Lake Powell: Difference between revisions
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* ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (both [[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|1968]] and [[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|2001]] versions) |
* ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' (both [[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|1968]] and [[Planet of the Apes (2001 film)|2001]] versions) |
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* ''[[Maverick (film)|Maverick]]'' (1994) |
* ''[[Maverick (film)|Maverick]]'' (1994) |
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* ''[[Walking with Monsters]]'', the BBC prequel to [[Walking with |
* ''[[Walking with Monsters]]'', the BBC prequel to ''[[Walking with Dinosaurs]]'' as a stand-in for inland [[Devonian]] |
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==Features== |
==Features== |
Revision as of 02:13, 16 August 2016
Lake Powell | |
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Location | Utah, Arizona |
Coordinates | 36°56′10″N 111°29′03″W / 36.93611°N 111.48417°W (Glen Canyon Dam) |
Type | Reservoir |
Primary inflows | |
Primary outflows | Colorado River |
Catchment area | 280,586 km2 (108,335 sq mi) |
Basin countries | United States |
Managing agency | National Park Service |
Built | September 13, 1963 |
Max. length | 186 mi (299 km) |
Max. width | 25 mi (40 km) (maximum) |
Surface area | 161,390 acres (65,310 ha) |
Average depth | 132 ft (40 m) |
Max. depth | 583 ft (178 m) |
Water volume |
|
Residence time | 7.2 years |
Shore length1 | 3,057 km (1,900 mi) |
Surface elevation |
|
Website | www |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
Lake Powell is a reservoir on the Colorado River, straddling the border between Utah and Arizona (most of it, along with Rainbow Bridge, is in Utah). It is a major vacation spot that around 2 million people visit every year. It is the second largest man-made reservoir by maximum water capacity in the United States behind Lake Mead, storing 24,322,000 acre-feet (3.0001×1010 m3) of water when full. However, due to high water withdrawals for human and agricultural consumption, and because of subsequent droughts in the area, Lake Powell is currently larger than Mead in terms of volume of water currently held, depth and surface area. Lake Powell was created by the flooding of Glen Canyon by the Glen Canyon Dam, which also led to the creation of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, a popular summer destination. The reservoir is named for explorer John Wesley Powell, a one-armed American Civil War veteran who explored the river via three wooden boats in 1869.
In 1972, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area was established. It is public land managed by the National Park Service, and available to the public for recreational purposes. It lies in parts of Garfield, Kane, and San Juan counties in southern Utah, and Coconino County in northern Arizona. The northern limits of the lake extend at least as far as the Hite Crossing Bridge. A map centered at the confluence of the Escalante River 37°17′22″N 110°52′20″W / 37.28944°N 110.87222°W with the Colorado River gives a good view of the extent of the lake.
Lake Powell is a water storage facility for the Upper Basin states of the Colorado River Compact (Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, and New Mexico). The Compact specifies that the Upper Basin states are to provide a minimum annual flow of 7,500,000 acre-feet (9.3 km3) to the Lower Basin states (Arizona, Nevada, and California).
History
In the 1940s and early 1950s, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation planned to construct a series of Colorado River dams in the rugged Colorado Plateau province of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. Glen Canyon Dam was born of a controversial damsite the Bureau selected in Echo Park, in what is now Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado. A small but politically effective group of objectors led by David Brower of the Sierra Club succeeded in defeating the Bureau's bid, citing Echo Park's natural and scenic qualities as too valuable to submerge. By agreeing to a relocated damsite near Lee's Ferry between Glen and Grand Canyons, however, Brower did not realize what he had gambled away. At the time, Brower had not actually been to Glen Canyon. When he later saw Glen Canyon on a river trip, Brower discovered that it had the kind of scenic, cultural, and wilderness qualities often associated with America's national parks.[2] Over 80 side canyons in the colorful Navajo Sandstone contained clear streams, abundant wildlife, arches, natural bridges, and numerous Native American archeological sites. By then, however, it was too late to stop the Bureau and its commissioner Floyd Dominy from building Glen Canyon Dam. Brower believed the river should remain free, and would forever after consider the loss of Glen Canyon his life's ultimate disappointment.[3]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Glen_Canyon_Dam_%281%29.jpg/220px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_%281%29.jpg)
Construction on Glen Canyon Dam began with a demolition blast keyed by the push of a button by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at his desk in the Oval Office on October 1, 1956. The first blast started clearing tunnels for water diversion. On February 11, 1959, water was diverted through the tunnels so dam construction could begin. Later that year, the bridge was completed, allowing trucks to deliver equipment and materials for the dam, and also for the new town of Page, Arizona.
