Nicholas and Alexandra

Nicholas and Alexandra
Original theatrical release poster
Directed by	Franklin J. Schaffner
Screenplay by	James Goldman
Produced by	Sam Spiegel
Starring	Laurence Olivier Michael Jayston Janet Suzman Tom Baker
Cinematography	Freddie Young
Edited by	Ernest Walter
Music by	Richard Rodney Bennett
Production company	Horizon Pictures
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures
Release date	13 December 1971 (1971-12-13)
Running time	188 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Box office	$7 million (US/Canada rentals)

Nicholas and Alexandra is a 1971 British biographical film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner and written by James Goldman, based on Robert K. Massie's book of the same name, which partly tells the story of the last ruling Russian monarch, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and his wife, Tsarina Alexandra.

The film won Academy Awards for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration (John Box, Ernest Archer, Jack Maxsted, Gil Parrondo, Vernon Dixon) and Best Costume Design (Yvonne Blake, Antonio Castillo), and was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Janet Suzman), Best Cinematography, Best Music, Original Dramatic Score, and Best Picture.

Plot

The story begins with the birth of Tsarevich Alexei on 12 August 1904 during the Russo-Japanese War. Tsar Nicholas (Michael Jayston) is warned by the Prime Minister Count Witte (Laurence Olivier) and his uncle Grand Duke Nicholas (Harry Andrews) that the war is futile and costing too many lives. They tell him the Russian people want representative government, health care, voting and workers' rights, but Nicholas wants to maintain the autocracy. Meanwhile, underground political parties led by Vladimir Lenin (Michael Bryant), Joseph Stalin (James Hazeldine) and Leon Trotsky (Brian Cox) have formed.

Alexei is diagnosed with hemophilia. The Tsarina Alexandra (Janet Suzman), a German, is disliked by the Russian royal court. She befriends Grigori Rasputin (Tom Baker), a Siberian peasant who describes himself as a holy man. Alexandra asks him to pray for Alexei, and believes in his healing abilities.

Working under appalling conditions, the people are encouraged by Father Georgy Gapon (Julian Glover) to take part in a peaceful procession to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. Hundreds of soldiers stand in front of the palace and fire into the crowd. Nicholas hears of the Bloody Sunday massacre and, though horrified, admits he wouldn't have granted the people's requests.

1913 marks the 300th anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty. The family holidays at the Livadia Palace in the Crimea. Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin (Eric Porter) has preserved the Russian Empire. He presents Nicholas with police reports about Rasputin's dissolute behaviour, which is damaging the Tsar's reputation. Nicholas dismisses Rasputin from the court. Alexandra demands his return, as she believes only Rasputin can stop the bleeding attacks, but Nicholas stands firm in his decision.

The Tercentenary celebrations occur and a lavish Royal Tour across Imperial Russia ensues, but crowds are thin. Other national festivities and Church celebrations go ahead, but an event at the Kiev Opera House ends horribly when Prime Minister Stolypin is assassinated. Nicholas executes the killers and closes the Duma, allowing police to terrorise the peasants.

Alexei falls at the Spała Hunting Lodge, which leads to another bleeding attack. It is presumed he will die. The Tsarina writes to Rasputin, who responds with words of comfort. The Tsarevich recovers and Rasputin returns.

World War I begins a few weeks after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of Austria-Hungary. Nicholas orders a full mobilization of the Russian army on the German border and as a result Germany declares war. He decides to command the troops in 1915 and leaves for the front, taking over from the experienced, Grand Duke Nicholas. Alexandra is in charge at home. Under Rasputin's influence, she makes poor decisions. The Tsarina is losing control and Rasputin's behavior has not changed. Nicholas is visited by his mother Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna (Irene Worth), who is critical of his incompetence. She scolds him about avoiding domestic issues and implores him to eliminate Rasputin and to send Alexandra to Livadia in the Crimea. Grand Duke Dmitri (Richard Warwick) and Prince Felix Yusupov (Martin Potter), invite Rasputin to a party and murder him in December, 1916.

Alexandra continues her misrule. The army is ill supplied. Starving and freezing workers revolt in St. Petersburg in March 1917. Nicholas decides to return to Tsarskoye Selo too late and is forced to abdicate in his train at Mogilev.

The family with Dr. Botkin (Timothy West) and attendants leave Tsarskoye Selo and are exiled by Kerensky to Tobolsk in Siberia in August 1917 after telling Nicholas that none of Russia's Allies of World War I will grant them political sanctuary because of the czar's years of tyranny. They live guarded under less grand conditions but with decent moderate guards. In October 1917, however, Russia falls to the Bolsheviks. The family is then transferred to the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg. Under harsher conditions they are guarded by the cold-blooded Yakov Yurovsky (Alan Webb) and his equally cold blooded troops. One of the guards attempts to steal Alexei's watch and Nagorny leaps to his defense and is taken away and shot. In a near-final scene, the family are laughing as they read previously withheld letters from friends and relatives. In the early hours of 17 July 1918, the Bolsheviks awaken the Romanov family and Dr. Botkin telling them they must leave. They wait in the cellar. Yurovsky and his assistants enter the room and open fire.

