A Rape on Campus

A Rape on Campus

Author	Sabrina Rubin Erdely
Language	English
Subject	An alleged gang rape at a fraternity at the University of Virginia
Set in	University of Virginia
Published	December 2014
Publisher	Rolling Stone
Publication date	December 2014
Publication place	USA
Media type	Magazine
Retracted 5 April 2015

"A Rape on Campus" is an article by Sabrina Erdely published in the December 2014 issue of Rolling Stone, which has since been debunked and retracted by the publisher. The article claimed that several members of a fraternity viciously raped a woman, identified only as Jackie, as part of an initiation rite during a chapter house party. After other journalists investigated the article's claims and found significant discrepancies, Rolling Stone issued multiple apologies for the story. The story was included in a Columbia Journalism Review feature, "The Worst Journalism of 2014", where it was described as winning "this year’s media-fail sweepstakes." The Poynter Institute named it as the "Error of the Year" in journalism.

Rolling Stone publisher Jann S. Wenner asked the dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism to audit the editorial processes leading up to the publication of the story. Dean Steve Coll agreed to review the processes with Sheila Coronel, dean of academic affairs. Reporters from Rolling Stone also contacted sources from the initial story as part of an attempt to piece together what went wrong.

On January 12, 2015, Charlottesville Police Department officials told the University that "their investigation has not revealed any substantive basis to confirm that the allegations raised in the Rolling Stone article occurred at Phi Kappa Psi...so there's no reason to keep them suspended". On January 30, 2015, UVA President Teresa Sullivan acknowledged that the Rolling Stone story was discredited. Charlottesville Police officially suspended their four-month investigation on March 23, 2015, stating that they had no evidence of a gang rape taking place, and that "there is no substantive basis to support the account alleged in the Rolling Stone article." In light of the findings, Erik Wemple of The Washington Post pronounced the story "a complete crock."

On April 5, 2015, Rolling Stone retracted the article and published an independent report on the incident by the Columbia University School of Journalism. The report determined that the magazine failed basic fact checking by relying excessively on the accuser's account, did not verify it through other means, and exhibited confirmation bias. It also found a failure in journalistic standards by not reaching out to the people on whom derogatory information was to be published, or when it did so, by not providing enough context for them to offer a meaningful response. The report also states that the article misled readers with quotes where attribution was unclear, and used pseudonyms inappropriately as a way to address these shortcomings, but that no fabrication on the part of the journalists had occurred. The report also points out that after the publication, the staff had initially been unwilling to recognize these deficiencies and had denied that there was a need for policy changes. The Associated Press reported the same day that Rolling Stone publisher Jann S. Wenner stated that Jackie was "a really expert fabulist storyteller".

The story

File:Sabrina Erdely.jpg

Sabrina Erdely

In 2014, Erdely has said, she set out to find an account of a sexual assault at an elite school as the subject of an article. Her resulting story for Rolling Stone, titled "A Rape on Campus," published in the December 2014 issue of that magazine, alleged that seven members of Phi Kappa Psi at the University of Virginia gang-raped a student at that fraternity house on September 28, 2012. The article described the school administration's response to the incident as insufficient, providing detail of the alleged crime so graphic that Erik Wemple later criticized it as hard to believe due to the "diabolical" description Erdely penned:

When yet another hand clamped over her mouth, Jackie bit it, and the hand became a fist that punched her in the face. "Grab its motherfucking leg," she heard a voice say. And that's when Jackie knew she was going to be raped. She remembers every moment of the next three hours of agony, during which, she says, seven men took turns raping her, while two more – her date, Drew, and another man – gave instruction and encouragement. As the last man sank onto her, Jackie was startled to recognize him: He attended her tiny anthropology discussion group. He looked like he was going to cry or puke as he told the crowd he couldn't get it up. "Pussy!" the other men jeered. "What, she's not hot enough for you?" Then they egged him on: "Don't you want to be a brother?" "We all had to do it, so you do, too."

As reported by Erdely, the story was based on her interviews with the alleged victim, whom she identified only by her first name, Jackie (interviews with several of Jackie's friends, to whom she assigned the pseudonyms "Andy," "Cindy" and "Randall", did not occur until after the article was published in Rolling Stone and were not conducted by Rolling Stone). The Columbia Journalism Review report stated that "At Rolling Stone, every story is assigned to a fact-checker." Assistant editor Elisabeth Garber-Paul provided fact-checking. The fact-checker concluded that Ryan – "Randall" under pseudonym – had not been interviewed and that in "one of the story’s many unfathomable deceits", as the Washington Post put it, the article pretended that he had been interviewed. The Columbia report cited the fact-checker: "I pushed. ... They came to the conclusion that they were comfortable" with not making it clear to readers that they had never contacted Ryan.

