Hydrofluoric acid: Difference between revisions
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:SiO<sub>2</sub> + 6 HF → [[Hexafluorosilicic acid|H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>]] + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O |
:SiO<sub>2</sub> + 6 HF → [[Hexafluorosilicic acid|H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>]] + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O |
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A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding.<ref>Powers, John M. and Sakaguchi, Ronald L. (2006) ''Craig's Restorative Dental Materials'', 12th ed., Mosby, ISBN 0323036066<!-- p. 10.5.3--></ref> For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in [[car wash]]es in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |
A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding.<ref>Powers, John M. and Sakaguchi, Ronald L. (2006) ''Craig's Restorative Dental Materials'', 12th ed., Mosby, ISBN 0323036066<!-- p. 10.5.3--></ref> For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in [[car wash]]es in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Strachan |first=John |title=A deadly rinse: The dangers of hydrofluoric acid |journal=Professional Carwashing & Detailing |date=January 1999 |url=http://secure.gvmg.com/carwash/articleprint.asp?print=1&IndexID=4230101 |volume=23 |issue=1 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425234944/http://secure.gvmg.com/carwash/articleprint.asp?print=1&IndexID=4230101 |archivedate=April 25, 2012 }}</ref> Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam. |
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===Niche applications=== |
===Niche applications=== |
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Hydrogen fluoride|url = http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0334.html|website = www.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2015-11-28}}</ref> |
Hydrogen fluoride|url = http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0334.html|website = www.cdc.gov|accessdate = 2015-11-28}}</ref> |
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Once absorbed into blood through the skin, it reacts with blood calcium and may cause cardiac arrest. Burns with areas larger than 160 cm<sup>2</sup> (25 square inches) have the potential to cause serious systemic toxicity from interference with blood and tissue calcium levels.<ref name='RMTHFE' /> In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important [[ion]]s [[calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>]] and [[magnesium|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]]. Formation of insoluble [[calcium fluoride]] is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity.<ref name=Goldfrank>Hoffman, Robert S. ''et al.'' (2007) ''Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies''. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 1333, ISBN 0071509577.</ref> In some cases, exposures can lead to [[hypocalcemia]]. Thus, hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with [[calcium gluconate]], a source of Ca<sup>2+</sup> that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF [[chemical burn]]s can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel<ref name="pmid2741315">{{cite journal |author=el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH |title=Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure |journal=Vet Hum Toxicol |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=243–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2741315 |doi=|last2=Hall |last3=Hall |last4=Riggs |last5=Augenstein |last6=Rumack }}</ref><ref name="pmid17091088">{{cite journal |author=Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D |title=Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate |journal=J Burn Care Res |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=889–94 |year=2006 |pmid=17091088 |doi=10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09|last2=Urban |last3=Flicoteau |last4=Martin |last5=Pradeau }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= |
Once absorbed into blood through the skin, it reacts with blood calcium and may cause cardiac arrest. Burns with areas larger than 160 cm<sup>2</sup> (25 square inches) have the potential to cause serious systemic toxicity from interference with blood and tissue calcium levels.<ref name='RMTHFE' /> In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important [[ion]]s [[calcium|Ca<sup>2+</sup>]] and [[magnesium|Mg<sup>2+</sup>]]. Formation of insoluble [[calcium fluoride]] is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity.<ref name=Goldfrank>Hoffman, Robert S. ''et al.'' (2007) ''Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies''. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 1333, ISBN 0071509577.