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The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'' ) ({{lang-fa|'''سنتور'''}}) is a Persian<ref>{{cite web|title=Citation from Santoor|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoor|work=Citation from Santoor}}</ref> [[hammered dulcimer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Santur is a Persian hammered dulcimer|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>
The '''santur''' (also ''santūr'', ''santour'', ''santoor'' ) ({{lang-fa|'''سنتور'''}}) is a Persian<ref>{{cite web|title=Citation from Santoor|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santoor|work=Citation from Santoor}}</ref> [[hammered dulcimer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Santur is a Persian hammered dulcimer|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>
It is a [[trapezoid]]-shaped box often made of [[walnut]] or different exotic woods. The Persian classical santur has 72 strings. The term santur is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,[3][4] or derivation from the Greek term psalterion.[1]. The oval-shaped Mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three [[octave]]s. The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper<ref>{{cite web|title=Bass strings made of Brass or Copper|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>, while the left-hand strings are made of steel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Different kinds of Steel exist|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref> Two rows of 9 articles called "kharak" (total of 18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle and higher octave called Poshte Kharak (behind the left bridges) comprising 27 notes all together. The top "F" note is repeated 2 times, creating a total of 25 separate tones in the Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones (semi-tones) which are designated into 12 Dastgah's (modes) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgah's are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.<ref>{{cite web|title=...|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoochehr_Sadeghi|work=50 years of Santur teaching & performing}}</ref>
It is a [[trapezoid]]-shaped box often made of [[walnut]] or different exotic woods. The Persian classical santur has 72 strings. The term santur is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,[3] or derivation from the Greek term psalterion.[1]. The oval-shaped Mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three [[octave]]s. The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper<ref>{{cite web|title=Bass strings made of Brass or Copper|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref>, while the left-hand strings are made of steel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Different kinds of Steel exist|url=http://artmax.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=119|work=Art Max Academy}}</ref> Two rows of 9 articles called "kharak" (total of 18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle and higher octave called Poshte Kharak (behind the left bridges) comprising 27 notes all together. The top "F" note is repeated 2 times, creating a total of 25 separate tones in the Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones (semi-tones) which are designated into 12 Dastgah's (modes) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgah's are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.<ref>{{cite web|title=...|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoochehr_Sadeghi|work=50 years of Santur teaching & performing}}</ref>




Revision as of 18:29, 6 June 2014

String
Classification Struck
Related instruments
Hammered Dulcimer
Santur Hand Position
Santur Technique Video.theora
[[:File:Sadeghi-Dehlavi-Concertino for Santur Full.ogg|]]
Problems playing this file? See media help.
File:Hasht-Behesht Palace santur.jpg
Woman playing the santur in a painting from the Hasht-Behesht Palace in Isfahan Iran, 1669
Ancient Babylonian Santur Drawing of Relief

The santur (also santūr, santour, santoor ) (Persian: سنتور) is a Persian[1] hammered dulcimer[2] It is a trapezoid-shaped box often made of walnut or different exotic woods. The Persian classical santur has 72 strings. The term santur is of unclear etymology, though theories include the meaning "one hundred strings" in Persian,[3] or derivation from the Greek term psalterion.[1]. The oval-shaped Mezrabs (mallets) are feather-weight and are held between the thumb, index and middle fingers. A typical Persian santur has two sets of bridges, providing a range of approximately three octaves. The right-hand strings are made of brass or copper[3], while the left-hand strings are made of steel.[4] Two rows of 9 articles called "kharak" (total of 18 kharaks) divide the santur into three positions. Over each bridge crosses four strings spanning horizontally across the right and left side of the instrument. There are three sections of nine pitches: each for the bass, middle and higher octave called Poshte Kharak (behind the left bridges) comprising 27 notes all together. The top "F" note is repeated 2 times, creating a total of 25 separate tones in the Santur. The Persian santur is primarily tuned to a variety of different diatonic scales utilizing 1/4 tones (semi-tones) which are designated into 12 Dastgah's (modes) of Persian classical music. These 12 Dastgah's are the repertory of Persian classical music known as the Radif.[5]


Derivations

Similar forms of the santur have been present in neighboring cultures like India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Armenia, Turkey, Iraq and Greece. The Indian santoor is wider, more rectangular and has more strings. Its corresponding mallets are also held differently played with a different technique. The Chinese yangqin and the Greek santouri also derived from the santur. The eastern Europe version of the santur called the cimballum which is much larger and chromatic is used as an accompanying instrument in gypsy music.[6]

Notable Persian santur players

Iran

Santur players from other cultures

Greece
(Greek Santoori)

India (see Indian santoor)

Iraq

Japan

Santurs from around the world

Versions of the santur or hammered dulcimer are used throughout the world. In Eastern Europe, a larger descendant of the hammered dulcimer called the cimbalom is played and has been used by a number of classical composers, including Zoltán Kodály, Igor Stravinsky and Pierre Boulez, and more recently, in a different musical context, by Blue Man Group. The khim is the name of both the Thai and the Khmer hammered dulcimer. The Chinese yangqin is a type of hammered dulcimer that originated in Persia. The santur and santoor are found in the Middle East and India, respectively.

[25]


See also

References

  1. ^ "Citation from Santoor". Citation from Santoor.
  2. ^ "Santur is a Persian hammered dulcimer". Art Max Academy.
  3. ^ "Bass strings made of Brass or Copper". Art Max Academy.
  4. ^ "Different kinds of Steel exist". Art Max Academy.
  5. ^ "..." 50 years of Santur teaching & performing.
  6. ^ "..." Professor at UCLA for 20 years.
  7. ^ Kiani, Majid. "Master of the Santur". Santur Master, Teacher & Performer.
  8. ^ Khan, Mohammad Sadeq. "One of the oldest Santur Masters". Master of the Santur.
  9. ^ Shahi, Ali Akbar. "Santur master". Old school santur player.
  10. ^ Khan, Hassan. "Santur Master". Old school Santur Master.
  11. ^ Malek, Hussein. "Santur master". Old School Santur Master.
  12. ^ Somai, Habib. "santur master". Old school Santur master.
  13. ^ Varzandeh, Reza. "Santur Master". Very Unique Style of Playing.
  14. ^ Shafieian, Reza. "Saba's Student". Santur Master.
  15. ^ Sarami, Mansur. "Santur Master". Old School Santur player.
  16. ^ Shaari, Masoud. "Santur Master". Old School Santur Master.
  17. ^ Khan, Mohammad Santour. "Oldest Santur Master that we have proof of". Master of the Santur. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. ^ Safvat, Daryoush. "Santur Master". Old school Santur master.
  19. ^ Akhbari, Jalal. "Old School Santur Master". Master of the Santur.
  20. ^ Arfa, Atrai. "Santur Player". Santur Soloist.
  21. ^ Hashemi, Azar. "Female Santur Player". Santur Soloist.
  22. ^ Aslani, Susan. "Female Santur Player". Santur Soloist.
  23. ^ Ali Pour, Manijeh. "Female Santur Player". Old School Santur Player.
  24. ^ Tani, Dr. Masato. "Japanese Santur Player". Ethnomusicology.
  25. ^ "Santurs from different cultures". Wikipedia.


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