Reaction

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A protester stands outside the University of Virginia's Phi Kappa Psi chapter house

In the aftermath of the report, the University suspended all fraternities on campus, and English professor Allison Booth declared "the whole [fraternity] culture is sick." In a nationally published op-ed Colin Downes, a law student at the University of Virginia, called for fraternities to be treated as "criminal street gangs" and subject to asset forfeiture. Articles in The Cavalier Daily, the university student newspaper, demonstrated frustrations with Erdely's representation of the student body, with columnist Dani Bernstein writing that the problem of sexual assault was not due to "a lack of effort from the student body, but rather a lack of response from the administration." On November 20, 2014, the Phi Kappa Psi house was vandalized as several people threw bottles and cinder blocks through most of the first-floor windows and spray-painted insulting messages on the building. As a result of the attacks, as well as death threats made against members, residents of the fraternity abandoned their house. Meanwhile, anonymous persons angered by the alleged rape and the university's purported indifference threatened to kill Associate Dean Nicole Eramo. On November 22, a march organized by Victoria Olwell and other University of Virginia faculty included a protest outside the Phi Kappa Psi house. Four protesters were arrested outside the house on the same day. The University of Virginia Interfraternity Council, in a statement released on its website, responded to the accusations by noting, in part, that "an IFC officer was interviewed by Rolling Stone regarding the culture of sexual violence at the University. Although the discussion was lengthy, the reporter elected not to include any of the information from the interview in her article."

Story's veracity

Questions emerge

Richard Bradley, editor-in-chief of Worth magazine, was the first mainstream journalist to question the Rolling Stone article, in a blog entry written on November 24, 2014. The entry began drawing national media attention in the days after paleoconservative pundit Steve Sailer made an entry on his own blog at the Unz Review on November 29 in which he discussed and linked to Bradley's piece. After an interview Erdely gave to Slate, in which she appeared to offer evasive responses about the way in which she investigated the piece, some commentators escalated their questioning of the veracity of the story. It was later revealed Erdely had not interviewed any of the men accused of the rape. Erdely defended her decision not to interview the accused by explaining that the contact page on the fraternity's website "was pretty outdated." Washington Post media critic Erik Wemple rejected Erdely's statement on why she had not interviewed the accused, explaining that the severity of the accusations she was reporting required "every possible step to reach out and interview them, including e-mails, phone calls, certified letters, FedEx letters, UPS letters and, if all of that fails, a knock on the door. No effort short of all that qualifies as journalism."

File:Phi Kappa Psi at UVA.jpg

Fraternity officials countered Rolling Stone's story by noting there was no party held on the night of the alleged rape at Phi Kappa Psi's Virginia chapter, pictured here, as the magazine had stated.

Fraternity officials, who rejected the published allegations, noted a number of discrepancies in the story, including that there was no party held on the night of the alleged rape, as the accuser had claimed, that no fraternity member matched the description in the story of the "ringleader" of the rape, and that details about the layout of the fraternity house provided by the accuser were wrong. Fraternity officials also noted that, prior to the Rolling Stone story, there had never been a criminal investigation or allegation of sexual assault against an undergraduate member of the chapter. Fraternity officials further disputed a claim in Erdely's piece that said the rape had occurred as part of a pledging ritual by observing that pledging on the UVa campus occurs in spring, not autumn as the story stated, and that there were no pledges resident in the fraternity at the time Erdely claimed.

Washington Post reporters later interviewed the accuser at the center of Erdely's story and two of the friends that Rolling Stone said she had met on the night of the incident. The accuser told the Post that she had felt "manipulated" by Erdely, and claimed she asked Erdely to be taken out of the article, a request Erdely refused. Jackie had requested that her assailants not be contacted, and Rolling Stone agreed. Bruce Shapiro of Columbia University said that an engaged and empathetic reporter will be concerned about inflicting new trauma on the victim: "I do think that when the emotional valence of a story is this high, you really have to verify it." He also explained that experienced reporters often only work with women who feel strong enough to deal with the due diligence required to bring the article to publication.

The two friends confirmed to the Post that they remembered meeting Jackie on the night of the incident, that she was distraught but not visibly injured or bloodied, and that details she provided then were different from those in the Rolling Stone article. One friend, Ryan Duffin (called "Randall" in the Rolling Stone article), told the Washington Post that he had never spoken to any reporter from Rolling Stone, despite the fact that Erdely had claimed him as a source to corroborate the accuser's story.

