List of rulers of Austria: Difference between revisions
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|width=auto| '''[[Henry I, Margrave of Austria|Henry I the Strong]]'''<br />(''Heinrich der Starke'')<br />994–1018 |
|width=auto| '''[[Henry I, Margrave of Austria|Henry I the Strong]]'''<br />(''Heinrich der Starke'')<br />994–1018 |
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Taranique Wilson of West Feliciana High school became the PRINCESS of Austria. |
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| [[Image:Herzog Heinrich I. Babenberg.jpg|100px]] |
| [[Image:Herzog Heinrich I. Babenberg.jpg|100px]] |
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| late 10th century<br />son of [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I]] and [[Richardis of Sualafeldgau]] |
| late 10th century<br />son of [[Leopold I, Margrave of Austria|Leopold I]] and [[Richardis of Sualafeldgau]] |
Revision as of 16:40, 5 November 2013
These are articles of the List of Austrians series |
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Artists and architects |
Monarchs |
Mountaineers |
Music |
Politicians |
Scientists |
Sports |
Writers |
Austria was ruled by the House of Babenberg until 1246 and by the House of Habsburg from 1282 to 1918.
Margraves of Austria
The March of Austria, also known as Marcha Orientalis, was first formed in 976 out of the lands that had once been the March of Pannonia in Carolingian times. The oldest attestation dates back to 996, where the written name "ostarrichi" occurs in a document transferring land in present-day Austria to a Bavarian monastery.
House of Babenberg
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leopold I the Illustrious (Luitpold der Erlauchte) 976–994 |
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c. 940 | Richardis of Sualafeldgau nine children |
10 July 994 Würzburg aged about 54 |
Henry I the Strong (Heinrich der Starke) 994–1018 Taranique Wilson of West Feliciana High school became the PRINCESS of Austria. |
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late 10th century son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau |
never married | 23 June 1018 |
Adalbert the Victorious (Adalbert der Siegreiche) 1018–1055 |
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c. 985 son of Leopold I and Richardis of Sualafeldgau |
(1) Glismod of West-Saxony two children (2) Frozza Orseolo no issue |
26 May 1055 Melk aged about 70 |
Ernest the Brave (Ernst der Tapfere) 1055–1075 |
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c. 1027 son of Adalbert and Glismod of West-Saxony |
(1) Adelaide of Eilenburg 1060 three children (2) Swanhilde von der Ungarnmark 1072 no issue |
10 June 1075 aged about 48 |
Leopold II the Fair (Luitpold der Schöne) 1075-1095 |
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c. 1050 son of Ernest and Adelaide of Eilenburg |
Ida of Cham 1065 eight children |
12 October 1095 aged about 45 |
Leopold III the Good (Luitpold der Heilige) 1095–1136 |
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c. 1073 Melk son of Leopold II and Ida of Cham |
(1) Maria of Perg one son (2) Agnes of Germany 1106 eighteen children |
15 November 1136 Vienna aged about 63 |
Leopold IV the Generous (Luitpold der Freigiebige) 1137–1141 |
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c. 1108 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
Maria of Bohemia 28 September 1138 no issue |
18 October 1141 Niederalteich aged about 33 |
Henry II Jasomirgott (Heinrich Jasomirgott) 1141–1156 |
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c. 1107 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
(1) Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one daughter (2) Theodora Komnene 1148 three children |
13 January 1177 aged about 70 |
Dukes of Austria
In 1156, the Privilegium Minus elevated the march to a duchy, independent of the Duchy of Bavaria.
House of Babenberg
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Henry II Jasomirgott (Heinrich Jasomirgott) 1156-1177 |
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c. 1107 son of Leopold III and Agnes of Germany |
(1) Gertrude of Süpplingenburg 1 May 1142 one daughter (2) Theodora Komnene 1148 three children |
13 January 1177 aged about 70 |
Leopold V the Virtuous (Luitpold der Tugendhafte) 1177-1194 |
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c. 1157 son of Henry II and Theodora Komnene |
Helena of Hungary 1174 four children |
31 December 1194 Graz aged about 37 |
Frederick I the Catholic (Friedrich der Katholische) 1195-1198 |
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c. 1175 son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary |
never married | 16 April 1198 The Holy Land aged about 23 |
Leopold VI the Glorious (Luitpold der Glorreiche) 1198-1230 |
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c. 1176 son of Leopold V and Helena of Hungary |
Theodora Angelina 1203 seven children |
28 July 1230 San Germano aged about 54 |
Frederick II the Quarrelsome (Friedrich der Streitbare) 1230-1246 |
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25 April 1211 Wiener Neustadt son of Leopold VI and Theodora Angelina |
(1) Sophia Laskarina no issue (2) Agnes of Merania 1229 no issue |
15 June 1246 Leitha aged 35 |
Interregnum
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ottokar_II_Premysl.jpg/100px-Ottokar_II_Premysl.jpg)
After Frederick's death, the succession of the Duchy was disputed between various claimants:
- Vladislaus of Moravia, claimant 1246-1247
- Herman VI of Baden, claimant 1248-1250
- Frederick I of Baden, claimant 1250-1268
- Ottokar II of Bohemia, claimant 1251-1278
House of Habsburg
In 1278, Rudolf I, King of Germany, defeated Ottokar and took control of Austria. In 1282 he invested his sons with the Duchies of Austria and Styria, thereby securing it for the House of Habsburg.
