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|attacks = [[M23 rebellion]]
|attacks = [[M23 rebellion]]
|status = Active, allegedly supported by [[Uganda]] and [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19973366|accessdate=21 November 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=17 October 2012}}</ref>
|status = Active, allegedly supported by [[Uganda]] and [[Rwanda]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19973366|accessdate=21 November 2012|newspaper=BBC|date=17 October 2012}}</ref>
|size = At least 5,500<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Pflanz |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9689774/DRC-rebels-capture-Goma-without-firing-a-shot.html |title=DRC Rebels Capture Goma Without Firing a Shot |publisher=The Telegraph |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=20 November 2012|archivedate=18 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKUQ7Q14 |deadurl=no |location=London}}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/rebels-vow-to-take-all-of-congo-as-army-troops-and-police-defect-in-goma-1.1047153 |title=Rebels Vow to Take All of Congo, as Army Troops and Police Defect in Goma |agency=Associated Press |date=21 November 2012 |publisher=CTV News |accessdate=21 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CLlde9yj |deadurl=no}}</ref>
|size = At least 5,500<ref>{{cite news|author=Mike Pflanz |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9689774/DRC-rebels-capture-Goma-without-firing-a-shot.html |title=DRC Rebels Capture Goma Without Firing a Shot |publisher=The Telegraph |date=20 November 2012 |accessdate=20 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKUQ7Q14?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9689774/DRC-rebels-capture-Goma-without-firing-a-shot.html |deadurl=no |location=London |df= }}</ref><ref name=CTV>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/rebels-vow-to-take-all-of-congo-as-army-troops-and-police-defect-in-goma-1.1047153 |title=Rebels Vow to Take All of Congo, as Army Troops and Police Defect in Goma |agency=Associated Press |date=21 November 2012 |publisher=CTV News |accessdate=21 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CLlde9yj?url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/rebels-vow-to-take-all-of-congo-as-army-troops-and-police-defect-in-goma-1.1047153 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
|revenue =
|revenue =
|financing=
|financing=
}}
}}


The '''March 23 Movement''' ({{lang-fr|Mouvement du 23-Mars}}), often abbreviated as '''M23''' and also known as the '''Congolese Revolutionary Army''',<ref name=BBC3/> was a rebel military group based in eastern areas of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC), mainly operating in the province of [[North Kivu]]. The 2012 [[M23 rebellion]] against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012, M23 took control of [[Goma]], a provincial capital with a population of one million people, but was requested to evacuate it by the [[International Conference on the Great Lakes Region]] because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate with them. In late 2013 Congolese troops, along with UN troops, retook control of Goma and M23 announced a ceasefire, saying it wanted to resume peace talks.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |date=20 November 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=18 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKPvBOsr |deadurl=no}}</ref>
The '''March 23 Movement''' ({{lang-fr|Mouvement du 23-Mars}}), often abbreviated as '''M23''' and also known as the '''Congolese Revolutionary Army''',<ref name=BBC3/> was a rebel military group based in eastern areas of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC), mainly operating in the province of [[North Kivu]]. The 2012 [[M23 rebellion]] against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012, M23 took control of [[Goma]], a provincial capital with a population of one million people, but was requested to evacuate it by the [[International Conference on the Great Lakes Region]] because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate with them. In late 2013 Congolese troops, along with UN troops, retook control of Goma and M23 announced a ceasefire, saying it wanted to resume peace talks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city |date=20 November 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKPvBOsr?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
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The M23 was formed on 4 April 2012 when nearly 300 soldiers - the majority of them were former members of the [[National Congress for the Defence of the People]] (CNDP) - turned against the DRC government, citing poor conditions in the army and the government's unwillingness to implement the 23 March 2009 peace deal. General [[Bosco Ntaganda]], also known as "The Terminator", was accused by the Government of Kinshasa of leading the group,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/05/20125181131799659.html |title=DR Congo troops shell rebel bases |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Joseph Kabila|President Kabila]] called for his arrest on 11 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17683196 |title=Congo's 'Terminator': Kabila calls for Ntaganda arrest |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> The government had threatened to redeploy former CNDP soldiers away from North Kivu before the full implementation of the peace agreement, which prompted many of them to defect from the army and create the M23.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malcolm Webb |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/2012517105421722232.html |title=Thousands flee renewed violence in DRC |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>
The M23 was formed on 4 April 2012 when nearly 300 soldiers - the majority of them were former members of the [[National Congress for the Defence of the People]] (CNDP) - turned against the DRC government, citing poor conditions in the army and the government's unwillingness to implement the 23 March 2009 peace deal. General [[Bosco Ntaganda]], also known as "The Terminator", was accused by the Government of Kinshasa of leading the group,<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/05/20125181131799659.html |title=DR Congo troops shell rebel bases |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Joseph Kabila|President Kabila]] called for his arrest on 11 April 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17683196 |title=Congo's 'Terminator': Kabila calls for Ntaganda arrest |publisher=BBC News |date=11 April 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> The government had threatened to redeploy former CNDP soldiers away from North Kivu before the full implementation of the peace agreement, which prompted many of them to defect from the army and create the M23.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malcolm Webb |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/05/2012517105421722232.html |title=Thousands flee renewed violence in DRC |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref>


