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== Conservation status ==
== Conservation status ==
The Tana River red colobus has been considered one of [[The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates]].<ref>Butynski, T. M. 2005. [http://www.primate-sg.org/rufomitratus.htm Tana River Red Colobus, Procolobus rufomitratus (Peters, 1879).] In: Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004-2006, R. A. Mittermeier, C. Valladares-Pádua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Aguiar and S. Walker (eds.), p.17. Report to IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) and Conservation International (CI), Washington, DC.</ref><ref name="2008-2010Top25">{{cite journal | editor1-last = Mittermeier | editor1-first = R.A. | editor2-last = Wallis | editor2-first = J. | editor3-last = Rylands | editor3-first = A.B. | editor4-last = Ganzhorn | editor4-first = J.U. | editor5-last = Oates | editor5-first = J.F. | editor6-last = Williamson | editor6-first = E.A. | editor7-last = Palacios | editor7-first = E. | editor8-last = Heymann | editor8-first = E.W. | editor9-last = Kierulff | editor9-first = M.C.M. | editor10-last = Long Yongcheng | editor11-last = Supriatna | editor11-first = J. | editor12-last = Roos | editor12-first = C. | editor13-last = Walker | editor13-first = S. | editor14-last = Cortés-Ortiz | editor14-first = L. | editor15-last = Schwitzer | editor15-first = C. | others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash | editor-link = Russell Mittermeier | year = 2009 | title = Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 | publisher = IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI) | location = Arlington, VA. | pages = 1–92 | isbn = 978-1-934151-34-1 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf | format = PDF}}</ref> It was, together with the equally endangered [[Tana River mangabey]], the main reason for the creation of the [[Tana River Primate Reserve]] in 1978,<ref name=kws>{{cite web|url=http://www.kws.org/kws/parks/parks_reserves/TRPR.html|title=Kenya Wildlife Service – Tana River Primate Reserve |publisher=www.kws.org|accessdate=2009-12-30}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but human encroachment within this reserve continues.<ref>[http://www.africanconservation.org/content/view/685/405/ Kenya’s rare monkey species threatened with extinction .] African Conservation Foundation. Accessed 2008-07-20</ref> Recently, it has been suggested that 20,000 hectares of the Tana River Delta should be transformed into sugarcane plantations, but this has, temporarily at least, been stopped by the [[Politics_of_Kenya#Judicial_branch|High Court]] of Kenya.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/07/tana_reprieve.html Tana gets temporary reprieve.] BirdLife International. Accessed 2008-07-20</ref> ''Contra'' [[Colin Groves|Groves]],<ref name=msw3/> it was not recognized as a species separate from the [[Ugandan red colobus|Ugandan]], [[Central African red colobus|Central African]] and [[Thollon's red colobus]] in the 2008 [[IUCN]] Red List. With these as [[subspecies]], ''P. rufomitratus'' is considered to be of [[least concern]] in the 2008 IUCN Red List,<ref name=iucn2>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = Oates, J.F., Struhsaker, T., Butynski, T.M. & De Jong, Y. | year = 2008 | id = 39993 | title = Procolobus rufomitratus | downloaded = 2008-11-12}}</ref> while ''P. (r.) rufomitratus'' is considered endangered.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = Butynski, T.M., Struhsaker, T. & De Jong, Y. | year = 2008 | id = 136939 | title = Procolobus rufomitratus ssp. rufomitratus | downloaded = 2008-11-27}}</ref>