Another questionable passage about "Cindy," whom Erdely characterizes (without attribution) as a promiscuous "self-declared hookup queen", quotes her as saying that the described assault could have been "fun", and shows her as having instigated Jackie's abandonment by her friends. In the aftermath, "Cindy" told ABC News a different story, and states no effort was made by Rolling Stone to interview her, despite her being a central witness. Sandra Menendez, another student who claimed to have been interviewed by Erdely but who was not directly quoted in the piece, told CNN that she and others became uncomfortable after speaking with the reporter, concluding she had "an agenda."

Existence of "Drew"

The article uses the pseudonym "Drew" to refer to a third-year student at the University of Virginia who takes Jackie to the fraternity party where the alleged rape takes place. "Drew" gives "instruction and encouragement" to the seven rapists. Jackie's friends in the story have provided evidence that the man Rolling Stone calls "Drew" was electronically introduced to them as "Haven Monahan". Jackie forwarded messages from "Monahan" and "Monahan" exchanged messages with Jackie's friends, including sending a picture of "himself" directly to Ryan Duffin. Nonetheless, media investigations have determined that no "Haven Monahan" has attended the University of Virginia; the portrait of "Haven Monahan" is actually an image of a classmate of Jackie's in high school, who has never attended the University of Virginia; the three telephone numbers through which "Haven Monahan" contacted Jackie's friends are registered "internet telephone numbers" that "enable the user to make calls or send SMS text messages to telephones from a computer or iPad while creating the appearance that they are coming from a real phone"; and love letters written by Jackie and forwarded by "Haven Monahan" to Ryan Duffin are in fact largely plagiarized from scripts of the TV series Dawson's Creek and Scrubs.

"Haven Monahan," as reported in the Chicago Tribune, "ultimately appeared to be a combination of names belonging to people Jackie interacted with while in high school in Northern Virginia. Both of those people — who attend different colleges and bear no resemblance to the description Jackie gave of her attacker — said in interviews that they knew of Jackie but did not know her well and did not have contact with her after she left for the University of Virginia."

Rolling Stone apologizes

Initially Erdely stood by her story, stating, "I am convinced that it could not have been done any other way, or any better."

But on December 5, 2014, Rolling Stone published an online apology stating there appeared to be "discrepancies" in the accounts of Erdely's sources and that their trust in the accuser was misplaced. A subsequent tweet sent by Rolling Stone managing editor Will Dana offered further comment on Erdely's story: "[W]e made a judgement —the kind of judgement reporters and editors make every day. And in this case, our judgement was wrong." On December 6, Rolling Stone updated the apology to say the mistakes in the article were the fault of Rolling Stone and not of its source, while noting that "there now appear to be discrepancies in Jackie’s account."

The New York Observer stated that Rolling Stone deputy managing editor Sean Woods (the editor directly responsible for the article) tendered his resignation to the magazine's owner, Jann Wenner. Wenner, who was reportedly "furious" at Erdely's story, declined to accept the resignation.

In the aftermath of the collapse of the story, Dana revealed, "Right now, we're picking up the pieces."

Controversy

Media reaction

A number of commentators accused the magazine of setting rape victims "back decades," while the Washington Post described the Rolling Stone story as a "catastrophe for journalism." Natasha Vargas-Cooper, a columnist at The Intercept, said that Erdely's decision not to interview the accused fraternity members showed "a horrendous, hidden bias ... the premise that none of these guys would tell the truth if asked," while a staff editorial in the Wall Street Journal charged that "Ms. Erdely did not construct a story based on facts, but went looking for facts to fit her theory." Lauren Kling of the Poynter Institute criticized Rolling Stone for "blaming [the] source" instead of taking ownership of their own errors. Anna Merlan, a writer for Jezebel who had earlier called Reason columnist Robby Soave an "idiot" for expressing skepticism of the Rolling Stone story, declared "I was dead fucking wrong, and for that I sincerely apologize."

Fellow Jezebel writer Jia Tolentino wrote an analysis of Erdely's story and reported on fraternity rush after the Rolling Stone article was discredited. In it Tolentino stated, "Five years after I'd left the UVA Greek system, I read 'A Rape on Campus' as an outsider account about a true problem, written by someone good at cherry-picking...So it took me a day or two to admit that I found many of Erdely's details unrecognizable. No one says 'UVrApe'; no one I know has ever heard the Rugby Road-themed 'traditional fight song' that poetically ('fuck for 50 cents'/'panties on the fence') separated the article's sections...Jackie was lying, and railroaded into the spotlight on a story that now appears to be a PTSD-laced delusional flashback."