The M23 is made up primarily of [[Tutsi]]s and opposes the [[Hutu Power]] militia [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda]] (a group that counts among its number the original members of the [[Interahamwe]] that carried out the 1994 Rwandan Genocide) as well as area [[Mai-Mai]] (community militias mostly created and supported by the Democratic Republic of Congo).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/congo-m23-rebels-aim-ugandan-border-town |title=Congo: M23 rebels aim for Uganda border town |author=[[Melanie Gouby]] |date=6 October 2012 |work=Associated Press |accessdate=21 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZUfxm7 |deadurl=no}}</ref> To be able to upstaff the troops, occupied villages were asked to deliver youngsters for the formation of ''village defence committees''. This way, a larger number of more experienced soldiers could be stationed on the battlefield. However, this approach backfired when M23 troops tried to extort from the local population, since the armed youngsters defended their own villagers.
The M23 is made up primarily of [[Tutsi]]s and opposes the [[Hutu Power]] militia [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda]] (a group that counts among its number the original members of the [[Interahamwe]] that carried out the 1994 Rwandan Genocide) as well as area [[Mai-Mai]] (community militias mostly created and supported by the Democratic Republic of Congo).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/congo-m23-rebels-aim-ugandan-border-town |title=Congo: M23 rebels aim for Uganda border town |author=[[Melanie Gouby]] |date=6 October 2012 |work=Associated Press |accessdate=21 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZUfxm7?url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/congo-m23-rebels-aim-ugandan-border-town |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> To be able to upstaff the troops, occupied villages were asked to deliver youngsters for the formation of ''village defence committees''. This way, a larger number of more experienced soldiers could be stationed on the battlefield. However, this approach backfired when M23 troops tried to extort from the local population, since the armed youngsters defended their own villagers.


Following military successes, M23 rebels have made additional demands, citing issues of [[human rights]], democracy, as well as good governance. They have accused President Kabila of cheating in the November 2011 elections.<ref name=Okapi_24Nov_1 /> The rebels have threatened to march on [[Kinshasa]] and depose the president.<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/11/20121122135813464750.html|title=DR Congo fighters jubilant after taking Goma |publisher=Al Jazeera English|date= from the original on 22 November 2012|accessdate= 25 November 2012}}</ref>
Following military successes, M23 rebels have made additional demands, citing issues of [[human rights]], democracy, as well as good governance. They have accused President Kabila of cheating in the November 2011 elections.<ref name=Okapi_24Nov_1 /> The rebels have threatened to march on [[Kinshasa]] and depose the president.<ref>{{cite news|first= |last= |url= http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/11/20121122135813464750.html|title=DR Congo fighters jubilant after taking Goma |publisher=Al Jazeera English|date= from the original on 22 November 2012|accessdate= 25 November 2012}}</ref>
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[[File:M23 in Goma.PNG|thumb|M23 rebels in [[Goma]], November 2012]]
[[File:M23 in Goma.PNG|thumb|M23 rebels in [[Goma]], November 2012]]


