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* International Freshwater Treaties Database (freshwater only).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/interfreshtreatdata.html |title=International Freshwater Treaties Database |publisher=Transboundarywaters.orst.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
* International Freshwater Treaties Database (freshwater only).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/database/interfreshtreatdata.html |title=International Freshwater Treaties Database |publisher=Transboundarywaters.orst.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-11-08}}</ref>
* The Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources.<ref>[http://www.fni.no/projects/ybiced.html Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development]<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/mar-env/mare-ind.htm Marine Environment]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/mar-liv/marl-ind.htm Marine Living Resources]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/t-fresh/t-f-ind.htm Freshwater Resources]{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>
* The Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources.<ref>[http://www.fni.no/projects/ybiced.html Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development]<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/mar-env/mare-ind.htm Marine Environment]<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/mar-liv/marl-ind.htm Marine Living Resources]<br>[http://www.greenyearbook.org/agree/t-fresh/t-f-ind.htm Freshwater Resources] {{wayback|url=http://www.fni.no/projects/ybiced.html |date=20090212152619 }}</ref>
* 1972 [[London]] [[Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter]] (London Convention 1972).<ref>[http://www.imo.org/home.asp?topic_id=1488 London Convention 1972]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>
* 1972 [[London]] [[Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter]] (London Convention 1972).<ref>[http://www.imo.org/home.asp?topic_id=1488 London Convention 1972]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>
* 1973 [[London]] [[International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships]], 1973 [[MARPOL]]
* 1973 [[London]] [[International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships]], 1973 [[MARPOL]]

Revision as of 20:46, 18 October 2015

This article is about the waters outside national jurisdictions. For the comedy podcast, see International Waters (podcast).
"Mare liberum" redirects here. For the 1609 book by Hugo Grotius, see Mare Liberum.
International ownership treaties
Areas outside of exclusive economic zones in dark blue.


The terms international waters or trans-boundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands.[1]

Oceans, seas, and waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the high seas or, in Latin, mare liberum (meaning free sea).

Ships sailing the high seas are generally under the jurisdiction of the flag state (if there is one);[2] however, when a ship is involved in certain criminal acts, such as piracy,[3] any nation can exercise jurisdiction under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction. International waters can be contrasted with internal waters, territorial waters and exclusive economic zones.

International waterways

Komárno in Slovakia is an inland port on the Danube River which is an important international waterway.

Several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas.

Other international treaties have opened up rivers, which are not traditionally international waterways.

Disputes over international waters

Atlantic Ocean - the main zone of sea transport in 15th-20th centuries.
See also: Territorial claims in the Arctic, Northwest Passage, and Australian Antarctic territorial waters

Current unresolved disputes over whether particular waters are "International waters" include:

In addition to formal disputes, the government of Somalia exercises little control de facto over Somali territorial waters. Consequently, much piracy, illegal dumping of waste and fishing without permit has occurred.

Although water is often seen as a source of conflict, recent research suggests that water management can be a source for cooperation between countries. Such cooperation will benefit participating countries by being the catalyst for larger socio-economic development.[4] For instance, the countries of the Senegal River Basin that cooperate through the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) have achieved greater socio-economic development and overcome challenges relating to agriculture and other issues.[5]

International waters agreements

Sea areas in international rights, seen from a top-down perspective.[citation needed]
Limits of national jurisdiction and sovereignty
Outer space (including Earth orbits; the Moon and other celestial bodies, and their orbits)
national airspace territorial waters airspace contiguous zone airspace[citation needed] international airspace
land territory surface internal waters surface territorial waters surface contiguous zone surface Exclusive Economic Zone surface international waters surface
internal waters territorial waters Exclusive Economic Zone international waters
land territory underground Continental Shelf surface extended continental shelf surface international seabed surface
Continental Shelf underground extended continental shelf underground international seabed underground
  full national jurisdiction and sovereignty
  restrictions on national jurisdiction and sovereignty
  international jurisdiction per common heritage of mankind

Global agreements

Regional agreements

Map showing the parties of the Barcelona Convention.

At least ten conventions are included within the Regional Seas Program of UNEP,[14] including:

  1. the Atlantic Coast of West and Central Africa;[15]
  2. the North-East Pacific (Antigua Convention);
  3. the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention);
  4. the wider Caribbean (Cartagena Convention);
  5. the South-East Pacific;[16]
  6. the South Pacific (Nouméa Convention);
  7. the East African seaboard;[17]
  8. the Kuwait region (Kuwait Convention);
  9. the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (Jeddah Convention).

Addressing regional freshwater issues is the 1992 Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE/Helsinki Water Convention)[18]

Water-body-specific agreements

International waters institutions

Freshwater institutions

Marine institutions

See also

References

  1. ^ International Waters, United Nations Development Programme
  2. ^ UNCLOS article 92(1)
  3. ^ UNCLOS article 105
  4. ^ http://carnegieendowment.org/2011/01/20/blue-peace-rethinking-middle-east-water/1x6
  5. ^ http://strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/20795water-cooperature-sm.pdf
  6. ^ "International Freshwater Treaties Database". Transboundarywaters.orst.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  7. ^ Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development
    Marine Environment
    Marine Living Resources
    Freshwater Resources Archived 2009-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ London Convention 1972[dead link]
  9. ^ "United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea". Un.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  10. ^ "CIW" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  11. ^ "Bellagio Draft" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  12. ^ "Text of Ramsar Convention and other key original documents". Ramsar.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  13. ^ Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity especially Articles 12-13, as related to transboundary aquatic ecosystems
  14. ^ "Regional Seas Program". Unep.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  15. ^ "Convention for Co-operation in the Protection and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the West and Central African Region; and Protocol (1981)". Sedac.ciesin.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  16. ^ Lima Convention, 1986)
  17. ^ Nairobi Convention, 1985);
  18. ^ "Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes". Unece.org. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  19. ^ "Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area". Helcom.fi. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  20. ^ Bucharest Convention, 1992), see also the Black Sea Commission
  21. ^ Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea, 2003
  22. ^ Convention for the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika, 2003
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