St. Helens ash on it, meaning it is at least that old. The last lava known to have erupted from Adams are the 2500- to 3500-year-old Muddy Fork lava flows.[6]

The Trout Lake Mudflow is the youngest large debris flow from Adams and the only large one since the end of the last Ice Age. The flow dammed Trout Creek and covered 25 miles (40 km) of the White Salmon River valley. Impounded water later formed Trout Lake. The Great Slide of 1921 started close to the headwall of the White Salmon Glacier and was the largest avalanche on Adams in historic time. The slide fell about 1 mile (1.6 km) and its debris covered about 1 square mile (2.6 km2) of the upper Salt Creek area. Steam vents were reported active at the slide source for three years, leading to speculation that the event was started with a small steam explosion.[32] This was the only debris flow in Mount Adams' recorded history, but there are five known lahars.[33]

Since then, thermal anomalies (hot spots) and gas emissions (including hydrogen sulfide) have occurred especially on the summit plateau and indicate that Adams is dormant, not extinct. Future eruptions from Adams will probably follow patterns set by previous events and will thus be flank lava flows of andesite or basalt. Since the interior of the main cone is little more than a pile of fragmented lava and hydrothermally-altered rock, there is a potential for very large landslides and other debris flows.[32]

The Indian Heaven volcanic field is located between St. Helens and Adams. Its principal feature are an 18-mile (29 km) long linear zone of shield volcanoes, cinder cones, and flows with volumes of up to 23 cubic miles (96 km3). The shield volcanoes, which form the backbone of the volcanic field, are located on the northern and southern sides of the field. Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams are on the western and the eastern sides.[15]

History

Mt. Adams from Trout Lake Highway

Native Americans in the area have composed many legends concerning the three "smoking mountains" that guard the Columbia River. According to the Bridge of the Gods tale, Wy'east (Mount Hood) and Pahto (Mount Adams; also called Paddo or Klickitat by native peoples) were the sons of the Great Spirit. The brothers both competed for the love of the beautiful La-wa-la-clough (Mount St. Helens). When La-wa-la-clough chose Pahto, Wy'east struck his brother hard so that Pahto's head was flattened and Wy'east took La-wa-la-clough from him (thus attempting to explain Adams' squat appearance). Other versions of the story state that losing La-wa-la-clough caused Pahto such grief that he dropped his head in shame.[34][35][36]

In 1805 the Lewis and Clark Expedition recorded seeing the mountain. They misidentified it as Mount St. Helens which had been previously discovered and named. This is the earliest recorded sighting of the volcano by European explorers.[37]

Between 1830 and 1834 Hall J. Kelley led a campaign to rename the Cascade Range as the President's Range and also to rename each major Cascade mountain after a former President of the United States. Mount Adams was not known to Kelley and was thus not in his plan. Mount Hood, in fact, was designated by Kelley to be renamed after President John Adams but a mistake by a mapmaker placed the Mount Adams name north of Mount Hood and about 40 miles (64 km) east of Mount St. Helens. By sheer coincidence there was in fact a large mountain there to receive the name. Since the mountain had no official name at the time, Kelley's name stuck even though the rest of his plan failed.[38] In 1901, local settler and mountaineer C. E. Rusk led noted glaciologist Harry Reid to Adams' remote location. Reid conducted the first systematic study of the volcano and also named its most significant glaciers.[39]

In 1929 and 1931 Wade Dean filed mining claims to the sulfur on Adams' 210-acre (0.8 km2) summit plateau. After building a horse and mule trail, he had a diamond-tipped drilling machine moved to the summit area and test pits were drilled. Although sulfur sludge was found, the amount and quality of the ore was never good enough to make the venture profitable and the project was abandoned in 1959. Adams is the only large Cascade volcano to have its summit exploited by commercial miners.[33]

Wilderness and wildlife

Sign at the edge of the wilderness
Meadows at Mount Adams Wilderness
Main article: Mount Adams Wilderness

The western side of Mount Adams is in the Mount Adams Wilderness within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The east side is part of the Yakama Nation. The wilderness is open to hiking, backpacking, mountain climbing and equestrian sports. A Volcano Pass from the United States Forest Service (USFS) is required for activities above a certain altitude.[40] Some areas of the Yakama Nation are open for recreation, while other areas are open only to members of the tribe.[10]

The Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge lies at the base of Mount Adams. The refuge covers 6,500 acres (26 km2) and contains conifer forests, grasslands, and shallow wetlands. Protected wildlife includes deer, elk, beaver, coyote, otter, small rodents, bald eagle, greater sandhill crane, and the Oregon spotted frog.[41]

On the slopes of the mountain, elk are common and wolverines have been sighted.[42]

Big Tree, (also known as Trout Lake Big Tree), is a massive ponderosa pine tree in majestic, old growth pine and fir forests at the southern base of Mount Adams.[43] The tree rises to a lofty 202 feet (62 m)[44] with a diameter of 7 feet (2.1 m),[45] and is one of the largest known ponderosa pine trees in the world.[46]

  • Bird on a trail sign
    Bird on a trail sign
  • Divide Camp Meadows
    Divide Camp Meadows
  • Rushing Adams Creek
    Rushing Adams Creek
  • A small lake's reflection of Adams
    A small lake's reflection of Adams
  • High Camp at nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) elevation.
    High Camp at nearly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) elevation.
  • Wildflower meadows
    Wildflower meadows