On December 6, the Washington Post's media critic Erik Wemple called for all Rolling Stone staff involved with the story to be fired. Wemple posited that the claims presented by the magazine were so incredible that editors should have called for further inquiry before publication. "Under the scenario cited by Erdely," Erik Wemple wrote, "the Phi Kappa Psi members are not just criminal sexual-assault offenders, they're criminal sexual-assault conspiracists, planners, long-range schemers. If this allegation alone hadn't triggered an all-out scramble at Rolling Stone for more corroboration, nothing would have." An editorial in the Boston Herald declared "a fifth-grader would've done some basic fact-checking before potentially ruining men's lives" before repeating the call for the firing of Rolling Stone staff involved in the story.

Journalist Caitlin Flanagan, who wrote an exposé in Atlantic Magazine titled "The Dark Power of Fraternities: A yearlong investigation of Greek houses", told On the Media she was concerned Erdely's article could inhibit reforms of the Greek system, saying "I think we've gone backwards 30 years. And I think the level of devastation that this Rolling Stone report that's now looking to go from a misremembered event to perhaps an actual hoax." Flanagan went on to note that "what Rolling Stone has pushed me into is that I have now become someone who is on the side of fraternities and defending fraternities."

Columnist Cathy Young said that the unraveling of Erdely's article "exposed the troubling zealotry of advocates for whom believing rape claims is somewhat akin to a matter of religious faith." John Stossel for Reason commented that the story "proved to be a sort of gothic fantasy, a male-demonizing fantasy. It was absurd." The Daily Caller published an article with the title of "Here Are EIGHT Campus Rape Hoaxes Eerily Like The UVA Rape Story" with examples that took place at several other schools such as Princeton University, Oberlin College, and George Washington University. "In each case, the cruel hoaxes were initially accepted as true. In some cases, real lives were ruined."

After two Vanderbilt University football players were convicted of rape on January 27, 2015, Richard Bradley, who was the first mainstream journalist to question the Rolling Stone story, wrote a blogpost titled, "Why Didn’t Sabrina Rubin Erdely Write about Vanderbilt?" In the post, he asked, "Is Vanderbilt just not as sexy a story as UVA?" Robby Soave in Reason's Hit & Run Blog answered Bradley's query about why Erdely chose UVA over Vanderbilt; he wrote, "At the end of the day, UVA's incredible story fit Erdely's narrative better than Vanderbilt's credible one. Erdely wanted to tell the story of a campus body and university administration behaving indifferently to an unspeakable crime." He further added, "What distinguished the UVA story from anything else ever reported was that the assault did not involve drugs or alcohol, required elaborate planning, and involved so many people that the perps could not have reasonably expected to get away with it—a confluence of factors that caused the allegations to have substantially more in common with ones that ultimately proved to be false, like the Duke lacrosse case and Tawana Brawley incident."

Local reaction

Students at the University of Virginia expressed "bewilderment and anger" following Rolling Stone's apology for its story, with one female student declaring "Rolling Stone threw a bomb at us." Virginia Attorney-General Mark Herring said he found it "deeply troubling that Rolling Stone magazine is now publicly walking away from its central storyline in its bombshell report on the University of Virginia without correcting what errors its editors believe were made."

Students at the University of Virginia expressed "bewilderment and anger" following Rolling Stone's apology for its story.

Emily Renda, the university's project coordinator for sexual misconduct, policy and prevention declared that "Rolling Stone played adjudicator, investigator and advocate and did a slipshod job at that." Sociology professor W. Bradford Wilcox, meanwhile, tweeted that "I was wrong to give it [the Rolling Stone story] credence." Writing in Politico two days after the "story fell apart," Julia Horowitz, deputy editor of the university's campus newspaper, described the feeling among students: "The campus—relatively oversaturated with emotion after a semester of significant trauma—feels as if it is on stand-by, poised in anticipation of where the next torrent of news will take us."

In an interview with The Daily Progress, President Sullivan discussed her surprise upon reading the Rolling Stone story. She recalled, "Almost from the beginning, we were reading the story with a certain air of disbelief. It was quite surprising. You can listen to my interview with Sabrina [Rubin Erdely] and see what Sabrina had talked to me about. And based on what we had talked about, I was plainly not prepared for what the story looked like. Nor do I think her characterization of my interview was fair." As shown in the audio recording of Sabrina Erdely's 44-minute interview with Sullivan, not once did Erdely ask about Jackie and her allegations. In emails obtained by the Washington Post under a Freedom of Information Act request, they revealed that Rolling Stone also never discussed Jackie with UVa officials.

