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Coordinates: 37°42′N 45°19′E / 37.700°N 45.317°E / 37.700; 45.317
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==Environmental rallies==
Recently, Lake Urmia faces the danger of drying out and the local Azeri population holds the Iranian regime accountable suspecting that the neglect for Lake Urmia’s environmental problems stems from the Iranian government’s deliberate policy to depopulate the area densely populated by an ethnic minority – the Azerbaijani people.<ref>Iranian regime is killing Lake Urmia-Umud Duzgun: http://yurd.net/pageE.php?id_contents=0000002754</ref>
*On 2 April 2010 and 2011, and after several callings from [[Tractor Sazi F.C.]]'s fans in stadiums<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbgqwAjPR00 |title=A video from slogan "Let's cry and fill Lake Urmia with our tears", in Azeri Turkic : Gəlin Gedək Ağlayaq Urmu Gölün Dolduraq |publisher=Youtube.com |date=13 October 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVLkZUHGHCo |title=A video from slogan "Let's cry and fill Lake Urmia with our tears", in Azerbi Turkic : Gəlin Gedək Ağlayaq Urmu Gölün Dolduraq |publisher=Youtube.com |date=30 November 2010 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref> and internet sites, protest demanding that the government take action to save Lake Urmia was held in [[Tabriz]], [[Urmia]], on the lake beach, and on top of the lake bridge. As a result, dozens of people were arrested by security forces.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/sep/05/iran-greens-lake-orumieh-shrinks | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Iranian greens fear disaster as Lake Orumieh shrinks | date=5 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4lSyEG5oH8 |title=Video: Urmiye Gölü - İran polisi etirazçılara daş atır! (2&nbsp;April&nbsp;2010) |publisher=Youtube.com |date=6 April 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uO9bSDDeI4 |title=Video:Təbriz şəhərində 13 Fərvərdin 1390 (2&nbsp;April&nbsp;2011)'da geçirilən Urmu gölü mitingindən görüntülər |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2 April 2011|accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref>
*In August 2011, after the Iranian parliament dropped two emergency cases for reviving the lake, a number of soccer fans at Tabriz derby (soccer match between [[Tractor Sazi F.C.]] and [[Shahrdari Tabriz F.C.]]) were arrested for shouting slogans in favor of protecting the lake.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mackey |first=Robert |url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/protests-in-iran-over-disappearing-lake/ |title=Protests in Iran Over Disappearing Lake |location=Iran |publisher=New York Times|date=30 August 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref> Later that same week, Iranian Azerbaijanians scheduled a protest against the parliament move. Despite the capture of more than 20 activists by security forces the day before the protest, numerous people attended the event in Urmia and a number of clashes with police were reported<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=rally-protesting-iran-over-lake-urmia-turns-violent-2011-09-01 |title=Rally protesting Iran over Lake Urmia turns violent |publisher=Hurriyet Daily News |date= |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/30/international/i093033D89.DTL |title=Iranian Protest Urges Help for Shrinking Lake |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=30 August 2011 |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref>
*On 3 September 2011, Iranian Azerbaijanians demonstrated for second week in a row to protect Lake Urmia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvYD3bK0RYk |title=Tabriz Demonstration Sep.3.2011 (12 Shehriver 1390) to protect Lake Urmia |publisher=Youtube.com|date= |accessdate=3 September 2011}}</ref> The protests in Tabriz and Urmia reportedly followed parliament's rejection of rescue plan, and security forces used violence to break up environmental rallies as protesters demanded action to save Lake Urmia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2011/09/04/iran-police-break-up-environmental-protests/ |title=Iran police break up environmental protests |publisher=euronews.net|date= |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref> and according to West Azerbaijan's governor, at least 60 supporters of the lake were arrested just in Urmia and dozens in Tabriz because, according to an Iranian official, they had not applied for a permit to organize a demonstration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14780708 |title=Iran arrests saltwater lake protesters |publisher=BBC|date= 4 September 2011|accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref> On August 2014 a protest campaign for saving the dying lake appeared on a video posted on social media showing a girl speaking in her native language Azeri Turkish " I'm from South Azerbaijan, for saving (to save) Lake Urmia and because of (Iranian president) Mr. Rouhani's failure to keep his promise on saving Lake Urmia, I'm calling him for the Salt Bucket Challenge" then pouring a bucket of salt on herself.<ref>Salt Bucket Challenge Campaign https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=364860460332865&set=vb.362882447197333&type=2&theater</ref>

