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==Description==
==Description==
Camp 22 is around {{convert|225|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in area.<ref>{{cite news| title= North Koreas Hard Labor Camps with interactive map | work=Washington Post, July 20, 2009| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/19/AR2009071902178.html | accessdate=June 20, 2012 | first=Blaine | last=Harden | date=July 20, 2009}}</ref> It is surrounded by an inner 3300 volt electric fence and an outer barbed wire fence, with traps and hidden nails between the two fences.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|216–224}} The camp is controlled by roughly 1,000 guards and 500–600 administrative agents.<ref name = "hrnk">{{cite web | title= The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea’s Vast Prison System (p. 77 - 78)| work= The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea | url= http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf| accessdate= June 20, 2012}}</ref> The guards are equipped with automatic rifles, hand grenades and trained dogs.<ref name="Chosun">{{cite news|title=Hoeryong Concentration Camp Holds 50,000 Inmates |last=Kang |first=Chol-hwan |newspaper=[[Chosun Ilbo]] |date=5 December 2002 |url=//http:/english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200212/200212050034.html |accessdate=26 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222163513/http:/english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200212/200212050034.html |archivedate=February 22, 2009 }}</ref>
Camp 22 is around {{convert|225|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} in area.<ref>{{cite news| title= North Koreas Hard Labor Camps with interactive map | work=Washington Post, July 20, 2009| url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/19/AR2009071902178.html | accessdate=June 20, 2012 | first=Blaine | last=Harden | date=July 20, 2009}}</ref> It is surrounded by an inner 3300 volt electric fence and an outer barbed wire fence, with traps and hidden nails between the two fences.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|216–224}} The camp is controlled by roughly 1,000 guards and 500–600 administrative agents.<ref name = "hrnk">{{cite web | title= The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea’s Vast Prison System (p. 77 - 78)| work= The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea | url= http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf| accessdate= June 20, 2012}}</ref> The guards are equipped with automatic rifles, hand grenades and trained dogs.<ref name="Chosun">{{cite news|title=Hoeryong Concentration Camp Holds 50,000 Inmates |last=Kang |first=Chol-hwan |newspaper=[[Chosun Ilbo]] |date=5 December 2002 |url=//http:/english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200212/200212050034.html |accessdate=26 June 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222163513/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200212/200212050034.html |archivedate=22 February 2009 |df= }}</ref>


In the 1990s there were an estimated 50,000 prisoners in the camp.<ref name="ai">{{cite web | title= North Korea: Political Prison Camps| work=Amnesty International |date=May 4, 2011| url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf | accessdate=November 24, 2011}}</ref> Prisoners are mostly people who criticized the government,<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|131–132}} people deemed politically unreliable (such as [[Korean War POWs detained in North Korea|South Korean prisoners of war]], Christians, [[Koreans in Japan#Repatriation to Korea|returnees from Japan]])<ref name="Keys2001winter">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/keys/2001/3/06.php | title=North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners | publisher=[[Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights]] | work=Keys | date=Winter 2001 | accessdate=June 26, 2012}}</ref> or purged senior party members.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|134–136}} Based on the guilt-by-association principle (Korean: 연좌제, ''yeonjwaje'') they are often imprisoned together with the whole family including children and the elderly, and including any children born in the camp.<ref name = "hrnk"/> All prisoners are detained until they die; they are never released.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|187–188}}
In the 1990s there were an estimated 50,000 prisoners in the camp.<ref name="ai">{{cite web | title= North Korea: Political Prison Camps| work=Amnesty International |date=May 4, 2011| url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf | accessdate=November 24, 2011}}</ref> Prisoners are mostly people who criticized the government,<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|131–132}} people deemed politically unreliable (such as [[Korean War POWs detained in North Korea|South Korean prisoners of war]], Christians, [[Koreans in Japan#Repatriation to Korea|returnees from Japan]])<ref name="Keys2001winter">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/keys/2001/3/06.php | title=North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners | publisher=[[Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights]] | work=Keys | date=Winter 2001 | accessdate=June 26, 2012}}</ref> or purged senior party members.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|134–136}} Based on the guilt-by-association principle (Korean: 연좌제, ''yeonjwaje'') they are often imprisoned together with the whole family including children and the elderly, and including any children born in the camp.<ref name = "hrnk"/> All prisoners are detained until they die; they are never released.<ref name="nkdb"/>{{rp|187–188}}
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==External links==
==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf|publisher=Committee for Human Rights in North Korea|title=The Hidden Gulag}} – Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf|publisher=Committee for Human Rights in North Korea|title=The Hidden Gulag}} – Overview of North Korean prison camps with testimonies and satellite photographs
*{{cite web|url= http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Political_Prison_Camp_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf|publisher= Database Center for North Korean Human Rights |title= Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today}} – Comprehensive analysis of various aspects of life in political prison camps
*{{cite web|url=http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Political_Prison_Camp_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf |publisher=Database Center for North Korean Human Rights |title=Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228031922/http://nkdb.org/bbs1/data/publication/Political_Prison_Camp_in_North_Korea_Today.pdf |archivedate=2013-02-28 |df= }} – Comprehensive analysis of various aspects of life in political prison camps
*{{cite web|url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf |publisher= Amnesty International |title= North Korea: Political Prison Camps }} – Document on camp conditions (torture, executions, hunger, child labor, forced labor) in North Korean prison camps
*{{cite web|url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA24/001/2011/en/2671e54f-1cd1-46c1-96f1-6a463efa6f65/asa240012011en.pdf |publisher= Amnesty International |title= North Korea: Political Prison Camps }} – Document on camp conditions (torture, executions, hunger, child labor, forced labor) in North Korean prison camps
*{{cite web|url= http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/ConcentrationsInhumanity.pdf |publisher= Freedom House |title= Concentrations of inhumanity }} – Analysis of the phenomena of repression associated with North Korea’s political labor camps
*{{cite web|url= http://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/ConcentrationsInhumanity.pdf |publisher= Freedom House |title= Concentrations of inhumanity }} – Analysis of the phenomena of repression associated with North Korea’s political labor camps

