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* [[Sanctions against Russia]]
* [[Sanctions against Russia]]
** The European Union's sanctions against [[Burma|Burma (Myanmar)]] based on lack of democracy and [[Human rights in Burma|human rights infringements]].<ref>Howse, Robert L. and Genser, Jared M. (2008) [http://students.law.umich.edu/mjil/article-pdfs/v29n2-howse-genser.pdf "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?"] ''Michigan Journal of International Law'' 29(2): pp. 165–196</ref>
** The European Union's sanctions against [[Burma|Burma (Myanmar)]] based on lack of democracy and [[Human rights in Burma|human rights infringements]].<ref>Howse, Robert L. and Genser, Jared M. (2008) [http://students.law.umich.edu/mjil/article-pdfs/v29n2-howse-genser.pdf "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?"] ''Michigan Journal of International Law'' 29(2): pp. 165–196</ref>
* [[North Korea]] has been the subject of international sanctions since the [[Korean War]], which were eased under the [[Sunshine Policy]] led by [[President of South Korea|South Korean President]] [[Kim Dae Jung]] and by [[President of the United States|U.S President]] [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/42450.html |title=Clinton Ends Most N. Korea Sanctions |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-09-18 |accessdate=2015-03-30}}</ref> but tightened again in 2010.<ref>[http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=116316&z=5] {{dead link|date=March 2015}}</ref>
* [[North Korea]] has been the subject of international sanctions since the [[Korean War]], which were eased under the [[Sunshine Policy]] led by [[President of South Korea|South Korean President]] [[Kim Dae Jung]] and by [[President of the United States|U.S President]] [[Bill Clinton]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/42450.html |title=Clinton Ends Most N. Korea Sanctions |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=1999-09-18 |accessdate=2015-03-30}}</ref> but tightened again in 2010.<ref>[http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=116316&z=5] {{wayback|url=http://www.nguoi-viet.com/absolutenm/anmviewer.asp?a=116316&z=5 |date=20100723132200 }}</ref>
** [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718]] (2006)
** [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718]] (2006)
* [[International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian crisis]]
* [[International sanctions during the 2013–15 Ukrainian crisis]]

Revision as of 01:46, 9 February 2016

Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied unilaterally by one country (or multilaterally, by a group of countries) on another country (or group of countries). Economic sanctions may include various forms of trade barriers and restrictions on financial transactions.[1] Economic sanctions are not necessarily imposed because of economic circumstances — they may also be imposed for a variety of political and social issues.[citation needed] Economic sanctions can be used for achieving domestic political gain.[2][3][4]

Politics of sanctions

Economic sanctions are used as a tool of foreign policy by many governments. Economic sanctions are usually imposed by a larger country upon a smaller country for one of two reasons – either the latter is a threat to the security of the former nation or that country treats its citizens unfairly. They can be used as a coercive measure for achieving particular policy goals related to trade or for humanitarian violations. Economic sanctions are used as an alternative weapon instead of going to war to achieve desired outcomes.

Some policy analysts believe imposing trade restrictions only serves to hurt ordinary people.[5]

Effectiveness of economic sanctions

Regime change is the most frequent foreign policy objective of economic sanctions.[6] There is controversy over the effectiveness of economic sanctions in their ability to achieve the stated purpose. Haufbauer et al. claimed that in their studies 34 percent of the cases were successful [7] When Robert A. Pape reexamined their study, he claimed that only five of their forty so-called "successes" stood out, dropping their success rate to 4%.[8]

It also affects the economy of the imposing country to some degree. If import restrictions were made, the consumers in the imposing country would have fewer choices of goods. If export restrictions were made or sanction prohibited businesses in the imposing country from doing business with the target country, the imposing country could lose markets and investment opportunities to competing countries.[9]

Jeremy Greenstock suggests that the reason sanctions are popular is not that they are known to be effective, but "that there is nothing else between words and military action if you want to bring pressure upon a government".[10]

Current sanctions

By targeted country

By targeted individuals

By sanctioning country

By targeted activity

  • In response to recent cyber-attacks on April 1, 2015 President Obama issued an Executive Order establishing the first-ever economic sanctions. The Executive Order will impact individuals and entities (“designees”) responsible for cyber-attacks that threaten the national security, foreign policy, economic health, or financial stability of the US. Specifically, the Executive Order authorizes the Treasury Department to freeze designees’ assets. [14]

Bilateral trade disputes

  • Vietnam as a result of capitalist influences over the 1990s and having imposed sanctions against Cambodia, is accepting of sanctions diposed with accountability.[clarification needed]
  • In March 2010, Brazil introduced sanctions against the US. These sanctions were placed because the US government was paying cotton farmers for their products against World Trade Organization rules. The sanctions cover cotton, as well as cars, chewing gum, fruit, and vegetable products.[15] The WTO is currently supervising talks between the states to remove the sanctions.

Former sanctions

See also

References

  1. ^ Haidar, J.I., 2015."Sanctions and Exports Deflection: Evidence from Iran," Paris School of Economics, University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, Mimeo
  2. ^ [1][dead link]
  3. ^ "Playing to the Home Crowd? Symbolic Use of Economic Sanctions in ..." Ingentaconnect.com. 2011-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  4. ^ [2] Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ [3] Archived 2014-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition, Hufbauer et al. page 67
  7. ^ Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd Edition, Hufbauer et al. page 159
  8. ^ Why economic sanctions still do not work, Robert A. Pape , page 66
  9. ^ Griswold, Daniel (2000-11-27). "Going Alone on Economic Sanctions Hurts U.S. More than Foes | Cato Institute". Cato.org. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  10. ^ Marcus, Jonathan. "Analysis: Do economic sanctions work? - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  11. ^ Howse, Robert L. and Genser, Jared M. (2008) "Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?" Michigan Journal of International Law 29(2): pp. 165–196
  12. ^ "Clinton Ends Most N. Korea Sanctions". Globalpolicy.org. 1999-09-18. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
  13. ^ [4] Archived 2010-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ "Sanctions: U.S. action on cyber crime" (PDF). http://www.pwc.com/us/en/financial-services/regulatory-services/publications/sanctions-cyber-crime.jhtml. PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice, April, 2015. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  15. ^ "Brazil slaps trade sanctions on U.S. to retaliate for subsidies to cotton farmers". Content.usatoday.com. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2015-03-30.
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