As the protests in Tabriz and other Iranian Azerbaijan cities, [[Azerbaijanians]] resident in [[Turkey]] called for the preservation of saltwater Lake Urmia through a peaceful protest that included pouring salt and lying on the street in front of the Iranian Embassy in [[Ankara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-255721-azeri-turks-in-ankara-protest-lake-urmia-drying-up.html |title=Azeri Turks in Ankara protest Lake Urmia drying up |publisher=todayszaman.com |date= |accessdate=4 September 2011}}</ref>


===In popular culture===
===In popular culture===
For Azeri Turks the fate of Lake Urmia is a national, social, and economic issue and regarded as part of the Azerbaijani civilization.<ref>Iranian Regime is killing Lake Urmia-Umud Duzgun:http://yurd.net/pageE.php?id_contents=0000002754</ref> Lake Urmia was the setting of the fictional Iranian film ''[[The White Meadows]]'' (2009), which featured fantastic-looking lands adjacent to a salt sea. There are many popular songs about Lake Urmia in Azeri Turkish such as "Urmu Golu Lay Lay"<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLB9bLOKalY</ref>
Lake Urmia was the setting of the fictional Iranian film ''[[The White Meadows]]'' (2009), which featured fantastic-looking lands adjacent to a salt sea.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 21:18, 7 November 2015

Lake Urmia
Lake Urmia from space in 1984
Coordinates37°42′N 45°19′E / 37.700°N 45.317°E / 37.700; 45.317
Typesalt (hypersaline) lake
Primary inflowsZarriné-Rūd, Simineh-Rūd, Mahabad River, Gadar River, Barandouz River, Shahar River, Nazlou River, Zola River, Qatur River, Kaftar Ali Chay, Aji Chay, Boyuk Chay, Rudkhaneh-ye Qal'eh Chay, Qobi Chay, Rudkhaneh-ye Mordaq, Leylan River
Primary outflowsnone: all water entering the lake is lost through evaporation
Basin countriesIran
Max. length140 km (87 mi)
Max. width55 km (34 mi)
Surface area5,200 km2 (2,000 sq mi)
Max. depth16 m (52 ft)
Salinity217–235 g L-1 Na–(Mg)–Cl–(SO4) brine[1]
8–11% in spring, 26-28% in late autumn[2]
Islands102 (see list)
Diminishing of surface of lake Urmia
Urmia Lake, NW Iran, September 2015 from Emirates flight EK015

Lake Urmia (Template:Lang-fa, Template:Lang-az) is an endorheic salt lake in northwestern Iran near Iran's border with Turkey.[3][4] The lake is between the provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan in Iran, and west of the southern portion of the Caspian Sea. At its full size, it was the largest lake in the Middle East and the sixth largest saltwater lake on earth with a surface area of approximately 5,200 km² (2,000 mile²), 140 km (87 mi) length, 55 km (34 mi) width, and 16 m (52 ft) depth.[5] The lake has shrunk to 10% of its former size due to damming of the rivers that flow into it and pumping of groundwater from the area.[6]

Lake Urmia along with its once approximately 102 islands are protected as a national park by the Iranian Department of Environment.

Names and etymologies

Currently the lake is named after the provincial capital city of Urmia, originally an Assyrian name meaning Puddle of water. However, in the early 1930s, it was called Lake Rezaiyeh (Template:Lang-fa) after Reza Shah Pahlavi. After the Iranian Revolution in the late 1970s the lake was renamed Urmia. Its ancient Old Persian name was Chichast (meaning, "glittering"–a reference to the glittering mineral particles suspended in the lake water and found along its shores). In medieval times it came to be known as Lake Kabuda (Kabodan),[7] from the word for "azure" in Persian, or 'կապույտ' ("Kapuyt/Gabuyd") in Armenian. Its Latin name was Lacus Matianus so it is referred to in some texts as Lake Matianus or Lake Matiene.

