Longest word in English

There are seemingly endless debates over which is the longest word in English, demonstrating that the idea of what constitutes a word is not as straightforward as it seems. English allows new words to be formed by construction; long words are frequently coined; place names may be considered words; technical terms may be very long. It is difficult to know where to draw the line. Note also that length is defined in terms of orthography and number of written letters, not phonology and the number of phonemes.

i am the best!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!kevin lerdwichagul is stupidly annoying!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Coinages

In his play Assemblywomen, the ancient Greek comedic poet Aristophanes created a word of 183 letters describing a dish by stringing together its ingredients.

James Joyce, known for his distinctive style, made up nine 100- and one 101-letter long words in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadal­gharagh­takammin­arronn­konn­bronn­tonn­erronn­tuonn­thunn­trovarrhoun­awnskawn­toohoo­hoordenen­thurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly is the symbolic thunderclap representing the fall of Adam and Eve. As this word appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention to that word in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar as Esther Greenwood, the protagonist, was reading Finnegans Wake.

The well-known song title from the movie Mary Poppins, "Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", with 34 letters, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun, and defined in reference to the song title. Hence it may well be dismissed as not a real word, particularly since the song assigns no meaning to it other than to say it's impressive.

In the 1970s, there were advertisements for Lip­smackin­thirst­quenchin­acetastin­motivatin­good­buzzin­cool­talkin­high­walkin­fast­livin­ever­givin­cool­fizzin Pepsi, coining a 100-letter term. In 1975, the 71-letter Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepicklesonionsonasesameseedbun was used in a McDonald's Restaurant advertisement to describe the Big Mac.

The character Big Bird of Sesame Street sings the Latin alphabet, thinking it is a word. He reads abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz aloud as /æbkədɛfgiʤɛkl̩mn̩ɔpkwɝːˈstuːvwɪksɪz/ and breaks into song (ABC-DEF-GHI).

Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?"

Constructions

English is a language which permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo- (false, spurious) and anti- (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length.

"Antidisestablishmentarianism" is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction, as follows:

establish

to set up, put in place, or institute (originally from the Latin stāre, to stand)

dis-establish

ending the established status of a body, in particular a church, given such status by law, such as the Church of England

disestablish-ment

the separation of church and state (specifically in this context it is the political movement of the 1860s in Britain)

anti-disestablishment

opposition to disestablishment

antidisestablishment-arian

an advocate of opposition to disestablishment (alternatively, but less likely and quite similar in meaning, "opposed to disestablishmentarians", depending on what "anti-" is taken to belong to)

antidisestablishmentarian-ism

the movement or ideology of advocates of opposition to disestablishment; the movement or ideology that opposes disestablishment

Of course, the process need not stop there: prefixes like neo- and contra- can be added, and -istically can be used in place of -ism. Given that there is essentially no limit to their length, it is dubious whether any of them can lay a claim to being the "longest" word.

Technical terms

A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words.

Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English, and is attributed to Dr Edward Strother (1675-1737). The word is composed of the following elements:

• Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[1])
• Salino: containing salt (Latin, salīnus)
• Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)
• Ceraceo: "waxy" (Latin, cera)
• Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)
• Cupreo: from Copper
• Vitriolic: containing vitriol (in this case Copper sulphate pentahydrate)

John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sex­millia­quingent­sexagint­illion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 10^3(6560+1) = 10¹⁹⁶⁸³. In British usage, it would be 10^6(6560) = 10³⁹³⁶⁰.

Names of chemical compounds can be extremely long if written as one word, which is sometimes done. An example of this is sodium­meta­diamino­para­dioxy­arseno­benzoe­methylene­sulph­oxylate, an arsenic-containing drug. There are also other chemical naming systems, using numbers instead of "meta", "para" etc. as descriptive dividers, breaking up the name, which then no longer can be considered a single long word.

The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to such words as Methionyl­threonyl­threonyl­...­isoleucine (189,819 letters).