</ref> In some cases, exposures can lead to [[hypocalcemia]]. Thus, hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with [[calcium gluconate]], a source of Ca<sup>2+</sup> that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF [[chemical burn]]s can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel<ref name="pmid2741315">{{cite journal |author=el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH |title=Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure |journal=Vet Hum Toxicol |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=243–7 |year=1989 |pmid=2741315 |doi=|last2=Hall |last3=Hall |last4=Riggs |last5=Augenstein |last6=Rumack }}</ref><ref name="pmid17091088">{{cite journal |author=Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D |title=Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate |journal=J Burn Care Res |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=889–94 |year=2006 |pmid=17091088 |doi=10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09|last2=Urban |last3=Flicoteau |last4=Martin |last5=Pradeau }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.research.northwestern.edu/ors/emerg/firstaid/calglugel.htm |title=Calcium Gluconate Gel as an Antidote to HF Acid Burns |accessdate=2012-10-01 |publisher=Northwestern University |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408083821/http://www.research.northwestern.edu/ors/emerg/firstaid/calglugel.htm |archivedate=April 8, 2009 }}</ref> or special rinsing solutions.<ref name="pmid15461243">{{cite journal |author=Hultén P, Höjer J, Ludwigs U, Janson A |title=Hexafluorine vs. standard decontamination to reduce systemic toxicity after dermal exposure to hydrofluoric acid |journal=J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=355–61 |year=2004 |pmid=15461243 |doi=10.1081/CLT-120039541|last2=Höjer |last3=Ludwigs |last4=Janson }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=News & Views|journal=Chemical Health and Safety |date=September–October 2005|volume= 12|issue=5|pages=35–37| doi = 10.1016/j.chs.2005.07.007 }}</ref> However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary;<ref name='RMTHFE'>{{cite web|url=http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/hfacid/common/documents/HF_medical_book.pdf |title=Recommended Medical Treatment for Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure |accessdate=2009-05-06 |format=PDF |publisher=Honeywell Specialty Materials |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325112238/http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/hfacid/common/documents/HF_medical_book.pdf |archivedate=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> rinsing off is not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=1567323 |title=Intra-arterial calcium infusion for hydrofluoric acid burns|publisher=NCBI | volume=63|issue=3|date=March 1992|author=Siegel DC, Heard JM|journal=Aviat Space Environ Med|pages=206–11|last2=Heard}}</ref> |
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Hydrogen fluoride is generated upon combustion of many fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing [[Viton]] and [[Polytetrafluoroethylene| polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)]] parts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koch|first=Ernst-Christian|title=Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants IV: Thermochemical and Combustion Behaviour of Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)| doi = 10.1002/prep.200290004 | journal = [[Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics]] | volume = 27 | year = 2002 | pages = 340–351|issue=6}}</ref> [[Hydrofluorocarbon]]s in [[automatic fire suppression]] systems can release hydrogen fluoride at high temperatures, and this has led to deaths from acute [[respiratory failure]] in military personnel when a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] hit the fire suppression system in their vehicle.<ref name="HFC">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-HFM-207///MP-HFM-207-03.doc|title=Hydrogen Fluoride Inhalation Injury from a Fire Suppression System|author=Chauviere, Matt and Zierold, Dustin |date=2011-09-17|publisher=NATO|accessdate=2013-08-22}}</ref> Hydrofluoric acid can be released from volcanoes, sea salt aerosol, and from welding or manufacturing processes.<ref name=":0" /> |
Hydrogen fluoride is generated upon combustion of many fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing [[Viton]] and [[Polytetrafluoroethylene| polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)]] parts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Koch|first=Ernst-Christian|title=Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants IV: Thermochemical and Combustion Behaviour of Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)| doi = 10.1002/prep.200290004 | journal = [[Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics]] | volume = 27 | year = 2002 | pages = 340–351|issue=6}}</ref> [[Hydrofluorocarbon]]s in [[automatic fire suppression]] systems can release hydrogen fluoride at high temperatures, and this has led to deaths from acute [[respiratory failure]] in military personnel when a [[rocket-propelled grenade]] hit the fire suppression system in their vehicle.<ref name="HFC">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/MP/RTO-MP-HFM-207///MP-HFM-207-03.doc|title=Hydrogen Fluoride Inhalation Injury from a Fire Suppression System|author=Chauviere, Matt and Zierold, Dustin |date=2011-09-17|publisher=NATO|accessdate=2013-08-22}}</ref> Hydrofluoric acid can be released from volcanoes, sea salt aerosol, and from welding or manufacturing processes.<ref name=":0" /> |