The Tana River red colobus has been considered one of [[The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates]].<ref>Butynski, T. M. 2005. [http://www.primate-sg.org/rufomitratus.htm Tana River Red Colobus, Procolobus rufomitratus (Peters, 1879).] In: Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004-2006, R. A. Mittermeier, C. Valladares-Pádua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Aguiar and S. Walker (eds.), p.17. Report to IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) and Conservation International (CI), Washington, DC.</ref><ref name="2008-2010Top25">{{cite journal | editor1-last = Mittermeier | editor1-first = R.A. | editor2-last = Wallis | editor2-first = J. | editor3-last = Rylands | editor3-first = A.B. | editor4-last = Ganzhorn | editor4-first = J.U. | editor5-last = Oates | editor5-first = J.F. | editor6-last = Williamson | editor6-first = E.A. | editor7-last = Palacios | editor7-first = E. | editor8-last = Heymann | editor8-first = E.W. | editor9-last = Kierulff | editor9-first = M.C.M. | editor10-last = Long Yongcheng | editor11-last = Supriatna | editor11-first = J. | editor12-last = Roos | editor12-first = C. | editor13-last = Walker | editor13-first = S. | editor14-last = Cortés-Ortiz | editor14-first = L. | editor15-last = Schwitzer | editor15-first = C. | others = Illustrated by S.D. Nash | editor-link = Russell Mittermeier | year = 2009 | title = Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 | publisher = IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI) | location = Arlington, VA. | pages = 1–92 | isbn = 978-1-934151-34-1 | url = http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf | format = PDF}}</ref> It was, together with the equally endangered [[Tana River mangabey]], the main reason for the creation of the [[Tana River Primate Reserve]] in 1978,<ref name=kws>{{cite web|url=http://www.kws.org/kws/parks/parks_reserves/TRPR.html|title=Kenya Wildlife Service – Tana River Primate Reserve |publisher=www.kws.org|accessdate=2009-12-30}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> but human encroachment within this reserve continues.<ref>[http://www.africanconservation.org/content/view/685/405/ Kenya’s rare monkey species threatened with extinction .] African Conservation Foundation. Accessed 2008-07-20</ref> Recently, it has been suggested that 20,000 hectares of the Tana River Delta should be transformed into sugarcane plantations, but this has, temporarily at least, been stopped by the [[Politics_of_Kenya#Judicial_branch|High Court]] of Kenya.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/07/tana_reprieve.html Tana gets temporary reprieve.] BirdLife International. Accessed 2008-07-20</ref> ''Contra'' [[Colin Groves|Groves]],<ref name=msw3/> it was not recognized as a species separate from the [[Ugandan red colobus|Ugandan]], [[Central African red colobus|Central African]] and [[Thollon's red colobus]] in the 2008 [[IUCN]] Red List. With these as [[subspecies]], ''P. rufomitratus'' is considered to be of [[least concern]] in the 2008 IUCN Red List,<ref name=iucn2>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = Oates, J.F., Struhsaker, T., Butynski, T.M. & De Jong, Y. | year = 2008 | id = 39993 | title = Procolobus rufomitratus | downloaded = 2008-11-12}}</ref> while ''P. (r.) rufomitratus'' is considered endangered.<ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008 | assessors = Butynski, T.M., Struhsaker, T. & De Jong, Y. | year = 2008 | id = 136939 | title = Procolobus rufomitratus ssp. rufomitratus | downloaded = 2008-11-27}}</ref>
The Tana River Red Colobus has been under the watch of the Tana River Primate National Reserve (TRPNR), They put forward numerous amounts of research and studies into the conservation of the Tana River Red Colobus. They found that only 37% of the Red Colossuses lived inside the preservation itself. These findings have brought the conservation strategy into question. <ref>Biological Conservation Vol 120, Issue 1, Nov 2004, pg 91-99</ref>