Place names

There is some debate as to whether a place name is a legitimate word. However, the longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu (85 letters) which is a hill in New Zealand.

The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. This is incorrectly said to be Algonquin for "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". It actually means "Englishmen at Manchaug at the Fishing Place at the Boundary". The lake is known to Americans as Webster Lake. The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history.

The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales

The 58 character name Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is the famous name of a town in Anglesey in the United Kingdom. This place's name is actually 51 letters long, as certain character groups in Welsh are considered as one letter, for instance ll, ng and ch. It is generally agreed, however, that this invented name, adopted in the mid-19th century, was contrived solely to be the longest name of any town in Britain. The official name of the place is Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll, commonly abbreviated to "Llanfairpwll" or the somewhat jocular "Llanfair PG". The longest station name in the UK, at 68 letters, is also in Wales: Gorsafawddacha'idraigodanheddogleddollônpenrhynareurdraethceredigion was specifically contrived to "beat" Llanfairpwllgwyngyll.

In Ireland, the longest English placename at 22 letters is Muckanaghederdauhaulia (from the Irish language, Muiceanach Idir Dhá Sháile, meaning pig-marsh between two saltwater inlets) in County Galway. If this is disallowed for being derived from Irish, or not a town, the longest at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow.

It is questionable whether any of the above (with the exception of New­town­mount­kennedy) are properly considered English words, being derived from Māori, Nipmuck, Welsh and Irish words respectively, or being a conjunction of individual English words.

See also: List of short place names

Scrabble

The longest technically legal Scrabble word in North American play is ethyl­enediamine­tetra­acetates (28 letters). It is the plural of a word found in Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th edition, which was the dictionary of reference in North American Scrabble play for base words of at least 10 letters, and their inflections of at least 10 letters, until June 16, 2003. Naturally, this 15-letter plus word is 'legal' in name only, since it can never be used in a game for the very simple reason that it would not fit on the board. There are many 15-letter words; the highest-scoring word on a Scrabble board is oxyphenbutazone (1458 points) when played across a set of three triple word scores. Arguably, however, higher scoring at 1674 points is sesquioxidizing (which scores 62 in its own right, but considerably higher when tripled three times - and possibly using other premium squares). This word does not exist in its own right in places like Webster's dictionary - however the roots of the word do see e.g. sesquioxide and oxidizing. For words that exist in other dictionaries, benzoxycamphors scores 59 before inflation.

Words with certain characteristics of notable length

The longest word in the English language containing only one vowel is strengths, while scraunched is the longest monosyllabic word in current usage. Twyndyllyngs is the longest word without any of the common vowel letters a, e, i, o, or u (although y is certainly a vowel in many words). Euouae, at six letters long, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. It is a medieval musical term. However, u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "evovae" is occasionally used.

The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightable.

The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus. The seven-letter addeems (from the archaic verb addeem, meaning to award), alloquy (an archaic or literary word for an address), beefily (in a beefy manner), billowy (like a wave or surge), dikkops (a South African bird) and gimmors (plural of gimmor, an old-fashioned word for a mechanical contrivance) are also close.

The longest word typable with only the left hand (using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard) is tesseradecades or the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses. Conversely, using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, hypolimnion. The longest word typable using only the top row of letters is not typewriter, as is commonly believed: teetertotter is longer, though sometimes hyphenated. The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.

The longest word with the vowels in order is abstemiously, although arseniously and facetiously are close.

Jokes

A popular joke answer to the "longest word" question is the word smiles, credited as the longest word because there is a mile between each s. Of course, by this reckoning the word beleaguered, which contains a league, is even longer.

A popular playground joke in Britain states that the longest word in the English language is elastic because it will always stretch.

Red Skelton claimed that the longest word is the one following the announcement, “And now a word from our sponsor”!

See also

• English language
• One-letter English words
• Two-letter English words
• List of the longest English words with one syllable
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