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Rudolf I 1278-1282 |
1 May 1218 Breisgau son of Albert IV, Count of Habsburg and Hedwig of Kyburg |
(1) Gertrude of Hohenburg 1245 9 children (2) Isabella of Burgundy 5 February 1284 no issue |
15 July 1291 Speyer aged 73 | |
Albert I 1282-1308 |
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July 1255 Vienna eldest son of Rudolf I and Gertrude of Hohenburg |
Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol 20 December 1274 Vienna 12 children |
1 May 1308 Windisch aged 52 |
Rudolf II the Debonair 1282-1283 |
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July 1270 Rheinfelden third son of Rudolph I and Gertrude of Hohenburg |
Agnes of Bohemia March 1289 Prague one son |
10 May 1290 Prague aged 20 |
Rudolf III the Good 1298-1307 |
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c. 1281 Vienna eldest son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
(1) Blanche of France 25 May 1300 one daughter (2) Elisabeth Richeza of Poland 16 October 1306 no issue |
3/4 July 1307 Horažďovice aged 26 |
Frederick I the Fair 1308-1330 |
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c. 1289 Vienna second son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
Isabella of Aragon 11 May 1315 Ravensburg three children |
13 January 1330 Gutenstein aged 41 |
Leopold I the Glorious 1308-1326 |
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4 August 1290 Vienna third son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
Catherine of Savoy 26 May 1315 Basel two daughters |
28 February 1326 Strassburg aged 35 |
Albert II the Wise 1330-1358 |
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12 December 1298 Habsburg Castle fourth son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
Joanna of Pfirt 15 February 1324 Vienna six children |
16 August 1358 Vienna aged 59 |
Otto I the Merry 1330-1339 |
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23 July 1301 Vienna seventh son of Albert I and Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol |
(1) Elisabeth of Bavaria 15 May 1325 Straubing two sons (2) Anne of Bohemia 16 February 1335 Znaim no issue |
17 February 1339 Neuberg an der Mürz aged 37 |
Frederick II 1339-1344 |
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10 February 1327 eldest son of Otto I and Elisabeth of Bavaria |
never married | 11 December 1344 Neuberg an der Mürz aged 17 |
Leopold II 1339-1344 |
c. 1328 second son of Otto I and Elisabeth of Bavaria |
never married | 10 August 1344 aged 16 | |
Rudolf IV the Founder 1358-1365 |
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1 November 1339 Vienna eldest son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
Catherine of Bohemia 13 July 1356 Vienna no issue |
27 July 1365 Milan aged 25 |
Archdukes of Austria
House of Habsburg
The Privilegium Maius, fabricated by Rudolf in 1359, attempted to invest the Dukes of Austria with the special position of an Archduke. This title was frequently used by Ernest the Iron and other Dukes but not recognized by other princes of the Holy Roman Empire until Frederick V became Emperor and confirmed the Privilegium in 1453.