== Diet ==
== Diet ==

Revision as of 00:35, 25 October 2013

Tana River red colobus[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates
Family:
Cercopithecidae
Genus:
Procolobus
Subgenus:
Piliocolobus
Species:
P. rufomitratus
Binomial name
Procolobus rufomitratus
(Peters, 1879)

The Tana River red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus), also called the eastern red colobus, is an Old World Monkey that is highly endangered species of primate in the Cercopithecidae family. It is endemic to a narrow zone of gallery forest near the Tana River in southeastern Kenya. As all red colobuses, it was formerly considered a subspecies of a widespread P. badius.[3]

Conservation status

The Tana River red colobus has been considered one of The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates.[4][5] It was, together with the equally endangered Tana River mangabey, the main reason for the creation of the Tana River Primate Reserve in 1978,[6] but human encroachment within this reserve continues.[7] Recently, it has been suggested that 20,000 hectares of the Tana River Delta should be transformed into sugarcane plantations, but this has, temporarily at least, been stopped by the High Court of Kenya.[8] Contra Groves,[1] it was not recognized as a species separate from the Ugandan, Central African and Thollon's red colobus in the 2008 IUCN Red List. With these as subspecies, P. rufomitratus is considered to be of least concern in the 2008 IUCN Red List,[9] while P. (r.) rufomitratus is considered endangered.[2] The Tana River Red Colobus has been under the watch of the Tana River Primate National Reserve (TRPNR), They put forward numerous amounts of research and studies into the conservation of the Tana River Red Colobus. They found that only 37% of the Red Colossuses lived inside the preservation itself. These findings have brought the conservation strategy into question. [10]


Diet

Colobus monkeys eat mostly leaves from a limited number of tree species. They supplement this bulky cellulose diet with occasional unripe fruit, moss and seeds. Human food is of no interest to these leaf specialists. Their stomachs are large and have three chambers, and carry a specific bacterium which helps to ferment and digest the leaves. They eat about two to three kilograms of leaves a day. Sometimes they eat soil, clay and charcoal to help digest toxins and toxic leaves. Because of the poor nutritional quality of their food, they must browse intensively for many hours each day looking for food, and spend much of the remainder of the day resting to aid digestion.[citation needed]

Environment

The Tana River Red Colobus monkey gets its name from where it resides, along forests along the floodplain int he lower Tana River in eastern Kenya, Kenya's longest river. The river is roughly 1,000 km long. When the river is in a flood, the floodplain measures from one to six km in width and about 60 to 100 m in width when not in a flood. Floods occur roughly once a year, with a major flood occurring every three years. Although the floodplain is mostly grassy, there are places where bushland, woodland, and forests reside.

Climate

The lower Tana River is generally hot and dry, with temperatures ranging from 86°F and 100°F (30°C-38°C). The hottest months generally occur during January and February while the coldest months are May through July. The average annual rainfall is between 500 and 600 mm, with the wettest months being March and April and the driest being November and December.

Vegetation

The main vegetation that appears along the lower Tana River includes grassland, wooded grassland, bushland, deciduous woodland and lowland evergreen forest.Due to human disturbances as well as floods, patchy distributions of forests have resulted Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).

Reproduction

The tona river red colobus has a polygynous mating system especially when only one male is present. The dominance hierarchy typically determines which individuals are allowed to mate. Little is known about the reproductive cycle in the wild due to this species constant migration. The dominant male usually mates with females within the same social group. Females initiate mating through courtship displays and copulation calls. Red Colobus monkeys breed throughout the year, and have a gestation period of about 4.5 to 5.5 months. Infants cling to their mother’s underbelly. Up until about 3.5 months in age infants travel only one meter away from the mother. By 3.5 to 5.5 they usually play with other monkeys. Females leave the group around 18 months of age and continue to move from group to group. Males may leave the group during adolescence but have a harder time being accepted into other social groups due to hierarchy. [11]

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 170. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Template:IUCN2008
  3. ^ Kingdon, J. 1997. The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press Limited, London. ISBN 0-12-408355-2
  4. ^ Butynski, T. M. 2005. Tana River Red Colobus, Procolobus rufomitratus (Peters, 1879). In: Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2004-2006, R. A. Mittermeier, C. Valladares-Pádua, A. B. Rylands, A. A. Eudey, T. M. Butynski, J. U. Ganzhorn, R. Kormos, J. M. Aguiar and S. Walker (eds.), p.17. Report to IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) and Conservation International (CI), Washington, DC.
  5. ^ Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M.; Long Yongcheng; Supriatna, J.; Roos, C.; Walker, S.; Cortés-Ortiz, L.; Schwitzer, C., eds. (2009). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010" (PDF). Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA.: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI): 1–92. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ "Kenya Wildlife Service – Tana River Primate Reserve". www.kws.org. Retrieved 2009-12-30. [dead link]
  7. ^ Kenya’s rare monkey species threatened with extinction . African Conservation Foundation. Accessed 2008-07-20
  8. ^ Tana gets temporary reprieve. BirdLife International. Accessed 2008-07-20
  9. ^ Template:IUCN2008
  10. ^ Biological Conservation Vol 120, Issue 1, Nov 2004, pg 91-99
  11. ^ Jones, J. 2002. "Piliocolobus rufomitratus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 24, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Piliocolobus_rufomitratus
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