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Coordinates: 31°32′N 2°25′W / 31.533°N 2.417°W / 31.533; -2.417
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'''Kénadsa''' is a town and [[Communes of Algeria|commune]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] of south-western [[Algeria]], and is the capital of [[Kénadsa District]], [[Béchar Province]]. As of 2008, Kénadsa had a population of 13,492,<ref name="census2008">{{cite web|title=Population: Béchar Wilaya|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p1.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=13 February 2013|language=French}}</ref> up from 11,667 in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Algeria Communes|url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html|publisher=Statoids|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref> and an annual growth rate of 1.5%. The commune covers an area of {{convert|2770|km2}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web|title=Population, Area and Density per Commune|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/1.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=16 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
'''Kénadsa''' is a town and [[Communes of Algeria|commune]] in the [[Sahara Desert]] of south-western [[Algeria]], and is the capital of [[Kénadsa District]], [[Béchar Province]]. As of 2008, Kénadsa had a population of 13,492,<ref name="census2008">{{cite web|title=Population: Béchar Wilaya |url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p1.pdf |publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516051941/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p1.pdf |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df= }}</ref> up from 11,667 in 1998,<ref>{{cite web|title=Algeria Communes|url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html|publisher=Statoids|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref> and an annual growth rate of 1.5%. The commune covers an area of {{convert|2770|km2}}.<ref name="area">{{cite web|title=Population, Area and Density per Commune |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/1.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=16 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222191634/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/1.htm |archivedate=22 February 2014 |df= }}</ref>


There is a large [[Kenadsa longwave transmitter|longwave broadcasting station]] near Kénadsa.
There is a large [[Kenadsa longwave transmitter|longwave broadcasting station]] near Kénadsa.
Line 136: Line 136:
==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:BASA-3K-7-350-49-Kenadsa.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Kénadsa in January 1913]]
[[File:BASA-3K-7-350-49-Kenadsa.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Kénadsa in January 1913]]
[[Agriculture]] is an important industry in Kénadsa. The commune has a total of {{convert|1850|ha}} of [[arable land]], but only {{convert|150|ha}} is [[irrigated]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution of Agricultural Land|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/10.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> There are a total of 67,000 [[date palms]] planted in the commune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plant Productions|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> As of 2009 there were 3,757 [[sheep]], 4,592 [[goat]]s, 1,507 [[camel]]s, and 163 [[cattle]]. There were also 4000 [[chicken]]s in 22 buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Production|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
[[Agriculture]] is an important industry in Kénadsa. The commune has a total of {{convert|1850|ha}} of [[arable land]], but only {{convert|150|ha}} is [[irrigated]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Distribution of Agricultural Land |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/10.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710020333/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/10.htm |archivedate=10 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> There are a total of 67,000 [[date palms]] planted in the commune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plant Productions |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820030513/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm |archivedate=20 August 2014 |df= }}</ref> As of 2009 there were 3,757 [[sheep]], 4,592 [[goat]]s, 1,507 [[camel]]s, and 163 [[cattle]]. There were also 4000 [[chicken]]s in 22 buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Animal Production |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820030513/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/14.htm |archivedate=20 August 2014 |df= }}</ref>


There is some tourism in Kénadsa; attractions include sand dunes, palm groves, the old [[ksar]] and forts, and the dam across the Oued Meswar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist Sites and Monuments|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/82.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> Visitors to Kénadsa typically stay in Béchar since there are no hotels in Kénadsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Hotels|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
There is some tourism in Kénadsa; attractions include sand dunes, palm groves, the old [[ksar]] and forts, and the dam across the Oued Meswar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tourist Sites and Monuments|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/82.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> Visitors to Kénadsa typically stay in Béchar since there are no hotels in Kénadsa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Hotels|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/80.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
Line 143: Line 143:


==Infrastructure and housing==
==Infrastructure and housing==
100% of Kénadsa's population is connected to drinking water<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking Water|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/24.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> and to the sewerage system,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sewerage Networks|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/25.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> 97% (including 2,707 buildings) have access to electricity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/29.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> There are two fuel service stations in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fuel Distribution|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/30.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
100% of Kénadsa's population is connected to drinking water<ref>{{cite web|title=Drinking Water |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/24.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709085413/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/24.htm |archivedate= 9 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> and to the sewerage system,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sewerage Networks |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/25.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710015740/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/25.htm |archivedate=10 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> 97% (including 2,707 buildings) have access to electricity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Electrification |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/29.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709083904/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/29.htm |archivedate= 9 July 2014 |df= }}</ref> There are two fuel service stations in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fuel Distribution |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/30.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710020359/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/30.htm |archivedate=10 July 2014 |df= }}</ref>