Response of fraternity and sorority groups

Within days following the "unraveling" of the Rolling Stone story, the North American Interfraternity Conference, the National Panhellenic Council, and the Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee demanded that the University of Virginia "immediately reinstate operations for all fraternity and sorority organizations on campus" and issue an apology to Greek students. On December 8, the University of Virginia restated their original decision that the suspensions would be lifted on the resumption of classes in the new term, on January 9.

After Phi Kappa Psi was reinstated at the start of the 2015 Spring semester, UVA Phi Psi President Stephen Scipione said, "We are pleased that the University and the Charlottesville Police Department have cleared our fraternity of any involvement in this case... In today's 24-hour news cycle, we all have a tendency to rush to judgment without having all of the facts in front of us. As a result, our fraternity was vandalized, our members ostracized based on false information."

Accuser scrutinized

On December 8, 2014, ABC News reported that the person quoted by Erdely as alleging a rape at Phi Kappa Psi had retained an attorney. Quoting its legal consultant Mark Eiglarsh, the network reported that if Jackie "allegedly lied and that perpetrator suffered injury as a result, she could be sued for damages."

On December 10, 2014, the Washington Post published an updated account of its inquiry into the Rolling Stone article. Slate reported that the Post account strongly implied Jackie's tale of rape had been fabricated in an attempt to win over "Randall", who had previously rebuffed her romantic advances. Writing in Slate, Hannah Rosin described the new Washington Post investigation as close "to calling the UVA gang rape story a fabrication". Emily Renda, who was a University of Virginia student at the time of the alleged attack and in whom Jackie also confided, said she had become suspicious as to the veracity of Jackie's story prior to the Rolling Stone report, commenting to a Washington Post editor that "I don't even know what I believe.". In the aftermath, Jackie was characterized as "a really expert fabulist storyteller" by Rolling Stone publisher Jann Wenner in an April 5, 2015 interview.

Key discrepancies according to The Washington Times

• In Erdely's story, Jackie is lured into an alleged seven-man rape by U. Va. upperclassman "Drew." Prior to the alleged event, Jackie provided evidence of her relationship with "Drew" to her friends by supplying "Drew"'s phone number, with whom Jackie's friends subsequently exchanged messages. The Washington Times determined "Drew"'s "telephone" and "blackberry" numbers were in fact "Internet phone numbers that enable the user to make calls or send SMS text messages to telephones from a computer or iPad while creating the appearance that they are coming from a real phone". "Drew" eventually sent a photo of "himself" to Jackie's friends, but "the man depicted in that photograph never attended U. Va," and was a high school classmate of Jackie.

Key discrepancies according to ABC News

• In Erdely's story, Jackie sank into depression after the alleged rape, and was holed up in her dorm room for a while. Her friends, however, told ABC News that she seemed fine after the alleged assault.
• In Erdely's story, Jackie tells her three friends the night of the alleged event that she was raped by seven men over a three-hour period while rolling on a mat of broken glass. The three friends disclosed to ABC News their actual names - Alex Stock's pseudonym was "Andy", Kathryn Hendley's was "Cindy", Ryan (Duffin) was "Randall" - and went on record that on the night of the alleged event Jackie told the two men she was forced to perform oral sex on five men while a sixth stood by.

Key discrepancies according to The Washington Post

• In Erdely's story, the rape was supposed to have occurred during a party at Phi Kappa Psi as part of a pledging ritual. Phi Kappa Psi countered by noting there had been no party held on the night of the alleged attack and no pledges resident in the house at that time of year. In response to those revelations, Jackie's father declared Phi Kappa Psi had been misidentified and the attack had occurred at a different fraternity, though he did not elaborate as to which one. However, that statement seemed to contradict an earlier assertion the accuser had made to the Washington Post in which she stated that "I know it was Phi [Kappa] Psi, because a year afterward, my friend pointed out the building to me."
• In Erdely's story, Jackie disclosed to friends Cindy, Andy, and Randall the identity of her date to the fraternity party and said he was the ringleader of the rape. Later media analysis of photos Jackie showed her friends of her date showed instead that they were pictures taken from the public social media profile of a former high school classmate of Jackie who was not a student of the University of Virginia, did not live in the Charlottesville area, and was out of state at an athletic competition the day of the alleged attack.
• Jackie's friends Cindy, Andy, and Randall had become suspicious as to whether Jackie's date to the fraternity party where she was allegedly raped was a real person. Prior to the date, they attempted to locate him in a student directory and were unable to find evidence he existed. The trio also sent text messages to a phone number Jackie said was the mobile phone of her date and were surprised that the owner of the phone number responded primarily with flattering messages about Randall, on whom Jackie was known to have had a crush.
• In 2012 Jackie told her friends she had been accosted by five men, though she later testified to Erdely she had been attacked by seven, with two more directing and encouraging the rape.
• Erdely said that Jackie regained consciousness alone in the fraternity after 3 a.m. and fled the building blood spattered and bruised, phoning three friends for help. They arrived "minutes later" and found her on the corner next to the building. However, the Washington Post stated that the three friends reported getting called at 1 a.m. and meeting Jackie a mile away from the fraternities, and that they saw "no blood or visible injuries".