The rebels were active in North Kivu province, fighting government forces in the [[Rutshuru Territory|Rutshuru]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Melanie Gouby |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces |publisher=AllAfrica |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZbJ1fL |deadurl=no}}</ref> and [[Masisi Territory|Masisi]] territories. On 6 June 2012 a Congolese spokesman reported that 200 M23 soldiers have died in their mutiny and that over 370 soldiers have surrendered to FARDC, including 25 Rwandan citizens.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malcolm Webb |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/06/201266143328772483.html |title=Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=6 June 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZbfe2V |deadurl=no|accessdate=18 November 2012}}</ref> On 8 July 2012, Colonel Sultani Makenga announced that a government offensive to dislodge the group from their hideouts had failed, and that they had in turn captured several towns towards [[Goma]], the provincial capital.<ref>{{cite web|author=Albert Kambale |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hsKLzl8CB2g4lJvtn3R-jaOBkL2A?docId=CNG.b689134d5618ab14574d08a91fe65f0b.ad1 |title=DR Congo rebel chief pledges to withdraw from captured towns |publisher=AFP |date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZc2CFz |deadurl=no}}</ref>
The rebels were active in North Kivu province, fighting government forces in the [[Rutshuru Territory|Rutshuru]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Melanie Gouby |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces |publisher=AllAfrica |date=4 April 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZbJ1fL?url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> and [[Masisi Territory|Masisi]] territories. On 6 June 2012 a Congolese spokesman reported that 200 M23 soldiers have died in their mutiny and that over 370 soldiers have surrendered to FARDC, including 25 Rwandan citizens.<ref>{{cite web|author=Malcolm Webb |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/06/201266143328772483.html |title=Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=6 June 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZbfe2V?url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/06/201266143328772483.html |deadurl=no |accessdate=18 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> On 8 July 2012, Colonel Sultani Makenga announced that a government offensive to dislodge the group from their hideouts had failed, and that they had in turn captured several towns towards [[Goma]], the provincial capital.<ref>{{cite web|author=Albert Kambale |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hsKLzl8CB2g4lJvtn3R-jaOBkL2A?docId=CNG.b689134d5618ab14574d08a91fe65f0b.ad1 |title=DR Congo rebel chief pledges to withdraw from captured towns |publisher=AFP |date=8 July 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZc2CFz?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hsKLzl8CB2g4lJvtn3R-jaOBkL2A?docId=CNG.b689134d5618ab14574d08a91fe65f0b.ad1 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>


==Late 2012 offensive==
==Late 2012 offensive==
{{Main article|M23 rebellion}}
{{Main article|M23 rebellion}}


March 23 Movement forces had advanced to the outskirts of Goma by 18 November 2012 and warned the UN peacekeepers ([[MONUSCO]]) not to support government troops.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/18/congo-democratic-fighting-idUSL5E8MI3WX20121118 |title=UPDATE 4-Congo rebels advance to outskirts of Goma |publisher=Reuters |date=18 November 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZcR05W |deadurl=no}}</ref> Congolese government spokesman Lambert Mende accused Rwanda of backing the rebels. "The DRC has "not yet declared war, but we are ready to face it. This is our country, our duty".<ref name=NYT1911>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/africa/rebels-issue-ultimatum-to-congo-forces-in-goma.html |title=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital |author=Josh Kron |date=19 November 2012 |work=New York Times |accessdate=19 November 2012 |archivedate=19 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKMuEH90 |deadurl=no}}</ref>
March 23 Movement forces had advanced to the outskirts of Goma by 18 November 2012 and warned the UN peacekeepers ([[MONUSCO]]) not to support government troops.<ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/18/congo-democratic-fighting-idUSL5E8MI3WX20121118 |title=UPDATE 4-Congo rebels advance to outskirts of Goma |publisher=Reuters |date=18 November 2012 |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKZcR05W?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/18/congo-democratic-fighting-idUSL5E8MI3WX20121118 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> Congolese government spokesman Lambert Mende accused Rwanda of backing the rebels. "The DRC has "not yet declared war, but we are ready to face it. This is our country, our duty".<ref name=NYT1911>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/africa/rebels-issue-ultimatum-to-congo-forces-in-goma.html |title=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital |author=Josh Kron |date=19 November 2012 |work=New York Times |accessdate=19 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKMuEH90?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/africa/rebels-issue-ultimatum-to-congo-forces-in-goma.html |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>