Locally, the lake is referred to in Persian as دریاچه ارومیه, Daryāche-ye Orūmiye; in Azerbaijani as Urmu gölü, ﺍﻭﺭﻣﻮ ﮔﺆﻟﻮ, and in Kurdish as Wermy. The Armenian name is Կապուտան ծով, Kaputan ts'ov.

History

One of the early mentions of Lake Urmia is from the Assyrian records from 9th century BCE. There, in the records of Shalmaneser III (reign 858–824 BCE), two names are mentioned in the area of Lake Urmia: Parsuwash (i.e. the Persians) and Matai (i.e. the Mitanni). It is not completely clear whether these referred to places or tribes or what their relationship was to the subsequent list of personal names and "kings". But Matais were Medes and linguistically the name Parsuwash matches the Old Persian word pārsa, an Achaemenid ethnolinguistic designation.[8]

The lake was the center of the Mannaean Kingdom. A potential Mannaean settlement, represented by the ruin mound of Hasanlu, was on the south side of the lake. Mannae was overrun by the people who were called Matiani or Matieni, an Iranian people variously identified as Scythian, Saka, Sarmatian, or Cimmerian. It is not clear whether the lake took its name from the people or the people from the lake, but the country came to be called Matiene or Matiane, and gave the lake its Latin name.

In the last five hundred years the area around Lake Urmia has been home to Iranians, Kurds, Assyrians, Armenians, and Azeris.

Chemistry

The main cations in the lake water include Na+, K+, Ca2+, Li+ and Mg2+, while Cl−, SO42−, HCO3− are the main anions. The Na+ and Cl− concentration is roughly four times the concentration of natural seawater. Sodium ions are at slightly higher concentration in the south compared to the north of the lake, which could result from the shallower depth in the south, and a higher net evaporation rate.

The lake is divided into north and south, separated by a causeway in which a 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) gap provides little exchange of water between the two parts. Due to drought and increased demands for agricultural water in the lake's basin, the salinity of the lake has risen to more than 300 g/litre during recent years, and large areas of the lake bed have been desiccated.[9]

File:UrmiaLake.jpg
The Fist of Osman, Lake Urmia's smallest island[10]

Ecology

class=notpageimage|
UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in Iran[11]
See also: Geography of Iran and Environmental issues in Iran

Lake Urmia is home to some 212 species of birds, 41 reptiles, 7 amphibians, and 27 species of mammals,[12] including the Iranian yellow deer.[13] It is an internationally registered protected area as both a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve[11] and a Ramsar site.[14] The Iranian Dept. of Environment has designated most of the lake as a National Park.[15]

The recent drought has significantly decreased the annual amount of water the lake receives. This in turn has increased the salinity of the lake's water, lowering the lake viability as home to thousands of migratory birds including the large flamingo populations. The salinity has particularly increased in the half of the lake north of the causeway.

The lake is marked by more than a hundred small, rocky islands, which serve as stopover points during the migrations of several wild birds including flamingos, pelicans, spoonbills, ibises, storks, shelducks, avocets, stilts, and gulls.