Rudolf was succeeded by his brothers that at first ruled jointly:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Albert III the Pigtail 1365-1379 |
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9 September 1349 Vienna third son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
(1) Elisabeth of Bohemia after 19 March 1366 Vienna no issue (2) Beatrice of Nuremberg 4 March 1375 Vienna one son |
29 August 1395 Laxenburg aged 45 |
Leopold III the Just 1365-1379 |
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1 November 1351 Vienna fourth son of Albert II the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
Viridis Visconti 23 February 1365 Vienna six children |
9 July 1386 Sempach aged 34 |
Divided Rule
The territories were divided between the brothers and their descendants in the Treaty of Neuberg in 1379:
The Albertinian Line received the Duchy of Austria, later called Lower Austria (not to be confused with the namesake modern state):
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Albert III the Pigtail 1379-1395 |
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9 September 1349 Vienna third son of Albert the Wise and Joanna of Pfirt |
(1) Elisabeth of Bohemia after 19 March 1366 Vienna no issue (2) Beatrice of Nuremberg 4 March 1375 Vienna one son |
29 August 1395 Laxenburg aged 45 |
Albert IV the Patient 1395-1404 |
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19 September 1377 Vienna only son of Albert the Pigtail and Beatrice of Nuremberg |
Joanna Sophia of Bavaria 24 April 1390 Vienna two children |
14 September 1404 Klosterneuburg aged 26 |
Albert V 1404-1439 under joint guardianship of Leopold IV and Ernest (1404–1411) |
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16 August 1397 Vienna only son of Albert IV and Joanna Sophia of Bavaria |
Elizabeth of Luxembourg 26 April 1422 Vienna three children |
27 October 1439 Neszmély aged 42 |
Vacant 1439-1440 | ||||
Ladislaus I the Posthumous 1440-1457 under guardianship of Frederick V (1440–1452) |
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22 February 1440 Komarom only son of Albert V and Elizabeth of Luxembourg |
never married | 23 November 1457 Prague aged 17 |
- After Ladislaus' death his territories passed to the Leopoldinian Line:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick V the Peaceful 1457-1493 |
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21 September 1415 Innsbruck first son of Ernest and Cymburgis of Masovia |
Eleanor of Portugal 16 March 1452 Rome five children |
19 August 1493 Linz aged 77 |
Albert VI the Prodigal 1457-1463 |
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12 September 1418 Vienna third son of Ernest and Cymburgis of Masovia |
Mathilde of the Palatinate 1452 Vienna no issue |
2 December 1463 Vienna aged 45 |
The Leopoldinian Line received the Duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, the County of Tyrol and Further Austria:
- In 1406, the Leopoldinian lines split their territories:
- The Elder Ernestine line received the Duchies of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, also called Inner Austria:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Ernest the Iron 1402-1424 |
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c. 1377 Bruck an der Mur third son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
(1) Margaret of Pomerania 14 January 1392 Bruck an der Mur no issue (2) Cymburgis of Masovia 25 January 1412 Kraków nine children |
10 June 1424 Bruck an der Mur aged 47 |
Frederick V the Peaceful 1457-1493 |
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21 September 1415 Innsbruck first son of Ernest the Iron and Cymburgis of Masovia |
Eleanor of Portugal 16 March 1452 Rome five children |
19 August 1493 Linz aged 77 |
Albert VI the Prodigal 1457-1463 |
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12 September 1418 Vienna third son of Ernest the Iron and Cymburgis of Masovia |
Mathilde of the Palatinate 1452 Vienna no issue |
2 December 1463 Vienna aged 45 |
Both under the guardianship of
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 1406-1435 |
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c. 1382 fourth son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
(1) Elisabeth of the Palatinate 24 December 1407 Innsbruck one daughter (2) Anna of Brunswick 11 June 1411 Innsbruck four children |
24 June 1439 Innsbruck aged 57 |
- The Junior Tyrolean Line received Tyrol and soon also Further Austria. These territories were also called Upper Austria (not to be confused with the namesake modern state):
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick IV of the Empty Pockets 1406-1439 |
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c. 1382 fourth son of Leopold the Just and Viridis Visconti |
(1) Elisabeth of the Palatinate 24 December 1407 Innsbruck one daughter (2) Anna of Brunswick 11 June 1411 Innsbruck four children |
24 June 1439 Innsbruck aged 57 |
Sigismund the Rich 1439-1490 under guardianship of Frederick V (1439–1446) |
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26 October 1427 Innsbruck second son of Frederick IV and Anna of Brunswick |
(1) Eleanor of Scotland 12 February 1449 Innsbruck one son (2) Katharina of Saxony 24 February 1484 Innsbruck no issue |
4 March 1496 Innsbruck aged 68 |
- In 1490 these territories were handed over to
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Maximilian I the Last Knight 1490-1493 |
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22 March 1459 Wiener Neustadt second son of Frederick V and Eleanor of Portugal |
(1) Mary of Burgundy 18 August 1477 Ghent three children (2) Anne of Brittany 18 December 1490 Rennes no issue (3) Bianca Maria Sforza 16 March 1494 Hall in Tirol no issue |
12 January 1519 Wels aged 59 |
- Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, claimed the Austrian territories and occupied Austria proper and Styria. Claiming the title "Duke of Austria", he resided in Vienna from 1485 to his death in 1490.