M23 rebels advanced on Goma 20 November, and the Congolese Army retreated with little fighting.<ref>
M23 rebels advanced on Goma 20 November, and the Congolese Army retreated with little fighting.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9691489/Goma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html |title=Goma falls to Congo's 'M23' rebels without expected bloodbath
|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9691489/Goma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html
⚫
|author=David Blair
|title=Goma falls to Congo's 'M23' rebels without expected bloodbath
⚫
|date=20 November 2012
⚫
|author=David Blair
⚫
|work=The Telegraph
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|date=20 November 2012
⚫
|work=The Telegraph
⚫
|archivedate=18 November 2012
⚫
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKMQqTvL
⚫
|archivedate=21 November 2012
⚫
|deadurl=no
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKMQqTvL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/9691489/Goma-falls-to-Congos-M23-rebels-without-expected-bloodbath.html
⚫
|location=London
⚫
|deadurl=no
⚫
|location=London
|df=
}}
}}
</ref><ref name=G>
</ref><ref name=G>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/20/congo-rebel-m23-take-goma
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/20/congo-rebel-m23-take-goma
|title=Congo rebels take Goma with little resistance and to little cheer
|title=Congo rebels take Goma with little resistance and to little cheer
|author=Pete Jones and David Smith |date=20 November 2012
|author=Pete Jones and David Smith
|date=20 November 2012
|work=The Guardian
|work=The Guardian
|accessdate=20 November 2012
|accessdate=20 November 2012
|archivedate=20 November 2012
|archivedate=21 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKN5kdkO |deadurl=no |location=London}}</ref> M23 forces paraded through the city, and some residents turned out to welcome them.<ref name=G /> Congolese customs officers abandoned their posts, leaving the border to Rwanda open.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} United Nations peacekeepers watched the occupation without intervening, stating that their mandate was limited to protecting the safety of civilians.<ref name=NYT2011>
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKN5kdkO?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/nov/20/congo-rebel-m23-take-goma
|deadurl=no
|location=London
|df=
}}</ref> M23 forces paraded through the city, and some residents turned out to welcome them.<ref name=G /> Congolese customs officers abandoned their posts, leaving the border to Rwanda open.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} United Nations peacekeepers watched the occupation without intervening, stating that their mandate was limited to protecting the safety of civilians.<ref name=NYT2011>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html
|title=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital
|title=Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital
|author=Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron
|author=Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron
|date=20 November 2012
|date=20 November 2012
|work=The New York Times
|work=The New York Times
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|archivedate=18 November 2012
|archivedate=20 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKLXcMVd
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKLXcMVd?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/21/world/africa/congolese-rebels-reach-goma-reports-say.html?_r=0
|deadurl=no}}
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
</ref>
</ref>
''Jeune Afrique'' later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-type rocket launchers]])approximately ~20 [[shipping container]]s filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] during their retreat from Goma.<ref>
''Jeune Afrique'' later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and [[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-type rocket launchers]])approximately ~20 [[shipping container]]s filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] during their retreat from Goma.<ref>
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DR Congo president [[Joseph Kabila]] urged Goma's citizens to "resist" the M23 takeover.<ref>
DR Congo president [[Joseph Kabila]] urged Goma's citizens to "resist" the M23 takeover.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739
|title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city
|title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city
|date=20 November 2012
|date=20 November 2012
|publisher=BBC News
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=21 November 2012
|accessdate=21 November 2012
|archivedate=21 November 2012
|archivedate=21 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKXz36H5
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKXz36H5?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739
|deadurl=no
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
}}
</ref> UN Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] criticized the M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including "intimidation of journalists", and abduction of women and children.<ref>
</ref> UN Secretary General [[Ban Ki-moon]] criticized the M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including "intimidation of journalists", and abduction of women and children.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw?docId=CNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1
|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw?docId=CNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1
|title=DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities
|title=DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities
|author=Phil Moore
|author=Phil Moore
|date=20 November 2012
|date=20 November 2012
|agency=Agence France-Presse
|agency=Agence France-Presse
|publisher=Google News
|publisher=Google News
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|accessdate=18 November 2012
|archivedate=18 November 2012
|archivedate=21 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKOH6wgK
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CKOH6wgK?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h9Ub2sQ-gfJ91-Z0E35rPBHkUZrw?docId=CNG.1b924e9a4a88e36e9c27a4a1356d5dfb.4e1
|deadurl=no
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref> Noting that the [[First Congo War]] had begun with fighting in the same region, the ''[[New York Times]]'' described the takeover of Goma as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole".<ref name=NYT2011 />
}}</ref> Noting that the [[First Congo War]] had begun with fighting in the same region, the ''[[New York Times]]'' described the takeover of Goma as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole".<ref name=NYT2011 />