Concrete placement started around the clock on June 17, 1960. The last bucket of concrete was poured on September 13, 1963. Over 5 million cubic yards (4,000,000 m³) of concrete make up Glen Canyon Dam. The Dam is 710 feet (216 m) high, with the surface elevation of the water at full pool being approximately 3700 feet (1100 m). Construction of the Dam cost $155 million, and 18 lives were lost in the process. From 1970 to 1980, turbines and generators were installed for hydroelectricity. On September 22, 1966, Glen Canyon Dam was dedicated by Lady Bird Johnson.
Upon completion of Glen Canyon Dam on September 13, 1963, the Colorado River began to back up, no longer being diverted through the tunnels. The newly flooded Glen Canyon formed Lake Powell. It took 11 years for the lake to fill to the 3,700 feet (1,100 m) level, on June 22, 1980. The lake level fluctuates considerably depending on the seasonal snow runoff from the Rocky Mountains.[4][5][6] The all-time highest water level was reached on July 14, 1983, during one of the heaviest Colorado River floods in recorded history, in part influenced by a strong El Niño event. The lake rose to 3,708.34 feet (1,130.30 m) above sea level, with a water content of 25,757,086 acre-feet (31.770898 km3).[7]
Colorado River flows have been below average since the year 2000, leading to lower lake levels. In the winter of 2005 (before the spring run-off) the lake reached its lowest level since filling, an elevation of 3,555.10 feet (1,083.59 m)[8] above sea level, which was approximately 150 feet (46 m) below full pool. Since 2005 the lake level has slowly rebounded, although it has not filled completely since then. Summer 2011 saw the third largest June and the second largest July runoff since the closure of Glen Canyon Dam, and the water level peaked at nearly 3,661 feet (1,116 m), 77 percent of capacity, on July 30.[9] However, the years 2012 and 2013 were, respectively, the third and fourth-lowest runoff years recorded on the Colorado River. By April 9, 2014 the lake level had fallen to 3,574.31 feet (1,089.45 m), largely erasing the gains made in 2011.[10]
Colorado River levels returned to normal during water years 2014 and 2015 (pushing the lake to 3,606 feet (1,099 m) by the end of water year 2015[11]), a trend projected to continue in 2016. However, the Bureau of Reclamation in 2014 reduced the Lake Powell release from 8.23 to 7.48 million acre-feet, for the first time since the lake filled in 1980. This was done due to the "equalization" guideline which stipulates that an approximately equal amount of water must be retained in both Lake Powell and Lake Mead, in order to preserve hydro-power generation capacity at both lakes. This resulted in Lake Mead declining to the lowest level on record since the 1930s.
Geology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/SW_lake_powell.jpg/260px-SW_lake_powell.jpg)
Glen Canyon was carved by differential erosion from the Colorado River over an estimated 5 million years. The Colorado Plateau, through which the canyon cuts, arose some 11 million years ago. Within that plateau lie layers of rock from over 300 million years ago to the relatively recent volcanic activity. Pennsylvanian and Permian formations can be seen in Cataract Canyon and San Juan Canyon. The Moenkopi Formation, which dates from 230 million years ago (Triassic Period), and the Chinle Formation are found at Lees Ferry and the Rincon. Both formations are the result of the ancient inland sea that covered the area. Once the sea drained, windblown sand invaded the area, creating what is known as Wingate Sandstone.
The more recent (Jurassic Period) formations include Kayenta Sandstone, which produces the trademark blue-black "desert varnish" that streaks down many walls of the canyons. Above this is Navajo Sandstone, the result of more compressed sand dunes. Many of the arches, including Rainbow Bridge, lie at this transition point. This period also includes light yellow Entrada Formations, and the dark brown, almost purple Carmel Formation. These latter two can be seen on the tops of mesas around Wahweap, and the crown of Castle Rock and Tower Butte. Above these layers lie the Straight Cliffs Sandstone and conglomerate shales that make up the Kaiparowits Plateau and San Rafael Swell to the north of the lake.
The confluences of the Escalante, Dirty Devil and San Juan Rivers with the Colorado lie within Lake Powell. The slower flow of the San Juan river has produced goosenecks where 5 miles (8.0 km) of river are contained within 1-mile (1.6 km) on a straight line.
Environmental impacts
More information on Environmental impacts can be found in the Glen Canyon Dam article.