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Revision as of 06:00, 30 March 2016
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| Names | |
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| Other names
fluoric acid; fluorhydric acid
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| EC Number |
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| HF (aq) | |
| Molar mass | not applicable (see hydrogen fluoride) |
| Appearance | Colorless solution |
| Density | 1.15 g/mL (for 48% soln.) |
| Melting point | Not applicable (see hydrogen fluoride) |
| Boiling point | Not applicable (see hydrogen fluoride) |
| Miscible. | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 3.17[1] |
| Hazards | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | Non-flammable |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | duPont MSDS |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Hydrochloric acid Hydrobromic acid Hydroiodic acid |
Related compounds
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Hydrogen fluoride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride (HF) in water. It is a precursor to almost all fluorine compounds, including pharmaceuticals such as fluoxetine (Prozac), diverse materials such as PTFE (Teflon), and elemental fluorine itself. It is a colourless solution that is highly corrosive, capable of dissolving many materials, especially oxides. Its ability to dissolve glass has been known since the 17th century, even before Carl Wilhelm Scheele prepared it in large quantities in 1771.[2] Because of its high reactivity toward glass and moderate reactivity toward many metals, hydrofluoric acid is usually stored in plastic containers (although PTFE is slightly permeable to it).[3]
Hydrogen fluoride gas is an acute poison that may immediately and permanently damage lungs and the corneas of the eyes. Aqueous hydrofluoric acid is a contact-poison with the potential for deep, initially painless burns and ensuing tissue death. By interfering with body calcium metabolism, the concentrated acid may also cause systemic toxicity and eventual cardiac arrest and fatality, after contact with as little as 160 cm2 (25 square inches) of skin.
Acidity
Hydrofluoric acid is classified as a weak acid because of its lower dissociation constant compared to the strong acids. It ionizes in aqueous solution in a similar fashion to other common acids:[4]
- HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + F−
HF is the only hydrohalic acid that is not considered a strong acid, i.e. it does not fully ionize in dilute aqueous solutions.
When the concentration of HF approaches 100%, the acidity increases dramatically because of homoassociation:
- 3 HF ⇌ H2F+ + FHF−
The bifluoride (FHF−) anion is stabilized by the very strong hydrogen–fluorine hydrogen bond.
Production
Hydrofluoric acid is produced by treatment of the mineral fluorite (CaF2) with concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 265 °C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride and calcium sulfate according to the following chemical equation:
- CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2 HF + CaSO4
Although bulk fluorite is a suitable precursor and a major source of world HF production, HF is also produced as a by-product of the production of phosphoric acid, which is derived from the mineral apatite. Apatite sources typically contain a few percent of fluoroapatite, acid digestion of which releases gaseous stream consisting of sulfur dioxide (from the H2SO4), water, and HF, as well as particulates. After separation from the solids, the gases are treated with sulfuric acid and oleum to afford anhydrous HF. Owing to the corrosive nature of HF, its production is accompanied by the dissolution of silicate minerals, and, in this way, significant amounts of fluorosilicic acid are generated.[3]
Uses
Hydrofluoric acid has a variety of uses in industry and research. It is used as a starting material or intermediate in industrial chemistry, mining, refining, glass finishing, silicon chip manufacturing, and in cleaning.[5]
Oil refining
In a standard oil refinery process known as alkylation, isobutane is alkylated with low-molecular-weight alkenes (primarily a mixture of propylene and butylene) in the presence of the strong acid catalyst derived from hydrofluoric acid. The catalyst protonates the alkenes (propylene, butylene) to produce reactive carbocations, which alkylate isobutane. The reaction is carried out at mild temperatures (0 and 30 °C) in a two-phase reaction.