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}}</ref> When the ultimatum expired on 26 November, M23 still controlled the city.<ref>
}}</ref> When the ultimatum expired on 26 November, M23 still controlled the city.<ref>
{{cite news
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/27/world/africa/congo-unrest/
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/27/world/africa/congo-unrest/
|title=Congo rebels refuse to quit captured city of Goma
|title=Congo rebels refuse to quit captured city of Goma
|author=David Mackenzie
|author=David Mackenzie
|date=27 November 2012
|date=27 November 2012
|publisher=CNN
|publisher=CNN
|accessdate=26 November 2012
|accessdate=26 November 2012
|archivedate=26 November 2012
|archivedate=27 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CUWanmbD
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CUWanmbD?url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/27/world/africa/congo-unrest/
|deadurl=no
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
}}
</ref>
</ref>
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Following a peace deal negotiated in Uganda, the M23 said it would withdraw from [[Goma]] by 1 December.<ref>
Following a peace deal negotiated in Uganda, the M23 said it would withdraw from [[Goma]] by 1 December.<ref>
{{cite web
{{cite web
|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/m23-to-leave-goma-rebel-chief-says/1554337.html
|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/m23-to-leave-goma-rebel-chief-says/1554337.html
|title=M23 to Leave Goma, Rebel Chief Says
|title=M23 to Leave Goma, Rebel Chief Says
|date=28 November 2012
|date=28 November 2012
|publisher=Voice of America
|publisher=Voice of America
|accessdate=28 November 2012
|accessdate=28 November 2012
|archivedate=28 November 2012
|archivedate=28 November 2012
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CVtPum54
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CVtPum54?url=http://www.voanews.com/content/m23-to-leave-goma-rebel-chief-says/1554337.html
|deadurl=no
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref> On 30 November, M23 troops began to withdraw from Sake and Masisi.<ref name="Okapi_30nov">
}}</ref> On 30 November, M23 troops began to withdraw from Sake and Masisi.<ref name="Okapi_30nov">
{{cite news|url= http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/30/nord-kivu-les-premieres-troupes-du-m23-ont-quitte-sake/
{{cite news|url= http://radiookapi.net/actualite/2012/11/30/nord-kivu-les-premieres-troupes-du-m23-ont-quitte-sake/
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==Internal clashes==
==Internal clashes==
On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader, [[Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero]], was sacked.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21642301|title=DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=2 March 2013}}</ref> In a statement signed by M23's military leader, [[Sultani Makenga]], he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity".<ref name="BBC3">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21632273|title=DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=1 March 2013}}</ref> Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to [[Sultani Makenga]] and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead|agency=AFP|publisher=Global Post|date=25 February 2013|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130225/clashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital|accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref> M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21578357|title=DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=25 February 2013}}</ref>
On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader, [[Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero]], was sacked.<ref name="BBC2">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21642301|title=DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=2 March 2013}}</ref> In a statement signed by M23's military leader, [[Sultani Makenga]], he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity".<ref name="BBC3">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21632273|title=DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=1 March 2013}}</ref> Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to [[Sultani Makenga]] and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead |agency=AFP |publisher=Global Post |date=25 February 2013 |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130225/clashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital |accessdate=25 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225192354/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130225/clashes-among-dr-congo-rebels-leave-10-dead-hospital |archivedate=25 February 2013 |df= }}</ref> M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.<ref name="BBC1">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21578357|title=DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'|publisher=bbcnews.com|accessdate= 3 March 2013|date=25 February 2013}}</ref>


==United Nations Force Intervention Brigade==
==United Nations Force Intervention Brigade==

Revision as of 20:57, 1 June 2017

March 23 Movement
Mouvement du 23-Mars Template:Fr icon
LeaderBertrand Bisimwa (president)[1]
Sultani Makenga (military chief)[2]
Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero (former president)[3]
Dates of operationApril 4, 2012 (2012-04-04)–November 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)
Active regionsDemocratic Republic of the Congo, primarily North Kivu
Notable attacksM23 rebellion
StatusActive, allegedly supported by Uganda and Rwanda[4]
SizeAt least 5,500[5][6]

The March 23 Movement (French: Mouvement du 23-Mars), often abbreviated as M23 and also known as the Congolese Revolutionary Army,[7] was a rebel military group based in eastern areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), mainly operating in the province of North Kivu. The 2012 M23 rebellion against the DRC government led to the displacement of large numbers of people. On 20 November 2012, M23 took control of Goma, a provincial capital with a population of one million people, but was requested to evacuate it by the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region because the DRC government had finally agreed to negotiate with them. In late 2013 Congolese troops, along with UN troops, retook control of Goma and M23 announced a ceasefire, saying it wanted to resume peace talks.[8]

Background

North Kivu Province, DRC

On 23 March 2009, the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) signed a peace treaty with the DRC government,[9] where it became a political party, and the M23 soldiers integrated into the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). M23 takes its name from the date of these peace accords. The armed wing of the group is led by General Makenga Sultani, who has served as acting president of the group since the 28 February 2013 removal of Bishop Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, a former CNDP member.[3]

Formation

The M23 was formed on 4 April 2012 when nearly 300 soldiers - the majority of them were former members of the National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) - turned against the DRC government, citing poor conditions in the army and the government's unwillingness to implement the 23 March 2009 peace deal. General Bosco Ntaganda, also known as "The Terminator", was accused by the Government of Kinshasa of leading the group,[10] and President Kabila called for his arrest on 11 April 2012.[11] The government had threatened to redeploy former CNDP soldiers away from North Kivu before the full implementation of the peace agreement, which prompted many of them to defect from the army and create the M23.[12]

The M23 is made up primarily of Tutsis and opposes the Hutu Power militia Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (a group that counts among its number the original members of the Interahamwe that carried out the 1994 Rwandan Genocide) as well as area Mai-Mai (community militias mostly created and supported by the Democratic Republic of Congo).[13] To be able to upstaff the troops, occupied villages were asked to deliver youngsters for the formation of village defence committees. This way, a larger number of more experienced soldiers could be stationed on the battlefield. However, this approach backfired when M23 troops tried to extort from the local population, since the armed youngsters defended their own villagers.