Key discrepancies according to The Philadelphia Inquirer

• Inquirer media columnist Michael Smerconish recounted that when he interviewed Erdely about the story on Sirius XM radio, she told him, "I talked to all of her friends, all the people that she confided in along the way." But as Smercomish wrote, "[S]he did not talk to all of Jackie's friends. In fact, her failure to speak to the three friends in whom Jackie supposedly confided immediately after the alleged incident was perhaps the most egregious of a string of journalistic failures."

Consequences

The Washington Post reported that the members of Phi Kappa Psi "went into hiding for weeks after their home was vandalized with spray paint calling them rapists and deadly weapons that nearly destroyed the house, including complete obliteration of their windows," and had to escape to hotels. The report indicated the college students suffered (undeserved) shame, disgust, emotion, anger, rage, injustice, unfairness, and confusion. Some students "actually had to leave the room while they were reading [the article] because they were so upset." One student's life will never be the same. Many current members missed a bi-annual outing/vacation because of the scandal. Upon not being able to attend the group outing, a member was quoted as saying "This is a tradition I have been going to for three years now. Not being able to attend is the worst thing to ever happen to me and many of my brothers in our entire life, and certainly in our entire college careers". A former student who graduated in 2013, his face beet-red with emotion, fists clenched, said "the day [the article] came out was the most emotionally grueling of my life."

One month after the publication of the Rolling Stone article, the Rector of the University of Virginia, George Keith Martin, accused the magazine of "drive-by journalism" when he stated, "Like a neighborhood thrown into chaos by drive-by violence, our tightly knit community has experienced the full fury of drive-by journalism in the 21st century."

According to the Columbia report, "Allen W. Groves, the University dean of students, and Nicole Eramo, an assistant dean of students, separately wrote to the authors of this report that the story's account of their actions was inaccurate." Columbia published Grove's letter, where he contrasts video of his statements to the University of Virginia Board of Visitors in September 2014 with the text of Erderly's published article, which differ significantly, and concludes that Erderly's article contains "bias and malice".". Erderly furthermore reported that Office for Civil Rights Assistant Secretary Catherine Lhamon called Grove's statements at the meeting (as misreported by Erderly) "deliberate and irresponsible."

On January 30, 2015, Teresa Sullivan, the President of the University of Virginia, acknowledged that the Rolling Stone story was "discredited" in her State of the University Address. In her remarks, she said, "Before the Rolling Stone story was discredited, it seemed to resonate with some people simply because it confirmed their darkest suspicions about universities—that administrations are corrupt; that today's students are reckless and irresponsible; that fraternities are hot-beds of deviant behavior. Working together, we have soundly refuted those suspicions through our actions over the past two months. ... The story unfairly maligned UVA and many members of our community."

The Rolling Stone article had a negative effect on applications to the University of Virginia. For the first time since 2002, applications to the University dropped. Prior to the publication of the story, Early Action applications were up 7.5 percent with 16,187 applicants. However overall applications were down 0.7 percent to 31,107 in the aftermath of the publication.

National sorority leaders ordered UVA sororities to not interact with fraternities during Boys Bid Night when fraternities admit new pledges. Virginia sorority members called the restrictions "unnecessary and patronizing."

Legal and social consequences of story

Due to increased social skepticism about the prevalence of sexual assault created by the unraveling of Erdely's Rolling Stone report, the Military Justice Improvement Act will be "much harder" to enact, according to Margaret Carlson. Lindy West said that female rape victims will probably be less likely to report sexual assaults for fear of being questioned by "some teenage 4Channer." Froma Harrop issued a call for media outlets to begin to publicly name rape accusers, explaining that "reporters and editors should expand their sensitivities to include the reputations of those accused, not always justly."

Several commentators observed that allegations of rape against Bill Cosby, which surfaced at the same time as the publication of "A Rape on Campus", would be less damaging to the comedian as a result of the seeming collapse of the Rolling Stone story. When Camille Cosby spoke about the rape allegations against her husband Bill Cosby, she said, "We all followed the story of the article in the Rolling Stone concerning allegations of rape at the University of Virginia. The story was heart-breaking, but ultimately appears to be proved untrue. Many in the media were quick to link that story to stories about my husband – until that story unwound." Writing for Bloomberg, Zara Kessler observed that, "suddenly, every Cosby accuser is a potential 'Jackie'—although we don't yet know precisely what it means to be a 'Jackie.' How honest are the intentions of Cosby's accusers?"