By virtue of its high salinity, the lake no longer sustains any fish species. Nonetheless, Lake Urmia is considered a significant natural habitat of Artemia, which serve as food source for the migratory birds such as flamingos.[16] In early 2013, the then-head of the Iranian Artemia Research Center was quoted that Artemia Urmiana had gone extinct due to the drastic increases in salinity. However this assessment has been contradicted.[17]

The lake is a major barrier between two of the most important cities in West Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces, Urmia and Tabriz. A project to build a highway across the lake was initiated in the 1970s but was abandoned after the Iranian Revolution of 1979, having finished a 15 km causeway with an unbridged gap. The project was revived in the early 2000s, and was completed in November 2008 with the opening of the 1.5 km Urmia Lake Bridge across the remaining gap.[18] The highly saline environment is already heavily rusting the steel on the bridge despite anti-corrosion treatment. Experts have warned that the construction of the causeway and bridge, together with a series of ecological factors, will eventually lead to the drying up of the lake, turning it into a salt marsh which will directly affect the climate of the region. Lake Urmia has been shrinking for a long time, with an annual evaporation rate of 0.6m to 1m (24 to 39 inches). Although measures are now being taken to reverse the trend[19] the lake has shrunk by 60% and could disappear entirely.[19] Only 5% of the lake's water remains.[20]

Bridge construction over Lake Urmia in 2005

On 2 August 2012, Mohammad-Javad Mohammadizadeh, the head of Iran's Environment Protection Organization, announced that Armenia has agreed on transferring water from Armenia to counter the critical fall in Lake Urmia's water levels, remarking that "hot weather and a lack of precipitation have brought the lake to its lowest water levels ever recorded". He added that recovery plans for the lake include the transfer of water from Eastern Azerbaijan Province. Previously, Iranian authorities had announced a plan to transfer water from the Aras River, which borders Iran and Azerbaijan; the 950-billion-toman plan was abandoned due to Azerbaijan's objections.[21]

In July 2014, Iran President Hassan Rouhani approved plans for a 14 trillion rial program (over $500 million) in the first year of a recovery plan. The money is supposed to be used for water management, reducing farmer's water use, and environmental restoration. Several months earlier, in March 2014, Iran's Department of Environment and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) issued a plan to save the lake and the nearby wetland, which called for spending $225 million in the first year and $1.3 billion overall for restoration.[22]

The Silveh Dam in Piranshahr County should be complete in 2015. Through a tunnel and canals it will transfer up to 121,700,000 m3 (98,700 acre⋅ft) of water from the Lavin River in the Little Zab basin to Lake Urmia basin annually.[23][24][25]

In 2015, president Hassan Rouhani’s cabinet approved $660 million for better irrigation systems and steps to combat desertification.[26]

Satellite imagery from 1984 to 2014 revealing Lake Urmia's diminishing surface area (video)

Palaeoecology

A palynological investigation on long cores from Lake Urmia has revealed a nearly 200 kyr record of vegetation and lake level changes. The vegetation has changed from the Artemisia/grass steppes during the glacial/stadial periods to oak-juniper steppe-forests during the interglacial/interstadial periods. The lake seems to have had a complex hydrological history and its water levels have greatly fluctuated in the geological history. Very high lake levels have been suggested for some time intervals during the two last glacial periods as well as during both the Last Interglacial as well as the Holocene. Lowest lake levels have occurred during the last glacial periods.

Islands

See also: List of Lake Urmia's islands

Lake Urmia has approximately 102 islands.[27]

Shahi Island was historically the lake's largest island. However, it becomes a peninsula connected to the eastern shore when the lake level drops below a certain level as has been the case in modern times.[1][28]

Shahi Island is the burial place of both Hulagu Khan (one of Genghis Khan's grandsons) and of Hulagu's son Abaqa. Both khans were buried in a castle above 1,000-foot (300 m) cliff above the shore of Shahi Island.[29]

In 1967, the Iranian Department of Environment sent a team of scientists to study the ecology of Shahi Island. Various results of the study which included the breeding habits of brine shrimp were published by Javad Hashemi in the scientific journal, Iranian Scientific Sokhan.

