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==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The black eagle breeds in tropical [[Asia]]. Race ''perniger'' (Hodgson, 1836) is found in the [[Himalaya]]n foothills west through Nepal into the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu & Kashmir]], and in the forests of the Eastern and [[Western Ghats]] in peninsular [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prater, SH|year=1940|title= The Indian Black Eagle (''Ictinaetus malayanus perniger'' Hodgs.) in Salsette|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=41|issue=4|page=899}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Rao, VUS |year=1968|title=The Black Eagle ''Ictinaetus malayensis perniger'' within Bombay limits|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=8|issue=12|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Burgess, HE|year=1937|title= Eagles on the Nilgiris|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–403}}</ref> The species also extends into the Aravalli range of northwestern India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dharmakumarsinhji, KS|author-link=Raol Shri Dharmakumarsinhji|year=1985|title=The Black Eagle ''Ictinaetus malayensis'' Temm. at Sawai Madhopur, (Rajasthan)|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=82|issue=3|page=655}}</ref> The nominate race ''malaiensis'' (Temminck, 1822) is found in Burma, southern China (Yunnan, Fujian) and Taiwan, into the Malay Peninsula. The Ictinaetus malaiensis perniger subspecies of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] is the most widespread. They are generally residents and no migrations have been observed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tordoff, AW|year=2002|title=Raptor migration at Hoang Lien Nature Reserve, northern Vietnam|journal=Forktail|volume=18|pages=45–48|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/18pdfs/Tordoff-Raptor.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
The black eagle breeds in tropical [[Asia]]. Race ''perniger'' (Hodgson, 1836) is found in the [[Himalaya]]n foothills west through Nepal into the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Jammu & Kashmir]], and in the forests of the Eastern and [[Western Ghats]] in peninsular [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Prater, SH|year=1940|title= The Indian Black Eagle (''Ictinaetus malayanus perniger'' Hodgs.) in Salsette|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=41|issue=4|page=899}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Rao, VUS |year=1968|title=The Black Eagle ''Ictinaetus malayensis perniger'' within Bombay limits|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=8|issue=12|pages=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Burgess, HE|year=1937|title= Eagles on the Nilgiris|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=39|issue=2|pages=399–403}}</ref> The species also extends into the Aravalli range of northwestern India.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Dharmakumarsinhji, KS|author-link=Raol Shri Dharmakumarsinhji|year=1985|title=The Black Eagle ''Ictinaetus malayensis'' Temm. at Sawai Madhopur, (Rajasthan)|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=82|issue=3|page=655}}</ref> The nominate race ''malaiensis'' (Temminck, 1822) is found in Burma, southern China (Yunnan, Fujian) and Taiwan, into the Malay Peninsula. The Ictinaetus malaiensis perniger subspecies of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] is the most widespread. They are generally residents and no migrations have been observed.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Tordoff, AW|year=2002|title=Raptor migration at Hoang Lien Nature Reserve, northern Vietnam|journal=Forktail|volume=18|pages=45–48|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/18pdfs/Tordoff-Raptor.pdf|format=PDF|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610174902/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/18pdfs/Tordoff-Raptor.pdf|archivedate=2011-06-10|df=}}</ref>


In a study in southern India, it was found to favour forests with good forest cover and was absent from areas where the cover was less than 50%.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Thiollay, Jean-Marc |year=1993|title= Response of a Raptor Community to Shrinking Area and Degradation of Tropical Rain Forest in the South Western Ghats (India)|journal=Ecography |volume=16|issue=2|pages=97–110|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00062.x}}</ref>
In a study in southern India, it was found to favour forests with good forest cover and was absent from areas where the cover was less than 50%.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Thiollay, Jean-Marc |year=1993|title= Response of a Raptor Community to Shrinking Area and Degradation of Tropical Rain Forest in the South Western Ghats (India)|journal=Ecography |volume=16|issue=2|pages=97–110|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00062.x}}</ref>
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* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/indian-black-eagle-ictinaetus-malayensis Internet Bird Collection]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/indian-black-eagle-ictinaetus-malayensis Internet Bird Collection]
* [http://blackeagle2008.wordpress.com/ Notes on the species in Java]
* [http://blackeagle2008.wordpress.com/ Notes on the species in Java]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615203915/http://archive.zo.ntu.edu.tw:80/english/bird_sound.asp?bird_id=B0129 Call and sonogram]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090615203915/http://archive.zo.ntu.edu.tw/english/bird_sound.asp?bird_id=B0129 Call and sonogram]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AU6VglwaXM Video of pair bathing in stream near nesting site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AU6VglwaXM Video of pair bathing in stream near nesting site]