Revision as of 23:00, 3 April 2017

Hoeryong concentration camp
Chosŏn'gŭl
회령 제22호 관리소
Hancha
Revised RomanizationHoeryeong Je Isipi-ho Gwalliso
McCune–ReischauerHoeryŏng Che Isibi-ho Kwalliso
Chosŏn'gŭl
회령 정치범 수용소
Hancha
Revised RomanizationHoeryeong Jeongchibeum Suyongso
McCune–ReischauerHoeryŏng Chŏngch'ibŏm Suyongso
Part of a series on
Human rights in North Korea
Human rights abuses
Political prisons (Kwanliso)
Re-education camps (Kyohwaso)
Abductions and POWs
International reactions

Hoeryong concentration camp (or Haengyong concentration camp) is a political prison camp in North Korea. The official name is Kwalliso (penal labour colony) No. 22. The camp is a maximum security area, completely isolated from the outside world.[1]: 105–107  Prisoners and their families are held in lifelong detention. Extreme human rights violations including routine torture, forced labor and human medical experiments have been attested to by defectors previously employed at the camp.

In 2012, satellite image analysis[2] and reports[3] indicated major changes.[4]

Location

Hoeryong concentration camp is located in North Korea
Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Hoeryong
Hoeryong
class=notpageimage|
Location of Camp 22 in North Korea

Camp 22 is located in Hoeryong county, North Hamgyong province, in northeast North Korea, near the border. It is situated in a large valley with many side valleys, surrounded by 400–700 m (1,300–2,300 ft) high mountains. The southwest gate of the camp is located around 7 km (4.3 mi) northeast of downtown Hoeryong, the main gate is located around 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Kaishantun, Jilin province of China. The western boundary of the camp runs parallel at a distance of 5–8 km (3.1–5.0 mi) from the Tumen River, which forms the border with China.[5] The camp was not included in maps until recently[6] and the North Korean government denied its existence.[7][8]

History

The camp was founded around 1965 in Haengyong-ri and expanded into the areas of Chungbong-ri and Sawul-ri in the 1980s and 1990s.[1]: 105–107  The number of prisoners increased sharply in the 1990s, when three other prison camps in North Hamgyong province were closed and the prisoners were transferred to Camp 22. Kwan-li-so No. 11 (Kyongsong) was closed in 1989, Kwan-li-so No. 12 (Onsong) was closed in 1991 and Kwan-li-so No. 13 (Changpyong) in 1992.[1]: 72–75 