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Matthias Corvinus 1485-1490 Claimant Duke |
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23 February 1443 Kolozsvár second son of John Hunyadi and Elizabeth Szilágyi |
(1) Elizabeth of Celje no issue (2) Catherine of Poděbrady 1 May 1461 Matthias Church, Budapest no issue (3) Beatrice of Naples 15 December 1476 Vienna no issue |
6 April 1490 Vienna aged 47 |
Reunited Rule
The Austrian territories were again reunited in 1493.
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maximilian I 1493-1519 |
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22 March 1459 Wiener Neustadt second son of Frederick V and Eleanor of Portugal |
(1) Mary of Burgundy 18 August 1477 Ghent three children (2) Anne of Brittany 18 December 1490 Rennes no issue (3) Bianca Maria Sforza 16 March 1494 Hall in Tirol no issue |
12 January 1519 Wels aged 59 |
Charles I 1519-1521 |
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24 February 1500 Ghent eldest son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile |
Isabella of Portugal 10 March 1526 Seville seven children |
21 September 1558 Yuste aged 58 |
Ferdinand I 1521-1564 |
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10 March 1503 Alcalá de Henares second son of Philip I of Castile and Joanna of Castile |
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary 25 May 1521 Linz fifteen children |
25 July 1564 Vienna aged 61 |
Divided Again
In 1564 the Austrian territories were again divided among Emperor Ferdinand's sons:
Lower and Upper Austria (Austria proper) passed to Ferdinand's 1st son Maximilian:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Maximilian II 1564-1576 |
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31 July 1527 Vienna eldest son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
Maria of Spain 13 September 1548 Valladolid sixteen children |
12 October 1576 Regensburg aged 49 |
Rudolf V 1576-1608 |
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18 July 1552 Vienna second son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
never married | 20 January 1612 Prague aged 59 |
Matthias 1608-1619 |
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24 February 1557 Vienna fourth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
Anna of Tyrol 4 December 1611 Vienna no issue |
20 March 1619 Vienna aged 62 |
Albert VII 1619 |
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13 November 1559 Wiener Neustadt fifth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain 18 April 1599 Valencia no issue |
13 July 1621 Brussels aged 61 |
- Rudolf, Matthias and Albert had no issue. The territories therefore passed to the descendants of Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles after Albert's abdication on 9 October 1619.
Tyrol and Further Austria passed to Emperor Ferdinand's 2nd son Ferdinand:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Ferdinand II 1564-1595 |
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14 June 1529 Linz second son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
(1) Philippine Welser ca. 1576 four children (2) Anne Juliana Gonzaga 14 May 1582 Innsbruck three daughters |
24 January 1595 Innsbruck aged 65 |
- Ferdinand died without an agnatic heir and his territories passed to the descendants of his brother Maximilian:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Matthias 1595-1619 under regency of Maximilian III (1612–1618) |
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24 February 1557 Vienna fourth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
Anna of Tyrol 4 December 1611 Vienna no issue |
20 March 1619 Vienna aged 62 |
Maximilian III 1612-1618 as Governor-Archduke |
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12 October 1558 Vienna sixth son of Maximilian II and Maria of Spain |
never married | 2 November 1618 Vienna aged 60 |
- Matthias died without issue and the territories passed to the descendants of Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles.
Inner Austria ("Inner-Österreich")(Styria, Carinthia and Carniola) passed to Emperor Ferdinand's 3rd son Charles:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Charles II 1564-1590 |
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3 June 1540 Vienna fourth son of Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary |
Maria Anna of Bavaria 26 August 1571 Vienna fifteen children |
10 July 1590 Graz aged 50 |
Ferdinand III 1590/1619-1637 under regency of Maximilian III (1593–1595) |
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9 July 1578 Graz second son of Charles II and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
(1) Maria Anna of Bavaria 23 April 1600 Graz seven children (2) Eleonor Gonzaga 2 February 1622 Innsbruck no issue |
15 February 1637 Vienna aged 58 |
In German Articles and Books these Archdukes' names and titles are normally completed with the territorial names of their Duchy as: "Charles II of Inner Austria" = "Karl der II. von Inner Österreich"
Reunited and redivided, again
The Austrian territories were reunited again by inheritance in 1620 under Ferdinand III, Archduke of Inner Austria (see Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor), but in 1623 five years into the Thirty Years' War he had so much to do with, Ferdinand divided them yet again, when he made his younger brother Leopold, who had been governor over Upper Austria, Archduke of those territories.
