Ala Wai Canal: Difference between revisions
→History: Linked to wrong article & source says plural Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.2.4) |
||
| Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
The creation of the canal shunted the flow of the streams directly into the ocean, which resulted in the creation of several square miles of new real estate. Among those who benefited from the development were people who, though of modest means, had obtained and maintained small rice and bean farms. |
The creation of the canal shunted the flow of the streams directly into the ocean, which resulted in the creation of several square miles of new real estate. Among those who benefited from the development were people who, though of modest means, had obtained and maintained small rice and bean farms. |
||
The reclamation of these lands were considered pivotal in the eventual development of Waikiki as a tourist center.<ref>{{cite journal |
The reclamation of these lands were considered pivotal in the eventual development of Waikiki as a tourist center.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Wiliki o Hawaii |title=History and Heritage |url=http://www.ascehawaii.org/heritage1995.htm#0995 |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers |date=September 1995 |accessdate=2011-01-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510102031/http://www.ascehawaii.org:80/heritage1995.htm |archivedate=2011-05-10 |df= }}</ref> |
||
{{clear|left}} |
{{clear|left}} |
||
Revision as of 02:10, 7 October 2016
| Ala Wai Canal | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Specifications | |
| Status | Open |
The Ala Wai Canal is an artificial waterway in Honolulu, Hawaii which serves as the northern boundary of the tourist district of Waikīkī. It was created in 1928 for the purpose of draining the rice paddies and swamps which would eventually become the tourist resort area of Waikiki. It also serves as a primary drainage corridor for the rivers and streams that run through central and east Honolulu.
The canal runs from just northwest of Kapahulu Avenue along the length of Waikīkī, then turns southwest to empty into the Pacific Ocean. Bridges cross the canal at McCully Street, Kalākaua Avenue, and Ala Moana Boulevard. Ala Wai Boulevard runs parallel to the west side of the canal in Waikiki.
History
Before the canal existed, Waikiki consisted of wetlands which were fed by streams running from the Makiki, Palolo, and Manoa valleys to the sea. In the early 1900s, Lucius Pinkham, then President of the Territorial Board of Health, developed the idea of constructing a drainage canal to drain the wetlands, which he considered "unsanitary." Although the canal proposal was approved by the Board of Health, final approval did not occur until Pinkham became Governor of Hawaii.
Construction of the canal, by Walter F. Dillingham's Hawaiian Dredging Construction Company, began in 1921 and was completed in 1928. When the city was permitting for new buildings in Waikiki they required builders to build above sea level. Dillingham then sold the dirt he had dredged to create the canal so they could build up the newly created land. The canal is still routinely dredged, most recently in 2003.
The creation of the canal shunted the flow of the streams directly into the ocean, which resulted in the creation of several square miles of new real estate. Among those who benefited from the development were people who, though of modest means, had obtained and maintained small rice and bean farms. The reclamation of these lands were considered pivotal in the eventual development of Waikiki as a tourist center.[1]
When originally designed, the canal's two-mile long waterway had two outlets, one on either end, which would allow sedimentation to be flushed into the ocean. However, engineers decided not to build the eastern outlet, near Kapiolani Park and the Waikiki Natatorium, when they determined that the contamination from that end would end up on the beaches of Waikiki.[2][3]
Major concerns
One major concern raised by federal flood experts is that heavy rain could cause the canal to overflow, potentially inundating the area from Diamond Head to Ala Moana and Moiliili with up to five feet of water. To prevent such a disaster, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has examined various measures, including digging a deeper channel, widening the McCully bridge, and adding walls along the canal.[2]
Another major issue is the pollution in the canal brought about by urbanization. In addition to runoff from streets and growing neighborhoods, mercury was detected in the canal. The mercury was attributed to the boat paint used in the Ala Wai Harbor. A 1976 Department of Health report also said that canal water regularly violated federal limits on fecal coliform counts, an indicator of high bacteria levels.[2]
The canal has been dredged at least three times, in 1967, 1978 and 2002. Most of the dredged sediment was deposited in the ocean, except for some sediment from the 2002 dredging, which was deemed too toxic and instead used for landfill at Honolulu International Airport.[2]
In March 2006, heavy thunderstorms and rains overwhelmed the sewers around the Ala Wai Canal, causing a pressurized sewage line to break. Days later, and after the spill was made public, then Mayor Mufi Hannemann decided to divert nearly 48 million US gallons (180,000 m3) of untreated sewage into the Ala Wai Canal in an attempt to avoid having the sewage back up into hotels and residences. This diversion caused partial overflowing of the canal in some areas, and the sewage then tainted Waikiki and nearby beaches. The beaches near the Ala Wai Canal, including beaches in the Waikiki and Ala Moana districts were closed temporarily due to health concerns. In the weeks after the incident, beaches were eventually reopened, but it took several months before the Ala Wai Canal was determined to be safe and free from major health concerns.[4] One person died from septic shock after falling into the Ala Wai Harbor near the mouth of the canal, with his death being attributed by some to the higher levels of bacteria present after the flood.[5]
Despite the canal repeatedly falling short of meeting safety standards for paddling and recreational use, there has been no move to prohibit such use. Hundreds of paddlers and boaters make it one of the most used inland waterways in the state.[2]
Photos
See also
References
- ^ "History and Heritage". Wiliki o Hawaii. American Society of Civil Engineers. September 1995. Archived from the original on 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Cocke, Sophie (2013-05-20). "Ala Wai Canal: Hawaii's Biggest Mistake?". Civil Beat. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
- ^ Sigall, Bob (2011-04-22). "Ala Wai a polluted engineering marvel". The Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved 2013-05-20.
- ^ Leone, Diana (March 31, 2006). "48 million US gallons (180,000 m3) spill in 6-day sewer break". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Antone, Rod (April 30, 2006). "Tracing Oliver Johnson's final hours". The Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-01-18.