Landmarks
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Utah_Rainbow_Arch.jpg/260px-Utah_Rainbow_Arch.jpg)
- Glen Canyon Dam, the dam that keeps Lake Powell the way it is today. (location: Lake Powell's Arizona part)
- Rainbow Bridge, one of the world's largest natural bridges. (location: Lake Powell's Utah part)
- Hite Crossing Bridge, the only bridge spanning Lake Powell. Although the bridge informally marks the upstream limit of the lake, when the lake is at its normal high water elevation, backwater can stretch up to 30 miles (48 km) upstream into Cataract Canyon
Popular culture
Lake Powell has been a shooting location for 45 television series and films,[12] including:
- Gravity (2013)
- John Carter (2012)
- Doctor Who: The Impossible Astronaut and The Wedding of River Song (2011)
- Evolution (2001)
- Planet of the Apes (both 1968 and 2001 versions)
- Maverick (1994)
- Walking with Monsters, the BBC prequel to Walking with Dinosaurs as a stand-in for inland Devonian
Features
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lake_Powell_Map.jpg/220px-Lake_Powell_Map.jpg)
The lake's main body stretches up Glen Canyon, but has also filled many (over 90) side canyons. The lake also stretches up the Escalante River and San Juan River where they merge into the main Colorado River. This provides access to many natural geographic points of interest as well as some remnants of the Anasazi culture.
- Rainbow Bridge National Monument
- Defiance House ruin (Anasazi)
- Cathedral in the Desert
- San Juan goosenecks
- Kaiparowits Plateau
- Hole-in-the-Rock crossing
- the Rincon
- Three-Roof Ruin
- Padre Bay
- Waterpocket Fold
- Antelope Island lies mostly in Arizona just north of Page in the southwest part of Lake Powell.
Development
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/LakePowell3.jpg/260px-LakePowell3.jpg)
Access to the lake is limited to developed marinas because most of the lake is surrounded by steep sandstone walls:
- Lee's Ferry Subdistrict
- Page/Wahweap Marina
- Antelope Point Marina
- Halls Crossing, Utah Marina
- Bullfrog Marina
- Hite Marina
The following marinas are accessible only by boat:
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area draws more than two million visitors annually. Recreational activities include boating, fishing, waterskiing, jet-skiing, and hiking. Prepared campgrounds can be found at each marina, but many visitors choose to rent a houseboat or bring their own camping equipment, find a secluded spot somewhere in the canyons, and make their own camp (there are no restrictions on where visitors can stay).
Currently most Marinas on the lake don't have Automatic Identification System monitoring stations that transmit boat positions to the AIS websites for the boating community. A substantial number of vessels on the lake do not have AIS transponders as there currently are no mandatory requirements for AIS usage for this body of water. Extra precautions must be taken with respect to boating safety, as the fractal nature of the lake's hydrologic surface area can allow vessels with limited charting equipment to become easily lost.
The burying of human (and pet) waste in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is prohibited. Anyone who camps farther than a quarter of a mile from a marina, however, must bring a portable toilet. Pet waste must also be packed out.
The southwestern end of Lake Powell in Arizona can be accessed via U.S. Route 89 and State Route 98. State Route 95 and State Route 276 lead to the northeastern end of the lake in Utah.
Fish species
Some of these fish species are on the US Endangered Species List. Currently most native species on the Colorado River Basin are subject to ongoing restoration efforts of some kind.
Bass
Carp, pike and others
Introduced species
Zebra and quagga mussels at Lake Powell
Zebra and quagga mussels first appeared in the United States in the 1980s.[13]
The mussels were initially brought to the United States through the ballast water of ships entering the Great Lakes. These aquatic invaders soon spread to many bodies of water in the Eastern United States and have even made their way to the western United States. In January 2008,[14][15] Zebra mussels have been detected in several reservoirs along the Colorado River system such as Lakes Mead, Mojave, and Havasu.
By the early 2000s Arizona, California, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada and Utah have all confirmed the presence of larval zebra mussels in lakes and reservoirs.
Zebra and quagga mussels can be destructive to an ecosystem due to competition for resources with native species. The filtration of zooplankton by the mussels can negatively impact the feeding for some species of fish. Zebra and quagga mussels can attach to hard surfaces and build layers on underwater structures. The mussels are known to clog pipes including those in hydroelectric power systems, thus becoming a costly and time-consuming problem for water managers in the West.
Control policies have recently been introduced to alleviate the hydroelectric problems as well as ecological problems faced by Western infestation. Beginning in 1999 Lake Powell began to visually monitor for the mussels.