Lower Austria and Inner Austria remained with the elder line (Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor):
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ferdinand III 1590/1619-1637 |
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9 July 1578 Graz second son of Charles II and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
(1) Maria Anna of Bavaria 23 April 1600 Graz seven children (2) Eleonora Gonzaga 2 February 1622 Innsbruck no issue |
15 February 1637 Vienna aged 58 |
Ferdinand IV 1637-1657 |
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13 July 1608 Graz third son of Ferdinand III and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
(1) Maria Anna of Spain 20 February 1631 Vienna six children (2) Maria Leopoldine of Austria 2 July 1648 Linz one son (3) Eleonora Gonzaga 30 April 1651 Wiener Neustadt four children |
2 April 1657 Vienna aged 48 |
Upper Austria passed to the Younger Tyrolean Line:
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leopold V 1623-1632 |
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9 October 1586 Graz fifth son of Charles II and Maria Anna of Bavaria |
Claudia de' Medici 19 April 1626 Innsbruck five children |
13 September 1632 Schwaz aged 45 |
Ferdinand Charles 1632-1662 |
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17 May 1628 Innsbruck eldest son of Leopold V and Claudia de' Medici |
Anna de' Medici 10 June 1646 Innsbruck two daughter |
30 December 1662 Kaltern aged 34 |
Sigismund Francis 1662-1665 |
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27 November 1630 Innsbruck second son of Leopold V and Claudia de' Medici |
Hedwig of the Palatinate-Sulzbach 3 June 1665 Sulzbach no issue |
25 June 1665 Innsbruck aged 34 |
- After Sigismund Francis died without issue and his territories reverted to the elder line.
The Austrian territories were conclusively reunited in 1665 under:
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
The Austrian branch technically ended in 1780 with the death of Maria Theresa of Austria and was replaced by the Vaudemont branch of the House of Lorraine in the person of her son Joseph II. However, in practice, the new successor house styled itself as Habsburg-Lorraine (Habsburg-Lothringen). All Habsburgs living today are in the agnatic descendants of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen.
Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
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Joseph II 1765-1790 with Maria Theresa (1765–1780) |
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13 March 1741 Vienna eldest son of Francis I Stephen and Maria Theresa |
(1) Isabella of Parma 6 October 1760 Vienna two daughter (2) Maria Josepha of Bavaria 23 January 1765 Schönbrunn no issue |
20 February 1790 Vienna aged 48 |
Leopold VII 1790–1792 |
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5 May 1747 Vienna third son of Francis I and Maria Theresa |
Maria Luisa of Spain 16 February 1764 Innsbruck sixteen children |
1 March 1792 Vienna aged 44 |
Francis II 1792–11 August 1804 |
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12 February 1768 Florence eldest son of Leopold VII and Maria Luisa of Spain |
(1) Elisabeth of Württemberg 6 January 1788 Vienna one daughter (2) Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily 15 September 1790 Vienna 12 children (3) Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 6 January 1808 Vienna no issue (4) Caroline Augusta of Bavaria 29 October 1816 Vienna no issue |
2 March 1835 Vienna aged 67 |
Emperors of Austria
In 1804 Francis I adopted the new title Emperor of Austria, but kept the title of Archduke of Austria. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved.
Austrian Republic
In 1918, following the breakup of the Habsburg monarchy, the First Austrian Republic was established, but ended with "Anschluß" into the Third Reich from 1938-1945. Following World War II, the Second Austrian Republic was established in 1945, even though Austria remained under the control and protection of Allied and Soviet Forces between 1945-1955.
The current head of state is the President of Austria; however, in practice, the Chancellor of Austria is more important. Every law still needs to be signed by the President however.
Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011), son of Emperor Charles, was the head of the Habsburg house from 1922, but never reigned. In 2007 he handed the headship to his oldest son Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, Prince Imperial of Austria and Prince Royal of Hungary, who was currently first in the Line of succession to the Austro-Hungarian throne, but without any recognised title. He is now the new head of the imperial family.
See also
- Archduchy of Austria
- Austrian Empire
- Habsburg
- Habsburg Monarchy
- Habsbourgs' family tree
- History of Austria
- Holy Roman Empire
- List of Austrian consorts
- List of Federal Presidents of Austria
- List of Chancellors of Austria