Production of organofluorine compounds
The principal use of hydrofluoric acid is in organofluorine chemistry. Many organofluorine compounds are prepared using HF as the fluorine source, including Teflon, fluoropolymers, fluorocarbons, and refrigerants such as freon.[3]
Production of fluorides
Most high-volume inorganic fluoride compounds are prepared from hydrofluoric acid. Foremost are Na3AlF6, cryolite, and AlF3, aluminium trifluoride. A molten mixture of these solids serves as a high-temperature solvent for the production of metallic aluminium. Given concerns about fluorides in the environment, alternative technologies are being sought. Other inorganic fluorides prepared from hydrofluoric acid include sodium fluoride and uranium hexafluoride.[3]
Etchant and cleaning agent
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In metalworking, hydrofluoric acid is used as a pickling agent to remove oxides and other impurities from stainless and carbon steels because of its limited ability to dissolve steel.[citation needed] It is used in the semiconductor industry as a major component of Wright Etch and buffered oxide etch, which are used to clean silicon wafers. In a similar manner it is also used to etch glass by reacting with silicon dioxide to form gaseous or water-soluble silicon fluorides. It can also be used to polish and frost glass.[5]
A 5% to 9% hydrofluoric acid gel is also commonly used to etch all ceramic dental restorations to improve bonding.[6] For similar reasons, dilute hydrofluoric acid is a component of household rust stain remover, in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds, in ceramic and fabric rust inhibitors, and in water spot removers.[5][7] Because of its ability to dissolve iron oxides as well as silica-based contaminants, hydrofluoric acid is used in pre-commissioning boilers that produce high-pressure steam.
Niche applications
Because of its ability to dissolve (most) oxides and silicates, hydrofluoric acid is useful for dissolving rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis. In similar manner, this acid is used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it.[8]
Diluted hydrofluoric acid (1 to 3 %wt.) is used in the petroleum industry in a mixture with other acids (HCl or organic acids) in order to stimulate the production of water, oil, and gas wells specifically where sandstone is involved.[citation needed]
Hydrofluoric acid is also used by some collectors of antique glass bottles to remove so-called 'sickness' from the glass, caused by acids (usually in the soil the bottle was buried in) attacking the soda content of the glass.[citation needed]
Offset printing companies use hydrofluoric acid to remove unwanted images from printing plates. Felt-tip markers called "deletion pens" are available to make the process safer for the worker.[citation needed]
Health and safety
In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a contact poison. It should therefore be handled with extreme care, using protective equipment and safety precautions beyond those used with other mineral acids. Owing to its low acid dissociation constant, HF as a neutral lipid-soluble molecule penetrates tissue more rapidly than typical mineral acids. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. Symptoms of exposure to hydrofluoric acid may not be immediately evident, and this can provide false reassurance to victims, causing them to delay medical treatment.[9] Despite having an irritating odor, HF may reach dangerous levels without an obvious smell.[5] HF interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. Accidental exposures can go unnoticed, delaying treatment and increasing the extent and seriousness of the injury.[9] Symptoms of HF exposure include irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, and throat, eye and skin burns, rhinitis, bronchitis, pulmonary edema (fluid buildup in the lungs), and bone damage.[10]
Once absorbed into blood through the skin, it reacts with blood calcium and may cause cardiac arrest. Burns with areas larger than 160 cm2 (25 square inches) have the potential to cause serious systemic toxicity from interference with blood and tissue calcium levels.[11] In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. Formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity.[12] In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. Thus, hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel[13][14][15] or special rinsing solutions.[16][17] However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary;[11] rinsing off is not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.[18]
Hydrogen fluoride is generated upon combustion of many fluorine-containing compounds such as products containing Viton and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) parts.[19] Hydrofluorocarbons in automatic fire suppression systems can release hydrogen fluoride at high temperatures, and this has led to deaths from acute respiratory failure in military personnel when a rocket-propelled grenade hit the fire suppression system in their vehicle.[20] Hydrofluoric acid can be released from volcanoes, sea salt aerosol, and from welding or manufacturing processes.[5]
Hydrofluoric acid is also a highly reactive compound and must be stored carefully to prevent dangerous reactions, though it is not flammable. It reacts with bases, acids, and oxidants and attacks glass, ceramics, concrete, some forms of plastic, rubber, and coatings. When combined with methanesulfonic acid or polymerizing cyanogens, it produces explosive gases.[5]
See also
References
- ^ Harris, Daniel C. (2010). Quantitative Chemical Analysis (8th international ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. pp. AP14. ISBN 1429263091.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 921. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4.