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Mount Adams". NGS Data Sheet. National Geodetic Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  2. ^ "Mount Adams, Washington". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  3. ^ "Adams". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  4. ^ "Adams: Eruptive History". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  5. ^ Foxworthy, B.L. (1982). "Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b Wright, T.L. (1992). "Living With Volcanoes: The U.S. Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1073". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Washington's 100 highest Mountains". Cascade Alpine Guide. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  8. ^ a b c d Scott, W.E. (1995). "Volcano Hazards in the Mount Adams Region, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-492". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Wood, Charles A. (1990). Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 0-521-43811-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b "Recreation - Mt. Adams Wilderness". Gifford Pinchot National Forest. USFS. 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2008-08-04. [dead link]
  11. ^ "Official Site of the Yakama Nation". Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  12. ^ "Pacific Northwest Region Viewing Area - Mt. Adams Wilderness, Pacific Crest Trail, Adams Creek". Celebrating Wildflowers. USFS. 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  13. ^ "Washington Segment". Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail Website. USFS. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  14. ^ North Cascades (2011-09-24). "Mount Adams South Climb — Washington Trails Association". Wta.org. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
  15. ^ a b Wood, Charles A. (1990). Volcanoes of North America. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-521-43811-X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Sitts, D.J. (2010). "Twentieth Century Glacier Change on Mount Adams, Washington, USA". Northwest Science. 84 (4). Northwest Scientific Association: 378–385. doi:10.3955/046.084.0407. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Mount Adams Natural History" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  18. ^ a b "South butte Summit - Washington Mountain Peak Information". MountainZone.com. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  19. ^ In addition, the Indian Heaven Wilderness with its highest peak Lemei Rock is a volcanic field associated with the movement of magma from Mount Adams westward toward Mount Saint Helens. "Mount Adams, Washington - Volcanic Fields - Mount Adams Vicinity". Cascades Volcano Observatory. USGS. 2008-04-15. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  20. ^ "Ice Caves of Mount Adams" (PDF). New York Times. 1890-08-03. Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  21. ^ a b Spring, Ira; Manning, Harvey (1992). 100 Hikes in Washington's South Cascades and Olympics (second ed.). The Mountaineers. p. 112. ISBN 0-89886-301-5.
  22. ^ "Man Spends Night on Mt. Adams after Father Dies During Climb". KATU. Associated Press. September 17, 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  23. ^ "About the Forest". Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
  24. ^ Gifford Pinchot National Forest: About the Forest
  25. ^ Barker, Brian. "Bird Creek Meadows Trail". Portland Monthly Magazine. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  26. ^ "Bird Creek Meadows". WTA. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  27. ^ "The Gifford Pinchot National Forest: Bird Creek Meadows Hike". Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  28. ^ "Wild and Easy - Bird Creek Meadows Loop: Waterfalls, meadows, glacier, canyon overlook — it's all here!". GORP. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  29. ^ Slichter, Paul. "Bird Creek Meadows". http://science.halleyhosting.com. Retrieved 25 April 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  30. ^ "The Gifford Pinchot National Forest: Little Mount Adams Hike". Northwest Hiker. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  31. ^ "Yakama Nation Mt. Adams Recreation Area". Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  32. ^ a b c Hoblitt, R.P. (1987). "Volcanic Hazards with Regard to Siting Nuclear-Power Plants in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-297". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ a b Vallance, James W. (1999). "Postglacial Lahars and Potential Hazards in the White Salmon River System on the Southwest Flank of Mount Adams, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2161". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ Scott, W.E (1997). "Geologic History of Mount Hood Volcano, Oregon -- A Field-Trip Guidebook: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-263". USGS. Retrieved 2008-08-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Cascade Range Volcanoes - Volcano Names". Cascades Volcano Observatory. USGS. 2007-11-27. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  36. ^ Hill, Richard L. (2004). Volcanoes of the Cascades: Their Rise and Their Risks. Globe Pequot. ISBN 0-7627-3072-2.
  37. ^ "The Volcanoes of Lewis and Clark". USGS. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  38. ^ "Description: Mount Adams Volcano, Washington". Cascades Volcano Observatory. USGS. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  39. ^ Beckey, Fred (2000-08-15). Cascade Alpine Guide: Climbing and High Routes. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Mountaineers Books. p. 56. ISBN 0-89886-577-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  40. ^ "Recreation - Climbing Mt. Adams". Gifford Pinchot National Forest. USFS. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2008-08-06. [dead link]
  41. ^ Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge. Fish and Wildlife Service.
  42. ^ "Rare wolverine spotted on Mount Adams". The Oregonian. 2009-06-25. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
  43. ^ "Big Tree Loop". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  44. ^ Richard, Terry (September 30, 2011). "Big ponderosa pine near Mount Adams lives up to its name: Big Tree (video)". The Oregonian. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  45. ^ "Big Tree Interpretive Site". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  46. ^ "Big Tree Loop". Trails.com. Retrieved 6 April 2013.

Further reading

  • Harris, Stephen L. (1988). Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company. ISBN 0-87842-220-X.

External links

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