Following military successes, M23 rebels have made additional demands, citing issues of human rights, democracy, as well as good governance. They have accused President Kabila of cheating in the November 2011 elections.[14] The rebels have threatened to march on Kinshasa and depose the president.[15]

Mutiny

M23 rebels in Goma, November 2012

The rebels were active in North Kivu province, fighting government forces in the Rutshuru[16] and Masisi territories. On 6 June 2012 a Congolese spokesman reported that 200 M23 soldiers have died in their mutiny and that over 370 soldiers have surrendered to FARDC, including 25 Rwandan citizens.[17] On 8 July 2012, Colonel Sultani Makenga announced that a government offensive to dislodge the group from their hideouts had failed, and that they had in turn captured several towns towards Goma, the provincial capital.[18]

Late 2012 offensive

Main article: M23 rebellion

March 23 Movement forces had advanced to the outskirts of Goma by 18 November 2012 and warned the UN peacekeepers (MONUSCO) not to support government troops.[19] Congolese government spokesman Lambert Mende accused Rwanda of backing the rebels. "The DRC has "not yet declared war, but we are ready to face it. This is our country, our duty".[20]

M23 rebels advanced on Goma 20 November, and the Congolese Army retreated with little fighting.[21][22] M23 forces paraded through the city, and some residents turned out to welcome them.[22] Congolese customs officers abandoned their posts, leaving the border to Rwanda open.[citation needed] United Nations peacekeepers watched the occupation without intervening, stating that their mandate was limited to protecting the safety of civilians.[23] Jeune Afrique later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and BM-type rocket launchers)approximately ~20 shipping containers filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the FARDC during their retreat from Goma.[24]

DR Congo president Joseph Kabila urged Goma's citizens to "resist" the M23 takeover.[25] UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon criticized the M23 for alleged human rights violations during the takeover, including "intimidation of journalists", and abduction of women and children.[26] Noting that the First Congo War had begun with fighting in the same region, the New York Times described the takeover of Goma as "raising serious questions about the stability of Congo as a whole".[23]

On 21 November 2012, during the siege more than 2,000 Congolese soldiers and 700 policemen defected to M23.[citation needed]

Nyanzale refugee camp, 150km north of Goma

On 22 November, the FARDC, in cooperation with local Mai-Mai elements, routed the M23 rebels from the nearby town of Sake, 27 kilometers from Goma, as they marched towards Bukavu.[27] Also 22 November, Kabila suspended General Gabriel Amisi's FARDC commission because of an inquiry into his alleged role in arms sales to various rebel groups, including the FDLR, in the eastern part of the country, so it implicated M23.[28] On 23 November, M23 rebels retook Sake from the FARDC after an intense four-hour battle and reinforced their position in the town, as they reportedly moved toward Kirotshe to the south, Mushaki to the north-west, and Kingi to the north.[29] Meanwhile, the FARDC reinforced their position in Minova, near the South Kivu provincial border, with more than 3500 soldiers.[30] The UN has declared that it lost access to 30 of its 31 refugee camps in the area due to the M23 offensive.[31]

On 24 November in South Kivu, Colonel Albert Kahasha, who had surrendered and joined government troops along with other leaders of Mai-Mai militia groups Raïa Mutomboki and Nyatura. On 13 November he defected again from the FARDC.[32] At a regional meeting in Kampala, leaders of the Great Lakes area gave M23 a two-day ultimatum to leave Goma. A combined force which would include international troops, a FARDC company, and a M23 company would be posted near Goma Airport and would take charge of security.[14] When the ultimatum expired on 26 November, M23 still controlled the city.[33]

M23 rebels leaving Goma, 30 November 2012

The FARDC, had previously withdrawn after raping almost 126 women, some of them less than 10 years old, according to the United Nations and looting the money and possessions of the local population,[34] came from Minova in a counteroffensive launched against M23 positions in the Masisi, North Kivu region on 27 November.[35] M23 set up a road block on the road from Goma to Sake and reportedly extorted funds from drivers.[35]