In 2001 hot water boat decontamination sites were established at Wahweap, Bullfrog, and Halls Crossing marinas. In January 2007, zebra mussels were detected in Lake Mead and new action plans were announced to prevent the spread of mussels to Lake Powell. In August 2007, preliminary testing was positive for zebra or quagga larvae in Lake Powell. These tests were deemed false positives, but adult quagga mussels were found in 2013.
In August 2010, Lake Powell was declared mussel free. Lake Powell introduced a mandatory boat inspection for each watercraft entering the reservoir beginning in June 2009. Effective June 29, 2009, every vessel entering Lake Powell must have a mussel certificate, although boat owners were allowed to self-certify. These measures were intended to help prevent vessels from transporting Zebra mussels into Lake Powell.
Despite these measures, quagga mussel DNA was detected in 2012 and live mussels were found at a number of sites in Spring and Summer 2013. As of June 2013 the NPS was attempting a diver based eradication program to find and remove mussels before the lake becomes infested.
References
- ^ a b "Lake Powell Water Database". lakepowell.water-data.com. 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ Martin, Russell (1989). A Story that Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-0822-5.
- ^ McPhee, John (1971). Encounters with the Archdruid. New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-14822-8.
- ^ "Upper Colorado Region Water Resources Group : Lake Powell : Water Operations Data: Elevation, Content, Inflow & Release for last 40 Days". United States Bureau of Reclamation. 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Upper Colorado Region Water Operations: Current Status: Lake Powell". United States Bureau of Reclamation. 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Lake Levels/River Flow". Arizona Game and Fish Department. 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Water Database". Lakepowell.water-data.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ "Water Database". Lakepowell.water-data.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ "Water Database". Lakepowell.water-data.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ "Water Database". Lakepowell.water-data.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ "Water Database". Lakepowell.water-data.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
- ^ IMBD, film locations near Page, Arizona (Lake Powell)
- ^ "Zebra Mussel Watch". Friends of Lake Powell. 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Zebra Mussels detected in Lake Pueblo State Park". Colorado Parks and Wildlife. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
- ^ "Zebra mussels detected at Lake Pueblo State Park". The Denver Post. 17 January 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
Bibliography
- Martin, Russell, A Story That Stands Like a Dam: Glen Canyon and the Struggle for the Soul of the West, Henry Holt & Co, 1989
- McPhee, John, "Encounters with the Archdruid," Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 1971
- Nichols, Tad, Glen Canyon: Images of a Lost World, Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 2000
- Abbey, Edward, Desert Solitaire, Ballantine Books, 1985
- Glick, Daniel (April 2006). "A Dry Red Season: Uncovering the Glory of Glen Canyon,". National Geographic. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - Farmer, Jared, Glen Canyon Dammed: Inventing Lake Powell and the Canyon Country, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1999
- Stiles, Jim, The Brief but Wonderful Return of Cathedral in the Desert, Salt Lake Tribune, June 7, 2005
External links
![]() | This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (July 2016) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Glen Canyon National Recreation
- 100th Meridian Initiative
- Zebra Mussel Information System
- Quagga and Zebra Mussel FAQs
- Lake Powell Receives Mussel Free Rating
- Lake Powell Launching Restrictions to Begin June 29, 2009
- Template:PDF by the Utah Division of Water Quality
- Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (National Park Service)
- Glen Canyon Institute - organization in favor of decommissioning Glen Canyon Dam
- Friends of Lake Powell - organization opposed to decommissioning Glen Canyon Dam
- Water Level in Lake Powell, slide show of ten years of images from NASA’s Landsat 5 satellite, showing dramatic fluctuations in water levels in Lake Powell.
- Daily data of level and flow from US Department of the Interior | Bureau of Reclamation | Lower Colorado Region
- Lake Powell Water Database - water level, basin snowpack, and other statistics
- Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map
- Arizona Fishing Locations Map
- Page/Lake Powell Chamber of Commerce
- Lake Powell Resorts and Marinas
- Lake Powell
- Reservoirs in Arizona
- Reservoirs in Utah
- Landmarks in Arizona
- Colorado River
- Reservoirs in Coconino County, Arizona
- Visitor attractions in Coconino County, Arizona
- Landforms of Garfield County, Utah
- Landforms of Kane County, Utah
- Landforms of San Juan County, Utah
- Buildings and structures in Garfield County, Utah
- Buildings and structures in Kane County, Utah
- Buildings and structures in San Juan County, Utah
- Dams and reservoirs in National Park Service units
- Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
- Visitor attractions in San Juan County, Utah
- Colorado River Storage Project