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* ''[[Acacia guanacastensis]]'' <small> (H.D. Clarke, Seigler & Ebinger) Ebinger & Seigler</small>
* ''[[Acacia guanacastensis]]'' <small> (H.D. Clarke, Seigler & Ebinger) Ebinger & Seigler</small>
* ''[[Acacia gummifera]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—Gum-bearing acacia
* ''[[Acacia gummifera]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—Gum-bearing acacia
* ''[[Acacia haematoxylon]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—Gray camel thorn, Giraffe thorn<ref name="dwaf">{{cite web |url=http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |title=Protected Trees |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa}}</ref>
* ''[[Acacia haematoxylon]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—Gray camel thorn, Giraffe thorn<ref name="dwaf">{{cite web|url=http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |title=Protected Trees |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705085122/http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf |archivedate=5 July 2010 }}</ref>
* ''[[Acacia harmandiana]]'' <small>(Pierre) Gagnep.</small>
* ''[[Acacia harmandiana]]'' <small>(Pierre) Gagnep.</small>
* ''[[Acacia hebeclada]]'' <small>DC.</small>—Candle-pod acacia
* ''[[Acacia hebeclada]]'' <small>DC.</small>—Candle-pod acacia

Revision as of 17:21, 25 June 2017

For Acacia in the broader sense, see Acacia sensu lato.

Acacia
A. farnesia, foliage and flower head
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Mimosoideae
Tribe:
Acacieae
Genus:
Acacia

Miller, 1754
Type species
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile,
typified by Britton & Brown (1913:735)[1]
Species[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

147; see text.

Synonyms[9]
  • Acacia subg. Acacia Vassal
  • Acaciopsis Britton & Rose
  • Aldina E.Mey.
  • Bahamia Britton & Rose
  • Delaportea Gagnepain
  • Farnesia Gasparrini
  • Feracacia Britton & Rose
  • Fishlockia Britton & Rose
  • Gumifera Raf.
  • Lucaya Britton & Rose
  • Myrmecodendron Britton & Rose
  • Nimiria Craib
  • Pithecodendron Speg.
  • Poponax Raf.
  • Protoacacia Mill.
  • Tauroceras Britton & Rose

Acacia (/əˈkeɪʃə/ or /əˈkeɪsiə/) is a monophyletic genus[10] of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, commonly known as thorn trees or shittah trees. The genus name is derived via Latin from ancient Greek ακακία (akakia). It was the name used by Theophrastus and Dioscorides to denote thorn trees,[11] the word root being ἀκίς (akis)[12] or ἀκή (akḗ),[13] meaning "thorn" and "point" respectively.[14][15] Before discovery of the New World, Europeans in the Mediterranean region were familiar with several species of Acacia, which they knew as sources of medicine, and had names for them that they inherited from the Greeks and Romans.[11] This genus is now known as Vachellia.[4]

The wide-ranging genus occurs in a variety of open, tropical to subtropical habitats, and is locally dominant.[16] In parts of Africa, Acacias are shaped progressively by grazing animals of increasing size and height, such as gazelle, gerenuk and giraffe. The genus in Africa has thus developed thorns in defence against such herbivory.[17]

Nomenclature

The ICN provides that under the rules, the name Acacia follows the original type if Acacia sensu lato is dismantled.[clarification needed][9][18][19] However, in 2005, the General Committee of the IBC decided that Acacia not be used for this genus. This decision was opposed by 54.9% or 247 representatives at its 2005 congress, while 45.1% or 203 votes were cast in favour. However, since a 60% vote was required to override the committee, the decision was carried, and a nom. cons. propositum was listed in Appendix III (p. 286).[20][21] The 2011 congress voted 373 to 172 to uphold the 2005 decision, which means that the name Acacia and a new type follow the majority of the species in Acacia sensu lato, rather than this genus.[22] However, some members of the botanical community remain dissatisfied.[23]

Description

They are trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, and are always armed. Younger plants, especially, are armed with spines which are modified stipules, situated near the leaf bases. Some (cf. A. tortilis, A. hebeclada, A. luederitzii and A. reficiens) are also armed with paired, recurved prickles (in addition to the spines).[24] The leaves are alternate and bipinnately arranged, and their pinnae are usually opposite. The racemose inflorescences usually grow from the leaf axils. The yellow or creamy white flowers are produced in spherical heads, or seldom in elongate spikes, which is the general rule in the related genus Senegalia. The flowers are typically bisexual with numerous stamens, but unisexual flowers have been noted in A. nilotica (cf. Sinha, 1971).[25] The calyx and corolla are usually 4 to 5-lobed. Glands are usually present on the rhachis and the upper side of the petiole. The seed pod may be straight, curved or curled, and either dehiscent or indehiscent.[24]