Revision as of 12:48, 21 July 2017

For other uses, see Black eagle (disambiguation).
This article is about the Asian bird. For the African bird, see Verreaux's eagle.

Black eagle
The wing tip reaches the tail at rest (ssp. perniger)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Accipitriformes
Family:
Accipitridae
Genus:
Ictinaetus

Blyth, 1843
Species:
I. malaiensis
Binomial name
Ictinaetus malaiensis
(Temminck, 1822)
Synonyms
  • Neopus malayensis
  • Ictinaetus malayensis

The black eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis) is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae, and is the only member of the genus Ictinaetus. They soar over forests in the hilly regions of tropical Asia, especially the Indian Subcontinent and adjoining regions. They hunt mammals and birds, particularly at their nests. They are easily identified by their widely splayed and long primary "fingers", the characteristic silhouette, slow flight and yellow ceres and legs that contrast with their dark feathers.

Distribution

The black eagle breeds in tropical Asia. Race perniger (Hodgson, 1836) is found in the Himalayan foothills west through Nepal into the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, and in the forests of the Eastern and Western Ghats in peninsular India and Sri Lanka.[2][3][4] The species also extends into the Aravalli range of northwestern India.[5] The nominate race malaiensis (Temminck, 1822) is found in Burma, southern China (Yunnan, Fujian) and Taiwan, into the Malay Peninsula. The Ictinaetus malaiensis perniger subspecies of the Indian Subcontinent is the most widespread. They are generally residents and no migrations have been observed.[6]

In a study in southern India, it was found to favour forests with good forest cover and was absent from areas where the cover was less than 50%.[7]

Description

Flight silhouette showing narrowing at the base of wing

The black eagle is a large raptor at about 70–80 cm in length and 164–178 cm in wingspan, with a weight of between 1000 and 1600 grams.[8] Adults have all-black plumage, with a yellow bill base (cere) and feet. The wings are long and pinched in at the innermost primaries giving a distinctive shape. The tail shows faint barring and upper tail covers paler. When perched the wing tips reach till or exceed the tail tip. The wings are held in a shallow V (wings just above the horizontal plane) in flight. Seen on hot afternoons, scouring the treetops for a nest to maraud, this bird is easily spotted by its jet black colour, large size, and a 'characteristic' slow flight, sometimes just above the canopy.[9]

Sexes are similar, but young birds have a buff head, underparts and underwing coverts. The wing shape helps to distinguish this species from the dark form of crested hawk-eagle, (Spizaetus cirrhatus). The tarsi are fully feathered and the toes are relatively stout and short with long claws (particularly on the inner toe[10]) that are less strongly curved than in other birds of prey.[11]

The species name is spelt malayensis' in most publications but the original spelling used by Temminck in his description uses the spelling malaiensis according to a 2011 finding of some of the original covers of the part publications leading to taxonomists applying the principle of priority and rejecting any later spelling emendations.[12]

Habits

The primaries are long and well splayed out in slow flight

The black eagle eats mammals, birds and eggs. It is a prolific nest-predator and is known for its slow flight just over the canopy.[9] Due to this eagle's ability to remain aloft for long periods with minimal effort, the Lepcha people of India's Darjeeling district described it as a bird that never sat down.[13] The curved claws and wide gape allow it to pick up eggs of birds from nests.[14] Along with swallow-tailed kites they share the unique habit of carrying away an entire nest with nestlings to a feeding perch.[15] Squirrels, macaques and many species of birds emit alarm calls when these birds are spotted soaring over the forest. The Indian giant squirrel has been noted as a prey of this species[16] and young bonnet macaques may also fall prey to them.[17]