Description

Camp 22 is around 225 km2 (87 sq mi) in area.[9] It is surrounded by an inner 3300 volt electric fence and an outer barbed wire fence, with traps and hidden nails between the two fences.[1]: 216–224  The camp is controlled by roughly 1,000 guards and 500–600 administrative agents.[10] The guards are equipped with automatic rifles, hand grenades and trained dogs.[11]

In the 1990s there were an estimated 50,000 prisoners in the camp.[12] Prisoners are mostly people who criticized the government,[1]: 131–132  people deemed politically unreliable (such as South Korean prisoners of war, Christians, returnees from Japan)[13] or purged senior party members.[1]: 134–136  Based on the guilt-by-association principle (Korean: 연좌제, yeonjwaje) they are often imprisoned together with the whole family including children and the elderly, and including any children born in the camp.[10] All prisoners are detained until they die; they are never released.[1]: 187–188 

The camp is divided into several prison labour colonies:[1]: 333–336 

  • Haengyong-ri is the camp headquarters with administration offices, a food factory, a garment factory, detention center, guards' quarters and prisoner family quarters.[1]: 105–107 [14]
  • Chungbong-ri is a mining section with a coal mine, loading depot, railway station, guards' quarters and single prisoners' quarters.[15]
  • Naksaeng-ri, Sawul-ri, Kulsan-ri and Namsok-ri are farming sections with prisoner family quarters.

There is an execution site in Sugol Valley, at the edge of the camp.[10][16]

Conditions in the camp

Former guard Ahn Myong-chol describes the conditions in the camp as harsh and life-threatening.[17] He recalls the shock he felt upon his first arrival at the camp, where he likened the prisoners to walking skeletons, dwarfs, and cripples in rags.[10][18] Ahn estimates that about 30% of the prisoners have deformities, such as torn off ears, smashed eyes, crooked noses, and faces covered with cuts and scars resulting from beatings and other mistreatment. Around 2,000 prisoners, he says, have missing limbs, but even prisoners who need crutches to walk must still work.[19]

Prisoners get 180 g (6.3 oz) of corn per meal (two times a day), with almost no vegetables and no meat.[1]: 362  The only meat in their diets is from rats, snakes or frogs that they catch.[10][20] Ahn estimates that 1,500–2,000 people die of malnutrition there every year, mostly children.[12] Despite these deaths, the inmate population remains constant, suggesting that around 1,500–2,000 new inmates arrive each year.[21]

Children get only very basic education.[1]: 450–451  From six years on they get work assigned, such as picking vegetables, peeling corn or drying rice, but they receive very little food, only 360 g (13 oz) in total per day. Therefore, many children die before the age of ten years.[1]: 434–444  Elderly prisoners have the same work requirements as other adults.[1]: 423  Seriously ill prisoners are quarantined, abandoned, and left to die.[22]

Single prisoners live in bunkhouses with 100 people in one room. As a reward for good work, families are often allowed to live together in a single room of a small house without running water.[1]: 352  Houses are in poor condition; walls are made from mud and typically have many cracks.[23] All prisoners are only allowed access to dirty and crowded communal toilets.[24]

Prisoners have to do hard physical labor in agriculture, mining and factories from 5:00 am to 8:00 pm (7:00 pm in winter),[11] followed by ideological re-education and self-criticism sessions.[1]: 239  New Year’s Day is the only holiday for prisoners.[1]: 416  The mines are not equipped with safety measures and, according to Ahn, prisoners were killed almost every day. Prisoners can only use primitive tools, such as shovels and picks, and are forced to work to exhaustion.[1]: 333–336  If a fire occurred or a tunnel collapsed, prisoners were abandoned inside and left to die.[25] Kwon Hyuk, a former security officer in Camp 22, reported that corpses are loaded into cargo coaches together with the coal to be burnt in a melting furnace.[1]: 187–188  The coal is supplied to Chongjin Power Plant, Chongjin Steel Mill and Kimchaek Steel Mill,[26] while the food is supplied to the State Security Agency or sold in Pyongyang and other parts of the country.[1]: 333–336 

Human rights violations

Ahn explained how the camp guards are taught that prisoners are factionalists and class enemies that have to be destroyed like weeds down to their roots.[10] They are instructed to regard the prisoners as slaves[19] and not treat them as human beings.[1]: 243–244  Based on this the guards may at any time kill any prisoner who does not obey their orders.[27][28] Kwon reported that as a security officer he could decide whether or not to kill a prisoner if he or she violated a rule.[1]: 258, 273  He admitted that once he ordered the execution of 31 people from five families in a collective punishment,[29] because one member of a family tried to escape.[1]: 238 [30]