Kénadsa has a total of 2,613 houses, of which 2,142 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.3 inhabitants per occupied building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Housing|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/65.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
Kénadsa has a total of 2,613 houses, of which 2,142 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.3 inhabitants per occupied building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Housing |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/65.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033047/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/65.htm |archivedate= 4 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Kénadsa lies on a local road connecting [[Méridja]] to the west with Béchar to the east. Kénadsa is {{convert|20|km|mi}} from Béchar and {{convert|60|km|mi}} from Méridja.<ref name="distances">{{cite web|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Presentation1.htm|title=Presentation|publisher=Site Officiel de la Wilaya de Béchar|language=French|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>
Kénadsa lies on a local road connecting [[Méridja]] to the west with Béchar to the east. Kénadsa is {{convert|20|km|mi}} from Béchar and {{convert|60|km|mi}} from Méridja.<ref name="distances">{{cite web|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Presentation1.htm |title=Presentation |publisher=Site Officiel de la Wilaya de Béchar |language=French |accessdate=19 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216230918/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/Presentation1.htm |archivedate=16 February 2013 |df= }}</ref>


There is a total length of {{convert|64.4|km|mi}} of roads in the commune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Density Kilometres|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/90.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
There is a total length of {{convert|64.4|km|mi}} of roads in the commune.<ref>{{cite web|title=Density Kilometres |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/90.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429185650/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/90.htm |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df= }}</ref>


==Education==
==Education==
There are 4 elementary schools, with 65 classrooms including 48 in use.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Infrastructure|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref> There are a total of 2,562 school students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Pupils|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/36.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
There are 4 elementary schools, with 65 classrooms including 48 in use.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Infrastructure |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191848/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df= }}</ref> There are a total of 2,562 school students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of Pupils |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/36.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033043/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/36.htm |archivedate= 4 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>


7.2% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 22.6% has competed secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence.|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p6.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=13 February 2013|language=French}}</ref> The overall literacy rate is 84.6%, and is 91.2% among men and 78.2% among women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence .|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p10.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=13 February 2013|language=French}}</ref>
7.2% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 22.6% has competed secondary education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence. |url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p6.pdf |publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517001417/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p6.pdf |archivedate=17 May 2013 |df= }}</ref> The overall literacy rate is 84.6%, and is 91.2% among men and 78.2% among women.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence . |url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p10.pdf |publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516051406/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w08_p10.pdf |archivedate=16 May 2013 |df= }}</ref>


==Health==
==Health==
Kénadsa has 5 room care facilities and a maternity ward; for other health care residents must travel to [[Béchar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Health Facilities by Commune|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
Kénadsa has 5 room care facilities and a maternity ward; for other health care residents must travel to [[Béchar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Health Facilities by Commune |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429191848/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/55.htm |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df= }}</ref>


==Culture==
==Culture==
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==Religion==
==Religion==
Kénadsa has 3 operational [[mosques]], with another 2 under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosques and Koranic Rooms|url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/76.htm|publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar|accessdate=9 March 2013|language=French}}</ref>
Kénadsa has 3 operational [[mosques]], with another 2 under construction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mosques and Koranic Rooms |url=http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/76.htm |publisher=Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar |accessdate=9 March 2013 |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032551/http://www.wilaya-bechar.gov.dz/76.htm |archivedate= 4 March 2016 |df= }}</ref>


==Localities==
==Localities==
The commune is composed of three localities:<ref>{{cite web|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne,|accessdate=2 March 2013|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf&title=page%201489|archivedate=2 March 2013 or before|page=1489|language=French|date=19 December 1984}}</ref>
The commune is composed of three localities:<ref>{{cite web|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued |url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf |publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne, |accessdate=2 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032641/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1489.pdf |archivedate=21 October 2013 |page=1489 |language=French |date=19 December 1984 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
{{div col|3}}
{{div col|3}}
*Kenadsa
*Kenadsa

Revision as of 10:42, 9 May 2017

Kénadsa
ﻗﻨﺎدﺳﺔ
Commune and town
Snow in Kénadsa
Snow in Kénadsa
Location of Kénadsa commune within Béchar Province
Location of Kénadsa commune within Béchar Province
Kénadsa is located in Algeria
Kénadsa
Kénadsa
Location of Kénadsa within Algeria
Coordinates: 31°32′N 2°25′W / 31.533°N 2.417°W / 31.533; -2.417
Country Algeria
ProvinceBéchar Province
DistrictKénadsa District
Government
 • MayorMohamed Metrani
Area
[1]
 • Total2,770 km2 (1,070 sq mi)
Elevation
784 m (2,572 ft)
Population
 (2008)[2]
 • Total13,492
 • Density4.9/km2 (13/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)

Kénadsa is a town and commune in the Sahara Desert of south-western Algeria, and is the capital of Kénadsa District, Béchar Province. As of 2008, Kénadsa had a population of 13,492,[2] up from 11,667 in 1998,[3] and an annual growth rate of 1.5%. The commune covers an area of 2,770 square kilometres (1,070 sq mi).[1]

There is a large longwave broadcasting station near Kénadsa.