Basin rivers

Lake Urmia is fed by 13 permanent rivers and many small springs, as well as rainfall directly into the lake.[1] Nearly half the inflow comes from the Zarrineh River and Simineh River.[1] There is no outflow from the lake so all water is lost through evaporation.[1]

Lake Urmia was the setting of the fictional Iranian film The White Meadows (2009), which featured fantastic-looking lands adjacent to a salt sea.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Stevens, Lora R.; Djamali, Morteza; Andrieu-Ponel, Valérie; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis (1 April 2012). "Hydroclimatic variations over the last two glacial/interglacial cycles at Lake Urmia, Iran" (PDF). Journal of Paleolimnology. 47 (4). Springer Netherlands: 647. doi:10.1007/s10933-012-9588-3.
  2. ^ Lake Urmia. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 14 August 2015, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/619901/Lake-Urmia
  3. ^ Henry, Roger (2003) Synchronized chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity: A Simple Correction to Egyptian Chronology Resolves the Major Problems in Biblical and Greek Archaeology Algora Publishing, New York, p. 138, ISBN 0-87586-191-1
  4. ^ E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, vol. 7, page 1037 citing Strabo and Ptolemy.
  5. ^ "Britanica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  6. ^ "Saving Iran's great salt lake". Science. 2 September 2015. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ See, e.g. the Shahnama.
  8. ^ cf. Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2006), "Iran, vi(1). Earliest Evidence", Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. 13
  9. ^ Alireza Asem, Fereidun Mohebbi and Reza Ahmadi (2012). "Drought in Urmia Lake, the largest natural habitat of brine shrimp Artemia" (PDF). World aquaculture. 43: 36–38.
  10. ^ "Saline Systems; Urmia Salt Lake, Iran". Salinesystems.org. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  11. ^ a b "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Directory".
  12. ^ Rezvantalab, Sima and Amrollahi, Mohammad H. (2011) "Investigation of Recent Changes in Urmia Salt Lake" International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 2(3): pp. 168–171
  13. ^ Yakhchali, M. and Khalili Gholmankhane, N. (2003) "A Survey on Helminth Infection (Flotation Method) in Cervus Linnaeus (Iranian Yellow Deer) in Ashk Island of Lake Urmia" Pajouhesh & Sazandegi 58: pp. 26–27 Abstract
  14. ^ Ramsar Sites Information Service
  15. ^ ProtectedPlanet - Urumieh lake
  16. ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Lake Urmia. Eds. P. Saundry & C.  J.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington, D.C.
  17. ^ Critical condition of Artemia Urmiana and possibility of extinction
  18. ^ "Iran's East and West Azarbaijan Provinces Conntected by Lake Orumiyeh Bridge". Payvand.com. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  19. ^ a b Karmi N. Iran's largest lake turning to salt. Associated Press 25 May 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110525/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_iran_environmental_disaster/print
  20. ^ Erdbrink, Thomas (30 January 2014). "Its Great Lake Shriveled, Iran Confronts Crisis of Water Supply". New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ http://www.payvand.com/news/12/aug/1010.html
  22. ^ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25850-iran-to-spend-500-million-to-save-shrunken-lake-urmia.html#.U7nrg41dXvI
  23. ^ "Completed by the end of the 94 dams Silveh Piranshahr" (in Persian). Kurd Press. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  24. ^ "Silveh Dam and Irrigation and Drainage" (in Persian). Omran Iran - Deputy Governor of West Azerbaijan. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
  25. ^ Edris Merufinia, Azad Aram, Fatemeh Esmaeili (2014). "Saving the Lake Urmia: from Slogan to Reality (Challenges and Solutions)" (PDF). Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences. 3 (3). ISSN 2277-1808. Retrieved 20 January 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Saving Iran’s great salt lake - sciencemag.org - 2 Sept. 2015
  27. ^ List from: Farahang-e Joghrafiyayi-e shahrestânhâ-ye Keshvar (Shahrestân-e Orumiyeh), Tehran 1379 Hs.
  28. ^ Asem, Alireza; Eimanifar, Amin; Djamali, Morteza; De los Rios, Patricio; Wink, Michael (2014). "Biodiversity of the Hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran)". Diversity (6): 102–132. doi:10.3390/d6020102.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  29. ^ Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "The Thirteenth-Century Mongols' Conception of the After Life: The Evidence of their Funerary Practices". Mongolian Studies. 1. Mongolia Society: 7. ISSN 0190-3667.
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