Other individuals and organizations have begun to reference the discredited Rolling Stone article when they want to disprove a claim or accusation. For example, when HBO announced that it was producing “Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief,” a documentary critical of the Church of Scientology, church leaders called the film "a Rolling Stone/UVA Redux."

In Los Angeles, street artist Sabo papered Hollywood with posters styled like a Rolling Stone cover featuring the headline "Rape Fantasies and Why We Perpetuate Them." The poster featured an image of Lena Dunham, whose own allegations of rape had recently come under scrutiny, and included a sidebar reference to "A Rape on Campus" that read "Our UVA Rape Apology: Ooops, we did it AGAIN!!!"

Law & Order: SVU featured an episode titled "Devastating Story" in its 16th season whose plot was based on Rolling Stone's "A Rape on Campus" article. It featured a fictional protagonist named "Heather Manning" who was based on Jackie. In the episode, Heather fabricated a gang rape at a fraternity.

The North American Interfraternity Conference and the National Panhellenic Council, meanwhile, have announced they have retained the services of Squire Patton Boggs to lobby the U.S. Congress to take action to ensure that Greek-letter organizations are protected from future accusations of the kind leveled in Erdely's article.

Washington Post media critic Erik Wemple stated that everyone connected to this story at Rolling Stone should be fired. After the Charlottesville Police made their official report, Wemple exclaimed, "What is left of the Rolling Stone piece? Very little. There’s some reporting on the university’s culture, which shouldn’t be taken seriously in light of the fraud exposed by the police; there’s some reporting on the university leadership’s approach to the issue, which shouldn’t be taken seriously in light of the fraud exposed by the police."

Media sources and commentators discussed the UVa allegations in the context of the reported "rape culture" or a rampant sexual assault epidemic that activists had claimed existed on US college campuses. The media commentators noted that the claims of a rape culture's existence on campuses was not supported by US government statistics or other measures. Harvey A. Silverglate in the Boston Globe referenced the Rolling Stone article in opining that the college sexual assault "scare" follows a long tradition of runaway, exaggerated social epidemics that "have ruined innocent lives and corrupted justice. A return to sanity is called for before more wreckage occurs."

National Review columnist Jonah Goldberg has called for Phi Kappa Psi to sue Rolling Stone, while at least one legal expert has opined there is a high likelihood of "civil lawsuits by the fraternity members or by the fraternity itself against the magazine and maybe even some university officials." ABC News has reported the accuser, Jackie, herself might be sued. By December 5, 2014, Christopher Pivik, a former member of Phi Kappa Psi at the University of Virginia, had retained attorney Andrew Miltenberg. According to Miltenberg, he specializes in "defamation and complex internet and First Amendment issues."

Police investigation

On January 12, 2015, the University of Virginia reinstated the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity after the police investigation concluded that no incident had occurred at the fraternity. According to Charlottesville Police Capt. Gary Pleasants, Phi Kappa Psi has been cleared; "We found no basis to believe that an incident occurred at that fraternity, so there's no reason to keep them suspended." On March 23, 2015, police noted that Jackie refused to cooperate with law enforcement during the investigation. Charlottesville Police Chief Timothy Longo explained, "We would’ve loved to have had Jackie come in ... and tell us what happened so we can obtain justice ... even if the facts were different."

Over the course of 4 months, the Charlottesville Police spoke to 70 people, including Jackie's friends, Phi Kappa Psi fraternity brothers, and employees at the UVa Aquatic Center, where Jackie worked. No one supplied evidence to corroborate Jackie's accusations of a gang rape happening at Phi Kappa Psi or that the accused rapist, supposedly named "Drew" or "Haven Monahan," even existed. The police were also unable to corraborate Jackie's allegations that two other sexual assaults had taken place at the fraternity house or that she had been assaulted and hit in the face by a bottle in a separate incident. Therefore, the criminal investigation was suspended.

Columbia University School of Journalism's investigation

After the details in "A Rape on Campus" began to unravel, Rolling Stone's publisher Jann Wenner commissioned Columbia University's School of Journalism to investigate the failures behind the publication of the article. On April 5, 2015, Columbia's 12,000-word review of "A Rape on Campus" was published on both Rolling Stone's and the journalism school's websites. It was prepared by the Steve Coll, the dean of Columbia's journalism school; Sheila Coronel, the dean of academic affairs; and Derek Kravitz, a graduate school researcher. The report stated, "Rolling Stone's repudiation of the main narrative in "A Rape on Campus" is a story of journalistic failure that was avoidable. The failure encompassed reporting, editing, editorial supervision and fact-checking. The magazine set aside or rationalized as unnecessary essential practices of reporting that, if pursued, would likely have led the magazine's editors to reconsider publishing Jackie's narrative so prominently, if at all. The published story glossed over the gaps in the magazine's reporting by using pseudonyms and by failing to state where important information had come from."