Following a peace deal negotiated in Uganda, the M23 said it would withdraw from Goma by 1 December.[36] On 30 November, M23 troops began to withdraw from Sake and Masisi.[37] A first contingent of 200 police officers also arrived in Goma on 30 November, in anticipation of M23’s withdrawal.[37] M23 operatives allegedly kept a presence there, dressed in civilian police uniforms.[38] On the eve of the withdrawal, FADRC forces accused M23 rebels of going door to door in some of Goma’s suburbs on the eve of their withdrawal, looting personal possessions, money and vehicles.[39] The political wing of the movement denied this accusation, and said that criminal elements who had escaped from Munzenze prison were responsible for the looting.[39]

On 3 December 2012, FARDC and Congolese government officials re-enter Goma, two days after M23 left the city.[40]

On 24 February 2013, leaders of eleven African nations signed an agreement designed to bring peace to the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo, among them Rwanda and Uganda. Both had been accused of aiding the M23 rebellion, a charge they denied.[41] M23 was not represented either in the negotiations, or at the signing.[41]

On 18 March 2013, Bosco Ntaganda handed himself in to the U.S. embassy in Kigali, Rwanda,[42] where he requested transfer to the International Criminal Court in The Hague, Netherlands.[43] Though the reasons for his surrender are unknown it was speculated that he was either pressured to do so by Rwanda or feared infighting within the M23 movement and its military leader Sulani Makenga, which had recently forced Ntaganda's forces to flee the DRC into Rwanda. Though Rwanda was not a signatory to the Rome Statute, the media speculated it would be forced to turn him over to the ICC. The U.S. also had listed him on its Rewards for Justice Program.[44] On 22 March, he was detained by the ICC[45] and appeared for the first time in front of the ICC on 26 March,[46] to which he denied charges of rape, murder, and other offenses.[47][48]

Internal clashes

On 25 February, disagreement between factions of the M23 about how to react to the peace agreement led to violence. M23's political leader, Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, was sacked.[49] In a statement signed by M23's military leader, Sultani Makenga, he was accused of treason because of "financial embezzlement, divisions, ethnic hatred, deceit and political immaturity".[7] Makenga declared himself interim leader and clashes between those loyal to Sultani Makenga and those loyal to Jean-Marie Runiga Lugerero, who is allied with Bosco Ntaganda, have killed ten men and two others were hospitalized.[50] M23 has denied that it is hit by dissent.[2]

United Nations Force Intervention Brigade

Tanzanian soldiers of the UN brigade
Main article: United Nations Force Intervention Brigade

In March 2013, the United Nations Security Council authorized the deployment of an intervention brigade within MONUSCO to carry out targeted offensive operations, with or without the Congolese national army, against armed groups that threaten peace in eastern DRC. The brigade is based in North Kivu and is made up of a total of 3,069 peacekeepers. It is tasked with neutralizing armed groups, reducing the threat posed to State authority and civilian security and make space for stabilization activities.[51]

End of rebellion

On 6 November 2013 government forces launched an assault on M23 rebel position in the east of the country. This occurred one day after insurgents called for a ceasefire. The following day M23 issued a document that said they had "decided from this day to end its rebellion" and instead to pursue its goals "through purely political means".[52] On 7 November, Sultani Makenga the leader of M23 surrendered with about 1,500 M23 fighters in Mgahinga National Park, Uganda.[53] They were held in Kisoro.

After peace declarations were signed between the DRC Government and M23 rebels on 12 December 2013, issues of legal accountability for the rebellion remain because of international pressure.[54]