In the 1980s, public executions took place approximately once a week according to Kwon.[1]: 468  However Ahn reported that in the 1990s they were replaced by secret executions, as the security guards feared riots from the assembled crowd.[31] Kwon was required to visit the secret execution site[1]: 480  a number of times; there, he saw disfigured and crushed bodies.[32][33]

In case of serious violations of camp rules, the prisoners are subject to a process of investigation, which produced human rights violations, such as reduced meals, torture, beating and sexual harassment.[1]: 258  In addition, there is a detention center;[10] many prisoners die in detention[34] and even more leave the detention building crippled.[35]

Ahn and Kwon reported about the following torture methods used in Haengyong-ri:[19][30]

  • Water torture: The prisoner must stand on his or her toes in a tank filled with water to his nose for 24 hours.[1]: 275 
  • Hanging torture: The prisoner is stripped and hung upside down from the ceiling to be violently beaten.[1]: 274 
  • Box-room-torture: The prisoner is detained in a very small solitary cell, in which there is barely enough room to sit, but not stand or lie, for three days or a week.[1]: 275 
  • Kneeling-torture: The prisoner must kneel down with a wooden bar inserted near his or her knee hollows to stop blood circulation. After a week, the prisoner cannot walk and may likely die some months later.[19]
  • Pigeon torture: The prisoner is tied to the wall with both hands at a height of 60 cm (2.0 ft) and must crouch for many hours.[1]: 273 

Prisoners are beaten every day,[36][37] if, for example, they do not bow quickly or deeply enough before the guards,[38] if they do not work hard enough,[39] or do not obey quickly enough.[1]: 264–265  It is a frequent practice for guards to use prisoners as martial arts targets.[40] Rape and sexual violence are very common in the camp,[1]: 489  as female prisoners know they may be easily killed if they resist the demands of the security officers.[41]

Ahn reported about hundreds of prisoners each year being taken away for several “major construction projects”,[42] such as secret tunnels, military bases or nuclear facilities in remote areas.[19] None of these prisoners ever returned to the camp.[1]: 406  Ahn is convinced that they were secretly killed after finishing the construction work to keep the secrecy of these projects.[1]: 123–124 

Human experimentation

Main article: Human experimentation in North Korea

Kwon reported about human experimentation carried out in Haengyong-ri.[1]: 507  He described a sealed glass chamber, 3.5 m (11 ft) wide, 3 m (9.8 ft) long and 2.2 m (7.2 ft) high,[43] where he witnessed a family with two children[30] dying from being test subjects for an asphyxiant gas.[44] Ahn explained how inexperienced medical officers of Chungbong-ri hospital practiced their surgery techniques on prisoners. He heard numerous accounts of unnecessary operations and medical flaws, killing or permanently crippling prisoners.[45]

Reports on mass starvation and closure

Satellite images from late 2012 showed the detention centre and some of the guard towers being razed, but all other structures appeared operational.[2] It was reported that 27,000 prisoners died of starvation within a short time and the surviving 3,000 prisoners were relocated to Hwasong concentration camp between March and June 2012.[3] It was further reported that the camp was shut down in June, security guards removed traces of detention facilities until August[46] and then miners from Kungsim mine[3] and farmers from Saebyol and Undok were moved into the area.[47] According to another report the authorities decided to close the camp to cover its tracks after a defection.[4]

Former guards/prisoners (witnesses)