Rolling Stone's reaction to the investigations

Rolling Stone fully retracted "A Rape on Campus" and removed the article from its website. However, Coco McPherson, who is in charge of Rolling Stone's fact-checking operation, said, “I one-hundred percent do not think that the policies that we have in place failed." Rolling Stone managing editor Will Dana was also cited on the Columbia report: “It’s not like I think we need to overhaul our process, and I don’t think we need to necessarily institute a lot of new ways of doing things." Jill Geisler in the Columbia Journalism Review reacted to Dana's statement by saying, "At a time when humility should guide a leader’s comments, that quote carries the aroma of arrogance."

Jann Wenner added that "Will Dana, the magazine’s managing editor, and the editor of the article, Sean Woods, would keep their jobs." Sabrina Erdely would also continue to write for Rolling Stone. Wenner laid blame for the magazine's failures on Jackie. In an interview with the New York Times, he called her, "a really expert fabulist storyteller," and added, "obviously there is something here that is untruthful, and something sits at her doorstep."

In response to these statements, Megan McArdle wrote in Bloomberg View, "Rolling Stone can't even apologize right."

Phi Kappa Psi's reaction to the investigations

After the Charlottesville Police concluded that there was no evidence of a crime having occurred at Phi Kappa Psi during their press conference on March 23, 2015, Stephen Scipione, the president of Phi Kappa Psi's UVa chapter, announced that his fraternity is "exploring its legal options to address the extensive damage caused by Rolling Stone," He added, "False accusations have been extremely damaging to our entire organization, but we can only begin to imagine the setback this must have dealt to survivors of sexual assault."

Phi Kappa Psi's national headquarters released the following statement. "That Rolling Stone sought to turn fiction into fact is shameful...The discredited article has done significant damage to the ability of the chapter's members to succeed in their educational pursuits and besmirched the character of undergraduate students at the University of Virginia who did not deserve the spotlight of the media." They went on to call for Rolling Stone to "fully and unconditionally retract its story and immediately remove the story from its website." Phi Kappa Psi’s national president Scott Noble stated that they are "now pursuing serious legal action toward Rolling Stone, the author and editor, and even Jackie."

The University of Virginia's reaction to the investigations

After both the Charlottesville Police press conference and Columbia University's investigative report, UVa President Teresa Sullivan released the following statement:

"Rolling Stone’s story, ‘A Rape on Campus,’ did nothing to combat sexual violence, and it damaged serious efforts to address the issue. Irresponsible journalism unjustly damaged the reputations of many innocent individuals and the University of Virginia. Rolling Stone falsely accused some University of Virginia students of heinous, criminal acts, and falsely depicted others as indifferent to the suffering of their classmate. The story portrayed University staff members as manipulative and callous toward victims of sexual assault. Such false depictions reinforce the reluctance sexual assault victims already feel about reporting their experience, lest they be doubted or ignored.

"The Charlottesville Police Department investigation confirms that far from being callous, our staff members are diligent and devoted in supporting and caring for students. I offer our community’s genuine gratitude for their devotion and perseverance in their service."

Lawsuits

On April 6, 2015 Phi Kappa Psi filed a lawsuit against Rolling Stone over the article.

On 12 May 2015, UVA associate dean Nicole Eramo, chief administrator for handling sexual assault issues at the school, filed a $7.5 million defamation lawsuit in Charlottesville Circuit Court against Rolling Stone and Erdely, claiming damage to her reputation and emotional distress. Said the filing, "Rolling Stone and Erdely’s highly defamatory and false statements about Dean Eramo were not the result of an innocent mistake. They were the result of a wanton journalist who was more concerned with writing an article that fulfilled her preconceived narrative about the victimization of women on American college campuses, and a malicious publisher who was more concerned about selling magazines to boost the economic bottom line for its faltering magazine, than they were about discovering the truth or actual facts."

See also

• False accusation of rape
• Duke lacrosse case – a widely reported 2006 case of a false accusation of rape at Duke University

External links

• Archived copy of Rolling Stone: 'A Rape On Campus'
• Rolling Stone: Retraction
• An analysis of the case in Letras Libres mexican magazine (in Spanish)