References

  1. ^ "Bertrand Bisimwa, the man leading M23". dailymaverick. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
  2. ^ a b "DR Congo: M23's Makenga and Runiga factions 'clash'". bbcnews.com. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  3. ^ a b "M23 rebels set conditions for Goma exit". aljazeera.net. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
  4. ^ "Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says". BBC. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
  5. ^ Mike Pflanz (20 November 2012). "DRC Rebels Capture Goma Without Firing a Shot". London: The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ "Rebels Vow to Take All of Congo, as Army Troops and Police Defect in Goma". CTV News. Associated Press. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ a b "DR Congo: Bunagana residents flee M23 clashes to Uganda". bbcnews.com. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  8. ^ "Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city". BBC News. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ "DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'". AFP. 23 March 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  10. ^ "DR Congo troops shell rebel bases". Al Jazeera English. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  11. ^ "Congo's 'Terminator': Kabila calls for Ntaganda arrest". BBC News. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  12. ^ Malcolm Webb (18 May 2012). "Thousands flee renewed violence in DRC". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  13. ^ Melanie Gouby (6 October 2012). "Congo: M23 rebels aim for Uganda border town". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b "RDC : les chefs d'Etat des Grands lacs donnent 2 jours au M23 pour quitter Goma" (in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  15. ^ "DR Congo fighters jubilant after taking Goma". Al Jazeera English. from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Melanie Gouby (4 April 2012). "Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces". AllAfrica. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Malcolm Webb (6 June 2012). "Clashes in eastern DR Congo claim lives". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Albert Kambale (8 July 2012). "DR Congo rebel chief pledges to withdraw from captured towns". AFP. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "UPDATE 4-Congo rebels advance to outskirts of Goma". Reuters. 18 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Josh Kron (19 November 2012). "Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital". New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ David Blair (20 November 2012). "Goma falls to Congo's 'M23' rebels without expected bloodbath". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b Pete Jones and David Smith (20 November 2012). "Congo rebels take Goma with little resistance and to little cheer". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b Jeffrey Gettleman and Josh Kron (20 November 2012). "Congo Rebels Seize Provincial Capital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "Prises de guerre du M23 à Goma : "Kinshasa nous approvisionne depuis le début"" (in French). Jeune Afrique. from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ^ "Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city". BBC News. 20 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Phil Moore (20 November 2012). "DR Congo rebels capture Goma, accused of atrocities". Google News. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Nord-Kivu : la coalition FARDC-Maï-Maï aurait repoussé le M23 de Sake" (in French). Radio Okapi. from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ "RDC : le président Kabila suspend le général major Amisi, le chef des forces terrestres" (in French). Radio Okapi. from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  29. ^ "Sake: les affrontements entre FARDC et M23 font 4 morts" (in French). Radio Okapi. 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
  30. ^ "Nord-Kivu: les FARDC renforcent leurs positions à Minova" (in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  31. ^ "RDC/Nord-Kivu: le HCR n'a accès qu'à un seul camp de déplacés sur 31" (in French). Romandie.com. from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  32. ^ "Bukavu: le colonel Kahasha fait à nouveau défection" (in French). Radio Okapi. 24 November 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  33. ^ David Mackenzie (27 November 2012). "Congo rebels refuse to quit captured city of Goma". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43804
  35. ^ a b "Nord-Kivu: les FARDC contre-attaquent le M23 à Masisi" (in French). Radio Okapi. 27 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
  36. ^ "M23 to Leave Goma, Rebel Chief Says". Voice of America. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ a b "Nord-Kivu: les premières troupes du M23 ont quitté Saké" (in French). Radio Okapi. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  38. ^ "Faisant semblant de quitter Goma. Des M23 en tenue de la Police nationale. Une stratégie qui trompe la vigilance au Nord-Kivu" (in French). L’Avenir. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  39. ^ a b "Nord-Kivu : les rebelles du M23 accusés à nouveau de pillages à Goma" (in French). Radio Okapi. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  40. ^ "DR Congo army returns to Goma". Al Jazeera English. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  41. ^ a b "African leaders sign deal aimed at peace in eastern Congo". Reuters. 24 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
  42. ^ BBC News - Bosco Ntaganda: Wanted Congolese in US mission in Rwanda. Bbc.co.uk (2013-03-18). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
  43. ^ "U.S. confirms Bosco Ntaganda turned himself in at U.S. Embassy in Kigali". Reuters. 18 March 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  44. ^ The surrender of Bosco Ntaganda - Al Jazeera Blogs
  45. ^ Corder, Mike (22 March 2013). "International court detains Rwandan-born warlord". USA Today.
  46. ^ BBC News - DR Congo: Bosco Ntaganda appears before ICC. Bbc.co.uk (2013-03-26). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
  47. ^ Congo warlord denies guilt in first appearance at Hague court. Reuters. Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
  48. ^ http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/icc/situations%20and%20cases/situations/situation%20icc%200104/related%20cases/icc%200104%200206/Pages/icc%200104%200206.aspx
  49. ^ "DR Congo: Army 'seizes' eastern towns held by M23 rebels". bbcnews.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  50. ^ "Clashes among DR Congo rebels leave 10 dead". Global Post. AFP. 25 February 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  51. ^ "Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade". United Nations. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  52. ^ "M23 rebels announce end of rebellion in DR Congo". France24. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  53. ^ "DR Congo's M23 rebel chief Sultani Makenga 'surrenders'". BBC News. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
  54. ^ "Surrendering to the Big Picture: Historical and Legal Perspectives on Accountability in the Democratic Republic of Congo Following the Defeat of the March 23 Movement". 17 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2014.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to March 23 Movement.

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