  • Ahn Myong-chol (1990 – 1994 in Camp 22) was a prison guard and driver in the camp. In 1987 he was a prison guard in Kwan-li-so No. 11 (Kyongsong) and 1987 – 1990 in Kwan-li-so No. 13 (Changpyong).[17][36]
  • Kwon Hyok (1987 – 1990 in Camp 22) was a security officer in the camp. He defected six years later, when he worked as a military attaché in Beijing.[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today" (PDF). Database Center for North Korean Human Rights. July 15, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "North Korea's Camp No. 22 - update" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. December 11, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c "From Prison Camp to Coal Hub". Radio Free Asia. November 6, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Camp 22 Disbanded on Defection Fear". Daily NK. September 28, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  5. ^ "Kwan-li-so No.22 Haengyŏng (Hoeryŏng)". Wikimapia. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  6. ^ "북한지리: 회령시(會寧市) HWERYONGSI". Joongang Ilbo, 1997. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
  7. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "Third-rate smear campaign". Korean Central News Agency, October 27, 1997. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  9. ^ Harden, Blaine (July 20, 2009). "North Koreas Hard Labor Camps with interactive map". Washington Post, July 20, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "The Hidden Gulag – Exposing Crimes against Humanity in North Korea's Vast Prison System (p. 77 - 78)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  11. ^ a b Kang, Chol-hwan (5 December 2002). "Hoeryong Concentration Camp Holds 50,000 Inmates". Chosun Ilbo. Archived from the original on 22 February 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2012. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b "North Korea: Political Prison Camps" (PDF). Amnesty International. May 4, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
  13. ^ "North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners". Keys. Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights. Winter 2001. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  14. ^ "The Hidden Gulag (2003 Edition) – Satellite Imagery" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. pp. 112–117. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  15. ^ "The Hidden Gulag – Satellite Imagery (p. 222)" (PDF). The Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  16. ^ "Secret Execution (I)". Daily NK, December 16, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  17. ^ a b "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea". Monthly Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  18. ^ "Typical Appearance of Prisoners". Daily NK, November 16, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  19. ^ a b c d e "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  20. ^ "Prisoners Catch Rats For Survival". Daily NK, November 25, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  21. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Patients Quarantined, Abandoned and Left to Die". Daily NK, November 29, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  23. ^ "Prisoners' Sheds in the Detention Settlement". Daily NK, November 15, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  24. ^ "Communal Toilet For All Prisoners". Daily NK, November 28, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  25. ^ "Prisoners Abandoned in a Collapsing Mine". Daily NK, December 30, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  26. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  27. ^ "You May beat or shoot prisoners to death anywhere, any time and for any reason!". Daily NK, November 14, 2005. Retrieved June 26, 2012.
  28. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  29. ^ Frenkiel, Olenka (30 January 2004). "Within prison walls". BBC. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  30. ^ a b c d Frenkiel, Olenka (1 February 2004). "'I saw an entire family being killed. They were put in the gas chamber where they all suffocated. The last to die was the youngest son'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  31. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  32. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  33. ^ "A Female Prisoner's Corpse". Daily NK, December 23, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  34. ^ "North Korea's Concentration Camps for Political Prisoners", Keys, Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights, Spring 2001, retrieved June 26, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  35. ^ Windrem, Robert (15 January 2003). "Death, terror in N. Korea gulag". NBC News. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  36. ^ a b "Former guard: Ahn Myong Chol; North Korean prison guard remembers atrocities". msnbc. 15 January 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  37. ^ "Access to Evil", BBC Two, February 1, 2004, retrieved October 18, 2013 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "Prisoners must salute security officers". Daily NK, November 17, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  39. ^ "Hard Labor at Life Imprisonment Settlements". Daily NK, November 18, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  40. ^ "Political Prisoners Used as Martial Arts Targets". Daily NK, December 5, 2005. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
  41. ^ "North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act" (PDF), Christian Solidarity Worldwide, 2007, retrieved June 26, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  42. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  43. ^ "Access to Evil", BBC Two, February 1, 2004, retrieved October 18, 2013 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  44. ^ Barnett, Antony (1 February 2004). "Revealed: the gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  45. ^ "The testimony of An Myong-chol, an ex-guard at a political prisoners' camp in North Korea", Monthly Chosun Ilbo, March 1995, retrieved June 20, 2012 {{citation}}: |chapter= ignored (help)
  46. ^ "Move to Monitor Prison Camps". Radio Free Asia. October 24, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  47. ^ "New Farmers of Camp No.22 Revealed". Daily NK. October 25, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.

Further reading

  • 안명철, 완전통제구역-북한 정치범수용소 경비대원의 수기, 시대정신 (서울, 2007-09-20), 287쪽, ISBN 8990959284 ISBN 978-8990959287 (Ahn Myong-chol, “Maximum Security Camp”, Zeitgeist, Seoul 2007, 287 p.)
  • 안명철, 그들은 울고있다, 천지미디어(서울, 1995-08-01), 354쪽, ISBN 8986144034 ISBN 978-8986144031 (Ahn Myong-chol, “They are weeping”, Chonji Media, Seoul 1995, 354 p.)

42°32′17″N 129°56′08″E / 42.537967°N 129.935517°E / 42.537967; 129.935517

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