The courtship display involves steep dives with folded wings with swoops up in a U shape into a vertical stall.[9] They build a platform nest, 3 to 4 feet wide, on a tall tree overlooking a steep valley. One or two white eggs which are blotched in brown and mauve may be laid during the nesting season between January and April.[18][19][20] The nest site may be reused year after year.[11]

Purple-faced leaf monkey juvenile attacked by a Black eagle and dead

References

  1. ^ Template:IUCN
  2. ^ Prater, SH (1940). "The Indian Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayanus perniger Hodgs.) in Salsette". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (4): 899.
  3. ^ Rao, VUS (1968). "The Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis perniger within Bombay limits". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 8 (12): 6–7.
  4. ^ Burgess, HE (1937). "Eagles on the Nilgiris". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 39 (2): 399–403.
  5. ^ Dharmakumarsinhji, KS (1985). "The Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis Temm. at Sawai Madhopur, (Rajasthan)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (3): 655.
  6. ^ Tordoff, AW (2002). "Raptor migration at Hoang Lien Nature Reserve, northern Vietnam" (PDF). Forktail. 18: 45–48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-10. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Thiollay, Jean-Marc (1993). "Response of a Raptor Community to Shrinking Area and Degradation of Tropical Rain Forest in the South Western Ghats (India)". Ecography. 16 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1993.tb00062.x.
  8. ^ http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/article-booted-eagles-ictinaetus-aquila.html
  9. ^ a b c Rasmussen PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 104. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Hodgson, B.H. (1843). "Description of a new genus of Falconidae". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 127–128.
  11. ^ a b Ali S; SD Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 283–285. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Lebossé, A.; Bour, R. (2011). "The first twenty livraisons of "Les Planches Coloriées d'Oiseaux" of Temminck & Laugier (1820‐1839): I. The ten wrappers now known". Zoological Bibliography. 1 (4): 141‐150. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Swann, H. Kirke (1924–1945). Alexander Wetmore (ed.). A Monograph of the Birds of Prey (Order Accipitres), Part XI. Wheldon & Wesley, London. p. 93.
  14. ^ Nijman, V (2004). "Seasonal variation in naturally occurring mobbing behavior of drongos (Dicruridae) towards two avian predators" (PDF). Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 16: 25–32. doi:10.1080/08927014.2004.9522651.
  15. ^ Coulson, Jennifer O. (2001). "Swallow-tailed Kites Carry Passerine Nests Containing Nestlings to Their Own Nests". The Wilson Bulletin. 113 (3): 340–342. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0340:STKCPN]2.0.CO;2.
  16. ^ Borges, Renee (1986). "Predation attempt by Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis perniger) on Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica elphinstonii)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83: 203.
  17. ^ Ali, Rauf (1986). "Feeding ecology of the Bonnet Macaque at the Mundanthurai Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (1): 98–110.
  18. ^ Buchanan, Kenneth (1899). "Nesting of the Black Eagle". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (4): 776–777.
  19. ^ Daly, W Mahon (1899). "Nesting of the Black Eagle". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12 (3): 589.
  20. ^ Baker, ECS (1918). "Notes on the nidification of some Indian Falconidae. III. the genera Ictinaetus and Microhierax". Ibis. 60 (1): 51–68. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1918.tb00770.x.BHL
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ictinaetus malayensis.

Historical publications

  • Illustration and description (in French) by Temminck (Pl. Col. vol. 1, plate 117, pages 104–105.)
  • 1836 original description of Nepalese race as Aquila Pernigra by B. H. Hodgson (now a subspecies I. m. perniger).
  • 1843 proposal of new genus Heteropus by Hodgson, separated from Aquila based on the unusual form of the black eagle's foot. With a footnote by Blyth noting that Jerdon had sent specimens to the museum labeled Ictinaëtus ovivorus. Text and illustration.
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