Cast

Laurence Olivier as Witte, the Prime Minister Michael Jayston as Nicholas Janet Suzman as Alexandra Tom Baker as Grigori Rasputin Michael Redgrave as Sergey Sazonov Jack Hawkins as Vladimir Harry Andrews as Nikolasha, Nicholas's uncle Roderic Noble as Alexei Ania Marson as Olga Lynne Frederick as Tatiana Candace Glendenning as Maria Fiona Fullerton as Anastasia Irene Worth as Maria, Nicholas's mother Martin Potter as Prince Felix Yusupov Timothy West as Dr. Eugene Botkin Jean-Claude Drouot as Monsieur Gilliard, the children's Swiss tutor John Hallam as Nagorny, a young sailor who is Alexis's faithful personal bodyguard Guy Rolfe as Dr. Fedorov John Wood as Colonel Kobylinsky

Eric Porter as Pyotr Stolypin, Prime Minister after Witte Maurice Denham as Vladimir Kokovtsov Ralph Truman as Mikhail Rodzianko Gordon Gostelow as Alexander Guchkov John McEnery as Alexander Kerensky, Prime Minister of the Provisional Government after Nicholas's abdication Michael Bryant as Vladimir Lenin Brian Cox as Leon Trotsky James Hazeldine as Joseph Stalin Steven Berkoff as Pankratov Ian Holm as Commissar Yakovlev Alan Webb as Yurovsky Roy Dotrice as General Mikhail Alekseyev Richard Warwick as Grand Duke Dmitri Alexander Knox as the American Ambassador to Russia Curt Jürgens as the German Consul to Switzerland Julian Glover as Georgy Gapon

Production

Producer Spiegel tackled Nicholas and Alexandra when he was shut out from working with director David Lean on Doctor Zhivago, which was also set against the backdrop of revolutionary Russia. Spiegel had alienated Lean when the two worked together constantly dogging the perfectionist director in order to get the film Lawrence of Arabia finished on time. Spiegel initially tried to make Nicholas and Alexandra without buying the rights to the book by Robert K. Massie's claiming the story was in public domain but, eventually, Spiegel purchased the rights and hired writer James Goldman to do the adaption of Massie's book.

Goldman, who had written the popular play and film The Lion in Winter, labored on draft after draft as directors came and went (George Stevens, Anthony Harvey, Joseph Mankiewicz and Charles Jarrot were all attached to the project at one point). After seeing Patton, Goldman recommended Franklin J. Schaffner (who would go on to win his Best Director Academy Award while working on Nicholas and Alexandra).

Spiegel turned to former collaborators John Box to do the production design and cinematographer Freddie Young (Lawrence of Arabia) to work on the film so as to give the production the epic touch he felt it needed.

Principal photography took place in Spain and Yugoslavia.

Spiegel had to work with stricter budget constraints from Columbia than before, preventing him from achieving his first choices for the leads (Peter O'Toole as Rasputin and Vanessa Redgrave as Alexandra) and, while well-known actors such as Laurence Olivier and Jack Hawkins appeared in the film, actor Rex Harrison turned down a supporting role because he felt it was too small.

Tom Baker was a member of the Royal National Theatre who was recommended to the producer and director by Laurence Olivier, then director of the company, for the role of Rasputin.

Despite the detailed production design, photography and strong performances from the cast, Nicholas and Alexandra failed to find the large audience it needed to be a financial success.

Awards

Nicholas and Alexandra was nominated for three Golden Globes including Best Supporting Actor and Most Promising Newcomer for Baker and Best Actress for Suzman.

The film received three nominations from BAFTA including Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for Janet Suzman and Best Costume Design.

Nicholas and Alexandra was recognized by the National Board of Review as one of the Top 10 Films of 1972.

The score by Richard Rodney Bennett was nominated for a Grammy.

The film was nominated six Academy Awards including Best Actress, Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction; however, the film won only two Oscars, for Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction.

Home media

Nicholas and Alexandra received a home video release on VHS in 1987 by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video and reissued in the 1990s by Columbia Tristar Home Video.

Its DVD release was on July 27, 1999 from Sony. The DVD featured a vintage 14-minute featurette on the production of the film and six more minutes of scenes and dialogue not found on its previous VHS cassettes.

The film received a Blu-ray release in February 2013 from Twilight Time. The Blu-ray featured three featurettes on the production of the film covering the makeup, costume designs and actresses playing the Tsar's daughters in the film. It also contained the original theatrical trailer as well as an isolated music score. The latter was presented in stereo even though the sound on the Blu-ray was presented in mono. The Blu-ray release was limited to only 3000 copies.

Soundtrack

This soundtrack was written by Richard Rodney Bennett.

1. Overture (02:19)
2. Nicholas and Alexandra (01:26)
3. The Royal Children (01:23)
4. The Palace (01:00)
5. Sunshine Days (03:21)
6. Alexandra (01:18)
7. The Romanov Tercentenary (00:52)
8. Lenin in Exile (01:21)
9. The Princessess (02:20)
10. The Breakthrough (02:35)
11. The Declaration of War (02:55)
12. Extracte (02:40)
13. The Journey to the Front (01:02)
14. Military March (02:40)
15. Rasputin's Death (01:28)
16. The People Revolt (01:19)
17. Alexandra Alone (01:11)
18. Farewells (02:30)
19. Dancing in the Snow (01:11)
20. Departure from Tobolsk (01:30)
21. Elegy (01:38)
22. Epilogue (01:50)

Historical sources

Although Robert Massie wrote the book upon which this film was based, he did not have complete information because the Soviet government would not permit the release of all relevant records. Twenty years after the film debuted, the Soviet Union fell and the records of the Romanovs were released. Massie later wrote a continuation, The Romanovs: The Final Chapter.

External links

• Nicholas and Alexandra at IMDb
• Nicholas and Alexandra at Rotten Tomatoes