Geography

Kénadsa lies at an elevation of 784 metres (2,572 ft) on the flat rocky hamada west of Béchar. The wadi Oued Meswar is located about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) west of the town, and meets the Oued Guir near Abadla at the locality of Ksi Ksou.

Climate

See also: Béchar § Climate

Kénadsa has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh),[4] with extremely hot summers and mild winters, and very little precipitation throughout the year.

Climate data for Kénadsa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.9
(60.6) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.5
(72.5) 		27.1
(80.8) 		31.4
(88.5) 		36
(97) 		40.5
(104.9) 		39.4
(102.9) 		34.3
(93.7) 		27.5
(81.5) 		20.4
(68.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		27.6
(81.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0) 		12
(54) 		15.4
(59.7) 		19.9
(67.8) 		24.1
(75.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		33
(91) 		32.2
(90.0) 		27.4
(81.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		20.5
(69.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2
(36) 		4.8
(40.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25
(77) 		20.5
(68.9) 		14
(57) 		8
(46) 		3.1
(37.6) 		13.5
(56.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9
(0.4) 		8
(0.3) 		9
(0.4) 		8
(0.3) 		5
(0.2) 		4
(0.2) 		1
(0.0) 		3
(0.1) 		7
(0.3) 		12
(0.5) 		12
(0.5) 		10
(0.4) 		88
(3.6)
Source: Climate-Data.org, altitude: 750m[4]

Economy

Kénadsa in January 1913

Agriculture is an important industry in Kénadsa. The commune has a total of 1,850 hectares (4,600 acres) of arable land, but only 150 hectares (370 acres) is irrigated.[5] There are a total of 67,000 date palms planted in the commune.[6] As of 2009 there were 3,757 sheep, 4,592 goats, 1,507 camels, and 163 cattle. There were also 4000 chickens in 22 buildings.[7]

There is some tourism in Kénadsa; attractions include sand dunes, palm groves, the old ksar and forts, and the dam across the Oued Meswar.[8] Visitors to Kénadsa typically stay in Béchar since there are no hotels in Kénadsa.[9]

There are also bituminous coal fields near Kénadsa. They were originally discovered in 1907, but mining activity did not begin until 1917. Output peaked in the 1940s and has declined since, due to competition from oil and gas fields in eastern Algeria. There are also deposits of lead, manganese and iron ore nearby, but these are largely unused.[10]

Infrastructure and housing

100% of Kénadsa's population is connected to drinking water[11] and to the sewerage system,[12] 97% (including 2,707 buildings) have access to electricity.[13] There are two fuel service stations in the town.[14]

Kénadsa has a total of 2,613 houses, of which 2,142 are occupied, giving an occupation rate of 6.3 inhabitants per occupied building.[15]

Transportation

Kénadsa lies on a local road connecting Méridja to the west with Béchar to the east. Kénadsa is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Béchar and 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Méridja.[16]

There is a total length of 64.4 kilometres (40.0 mi) of roads in the commune.[17]

Education

There are 4 elementary schools, with 65 classrooms including 48 in use.[18] There are a total of 2,562 school students.[19]

7.2% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 22.6% has competed secondary education.[20] The overall literacy rate is 84.6%, and is 91.2% among men and 78.2% among women.[21]

Health

Kénadsa has 5 room care facilities and a maternity ward; for other health care residents must travel to Béchar.[22]

Culture

Kénadsa has a cinema with 350 seats.[23]

Notable authors born in Kénadsa include Yasmina Khadra and Malika Mokeddem.

Religion

Kénadsa has 3 operational mosques, with another 2 under construction.[24]

Localities

The commune is composed of three localities:[25]

  • Kenadsa
  • Barrage Djorf Torba
  • Masky

References

  1. ^ a b "Population, Area and Density per Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b "Population: Béchar Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Climate: Kenadsa - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  5. ^ "Distribution of Agricultural Land" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Plant Productions" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Animal Production" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 20 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "Tourist Sites and Monuments" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  9. ^ "Census of Hotels" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  10. ^ "Kenadsa (town and coalfields, Algeria)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  11. ^ "Drinking Water" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Sewerage Networks" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Electrification" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Fuel Distribution" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "Housing" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Presentation" (in French). Site Officiel de la Wilaya de Béchar. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Density Kilometres" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ "School Infrastructure" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Number of Pupils" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Health Facilities by Commune" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Cinemas and Museums" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Mosques and Koranic Rooms" (in French). Official Website of the Wilaya of Bechar. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne,. 19 December 1984. p. 1489. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
Neighbouring towns and cities

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