- ^ a b c d Aigueperse, J. et al. (2005) "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic" in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_307
- ^ Ayotte, P; Hébert, M; Marchand, P (Nov 2005). "Why is hydrofluoric acid a weak acid?". J. Chem. Phys. 123 (18): 184501. doi:10.1063/1.2090259. PMID 16292908.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f "CDC - The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Systemic Agent: HYDROGEN FLUORIDE/ HYDROFLUORIC ACID - NIOSH". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ Powers, John M. and Sakaguchi, Ronald L. (2006) Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th ed., Mosby, ISBN 0323036066
- ^ Strachan, John (January 1999). "A deadly rinse: The dangers of hydrofluoric acid". Professional Carwashing & Detailing. 23 (1). Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Edwards, D. (1982). "Fragmentary non-vascular plant microfossils from the late Silurian of Wales". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 84 (3): 223–256. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00536.x.
- ^ a b Yamashita M, Yamashita M, Suzuki M, Hirai H, Kajigaya H; Yamashita; Suzuki; Hirai; Kajigaya (2001). "Ionophoretic delivery of calcium for experimental hydrofluoric acid burns". Crit. Care Med. 29 (8): 1575–8. doi:10.1097/00003246-200108000-00013. PMID 11505130.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Hydrogen fluoride". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
{{cite web}}: line feed character in|title=at position 47 (help) - ^ a b "Recommended Medical Treatment for Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure" (PDF). Honeywell Specialty Materials. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Hoffman, Robert S. et al. (2007) Goldfrank's Manual of Toxicologic Emergencies. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 1333, ISBN 0071509577.
- ^ el Saadi MS, Hall AH, Hall PK, Riggs BS, Augenstein WL, Rumack BH; Hall; Hall; Riggs; Augenstein; Rumack (1989). "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure". Vet Hum Toxicol. 31 (3): 243–7. PMID 2741315.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Roblin I, Urban M, Flicoteau D, Martin C, Pradeau D; Urban; Flicoteau; Martin; Pradeau (2006). "Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate". J Burn Care Res. 27 (6): 889–94. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09. PMID 17091088.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Calcium Gluconate Gel as an Antidote to HF Acid Burns". Northwestern University. Archived from the original on April 8, 2009. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Hultén P, Höjer J, Ludwigs U, Janson A; Höjer; Ludwigs; Janson (2004). "Hexafluorine vs. standard decontamination to reduce systemic toxicity after dermal exposure to hydrofluoric acid". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 42 (4): 355–61. doi:10.1081/CLT-120039541. PMID 15461243.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "News & Views". Chemical Health and Safety. 12 (5): 35–37. September–October 2005. doi:10.1016/j.chs.2005.07.007.
- ^ Siegel DC, Heard JM; Heard (March 1992). "Intra-arterial calcium infusion for hydrofluoric acid burns". Aviat Space Environ Med. 63 (3). NCBI: 206–11. PMID 1567323.
- ^ Koch, Ernst-Christian (2002). "Metal-Fluorocarbon-Pyrolants IV: Thermochemical and Combustion Behaviour of Magnesium/Teflon/Viton (MTV)". Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. 27 (6): 340–351. doi:10.1002/prep.200290004.
- ^ Chauviere, Matt and Zierold, Dustin (2011-09-17). "Hydrogen Fluoride Inhalation Injury from a Fire Suppression System". NATO. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0283
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- CID 14917 from PubChem (HF)
- CID 144681 from PubChem (5HF)
- CID 141165 from PubChem (6HF)
- CID 144682 from PubChem (7HF)
- Hydrofluoric Acid Burn, The New England Journal of Medicine Acid burn case study