Species list

Of the 163 species, 52 are native to the Americas, 83 to Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 32 to Asia and 9 to Australia and the Pacific Islands.[26]

Incertae sedis

The following species are suspected to belong to Acacia.[7]

Hybrids

  • Acacia × cedilloi (Rico Arce) Seigler & Ebinger
  • Acacia campechiana × pennatula
  • Acacia erioloba × haematoxylon
  • Acacia × gladiata (Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger
  • Acacia kirkii × seyal
  • Acacia macracantha × pennatula
  • Acacia seyal var. fistula × xanthophloea
  • Acacia × standleyi (Saff.) Seigler & Ebinger

References

  1. ^ Carruthers, Jane; Robin, Libby (February 2010). "Taxonomic imperialism in the battles for Acacia: Identity and science in South Africa and Australia". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (1): 48–64. doi:10.1080/00359191003652066. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  2. ^ Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2005). "New combinations in the genus Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from the New World". Phytologia. 87 (3): 139–78.
  3. ^ Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia". Bot J Linn Soc. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047.
  4. ^ a b Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2010). "New Combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae)" (PDF). Phytologia. 92 (1): 92–95. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  5. ^ Maslin BR, Seigler DS, Ebinger J (2013). "New combinations in Senegalia and Vachellia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) for Southeast Asia and China". Blumea. 58 (1): 39–44. doi:10.3767/000651913X669914.
  6. ^ Clarke HD, Seigler DS, Ebinger JE (2009). "Taxonomic Revision of the Acacia acuifera Species Group (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in the Caribbean". Syst Bot. 34 (1): 84–101. doi:10.1600/036364409787602285.
  7. ^ a b Maslin B. "List of Acacia sensu lato species". World Wide Wattle. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
  8. ^ Kodela PG, Wilson PG (2006). "New combinations in the genus Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Australia". Telopea. 11: 233–244.
  9. ^ a b Maslin, B. R.; Orchard, A. E.; West, J. G. "Nomenclatural and classification history of Acacia (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae), and the implications of generic subdivision" (PDF). worldwidewattle.com. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  10. ^ Rico Arce, M. de L.; Bachman, S. (16 May 2007). "A taxonomic revision of Acaciella (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae)". Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid. 63 (2): 189–244. doi:10.3989/ajbm.2006.v63.i2.7. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  11. ^ a b Austin, Daniel F. (2004). Florida ethnobotany Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona: with more than 500 species illustrated by Penelope N. Honychurch ... [et al.] Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780203491881.
  12. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A-C. CRC Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  13. ^ Morris, William, ed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., 1971.
  14. ^ Andorlini, Isabella. "ἀκακία". Medicalia Online. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  15. ^ Gledhill, David (2006). The names of plants (4th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780521866453.
  16. ^ Shorrocks, Bryan; Bates, William (2014). The Biology of African Savannahs (Biology of Habitats Series ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 231–233. ISBN 0198702701.
  17. ^ Chidumayo, Emmanuel N.; Gumbo, Davison J. (2010). The Dry Forests and Woodlands of Africa: Managing for Products and Services. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781136531378.
  18. ^ "Acacia". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Racosperma". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  20. ^ Corder, Hugh; Glazewski, Jan; Bleazard, Janice (2009). A Rose is a Rose but is an 'Acacia' an 'Acacia'? Global administrative law: development and innovation. Cape Town: Juta. ISBN 9780702181900.
  21. ^ Moore, Gerry; Smith, Gideon F.; Figueiredo, Estrela; Demissew, Sebsebe; Lewis, Gwilym; Schrire, Brian; Rico, Lourdes; van Wyk, Abraham E.; Luckow, Melissa; Kiesling, Roberto; Sousa, Mario (June 2011). "The Acacia controversy resulting from minority rule at the Vienna Nomenclature Section: Much more than arcane arguments and complex technicalities" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (3): 852–857. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  22. ^ "The Acacia debate" (PDF). IBC2011 Congress News. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  23. ^ "Conserving Acacia Mill. with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne?" (PDF). Taxon. Retrieved May 5, 2016. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  24. ^ a b Hyde, Mark; et al. "3446.000 Acacia Mill. - Thorn trees". Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  25. ^ "Handbook on seeds of dry-zone acacias, 3. Reproductive biology". fao.org. FAO Corporate Document Repository: Agriculture and Consumer Protection. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  26. ^ Thiele, Kevin R. (February 2011). "The controversy over the retypification of Acacia Mill. with an Australian type: A pragmatic view" (PDF). Taxon. 60 (1): 194–198. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Taxon in the A. karroo complex, see: Roland, Dr. Wolf-Achim. "The Acacia (s.l.)-karroo complex, Status 2014". Acacia World. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  28. ^ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Seigler DS, García R, Mejía M, Ebinger JE (2012). "A new species of Vachellia (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) from Haiti". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 6 (1): 45.
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