Castello Barbarossa: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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The castle's construction date (ca. late ninth century) is uncertain.<ref name=sitocomune>{{cite web|title=Comune di Anacapri – Scoprire il territorio – Castello Barbarossa|url=http://www.comunedianacapri.it/it/s/castello-barbarossa-2|publisher=Comune di Anacapri|accessdate=30 April 2012}}</ref> It is known to have existed at the end of the tenth century. Taking advantage of local labour, the [[Dukes of Amalfi]] built it in order to gain full control over the island of Capri.<ref name="Oebalus175">Oebalus (2006), p. 175.</ref><ref name="Borà2002">{{cite book|last=Borà|first=Salvatore|title=Itinerari storici e monumentali di Capri ed Anacapri|publisher=La Conchiglia|year=2002|pages=206, 208, 210|isbn=8886443528|language=Italian}}</ref> The manor house was originally owned by Adelferio, son of [[Sergius II of Amalfi|Sergius II]] (d. 1028),<ref name="Borà2002" /> who called the area ''Anglum ad Castellum'' ("the corner near the castle").<ref name="Oebalus28">Oebalus (2008), p. 28.</ref> On 15 November 988, Adelferio donated the castle, as well as his other possessions in Anacapri (including Artimo, Orrico and Gradola), to Giovanni, Count of Capri. The document refers to "unam silvam ad angulum ipsum castellum" (a wood at the corner of the castle).<ref name="Borà2002" /> Protected by the fortress, the area enjoyed a period of stability in the tenth and eleventh centuries.<ref name="Oebalus176">Oebalus (2006), p. 176.</ref> |
The castle's construction date (ca. late ninth century) is uncertain.<ref name=sitocomune>{{cite web|title=Comune di Anacapri – Scoprire il territorio – Castello Barbarossa|url=http://www.comunedianacapri.it/it/s/castello-barbarossa-2|publisher=Comune di Anacapri|accessdate=30 April 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718115901/http://www.comunedianacapri.it/it/s/castello-barbarossa-2|archivedate=18 July 2012|df=}}</ref> It is known to have existed at the end of the tenth century. Taking advantage of local labour, the [[Dukes of Amalfi]] built it in order to gain full control over the island of Capri.<ref name="Oebalus175">Oebalus (2006), p. 175.</ref><ref name="Borà2002">{{cite book|last=Borà|first=Salvatore|title=Itinerari storici e monumentali di Capri ed Anacapri|publisher=La Conchiglia|year=2002|pages=206, 208, 210|isbn=8886443528|language=Italian}}</ref> The manor house was originally owned by Adelferio, son of [[Sergius II of Amalfi|Sergius II]] (d. 1028),<ref name="Borà2002" /> who called the area ''Anglum ad Castellum'' ("the corner near the castle").<ref name="Oebalus28">Oebalus (2008), p. 28.</ref> On 15 November 988, Adelferio donated the castle, as well as his other possessions in Anacapri (including Artimo, Orrico and Gradola), to Giovanni, Count of Capri. The document refers to "unam silvam ad angulum ipsum castellum" (a wood at the corner of the castle).<ref name="Borà2002" /> Protected by the fortress, the area enjoyed a period of stability in the tenth and eleventh centuries.<ref name="Oebalus176">Oebalus (2006), p. 176.</ref> |
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The [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Campania]] forced the Dukes of Amalfi to modernize the structure to provide greater resistance to the enemy. The interior of the fortress was then extended with new features, including a chapel with a buttressed vault.<ref name="Borà2002" /> Other additions from the thirteenth century included a cylindrical tower, two protective walls and other items necessitated by the development of siege techniques and firearms.<ref name="Borà2002" /> In the fifteenth century, the island of Capri was subjected to attacks by Muslim pirates. Consequently, the population often used the fortress as a refuge. But after the raids in 1535, led by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] pirates [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] and [[Dragut]], the fortress was destroyed in 1544, and those who had taken shelter there were kidnapped or robbed.<ref name="Borà2002" /> Rather than being named after its builder, the castle derives its name from its pirate destroyer.<ref name="Knox1893">{{cite book|last=Knox|first=Thomas Wallace|title=The boy travellers in southern Europe: adventures of two youths in a journey through Italy, southern France, and Spain, with visits to Gibraltar and the islands of Sicily and Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37|accessdate=7 July 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1893|publisher=Harpers|pages=37–}}</ref><ref name="NationalGeo1920">{{cite book|title=The National geographic magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoR_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR226|accessdate=7 July 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1920|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=226–}}</ref> The [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevins]] attempted to reconstruct the fortress, but without success as the Neapolitans had little building experience. It therefore fell on the inhabitants of Anacapri to care for the fortress which, as a result, was never rebuilt.<ref name="Oebalus176"/> |
The [[Norman conquest of southern Italy|Norman conquest]] of [[Campania]] forced the Dukes of Amalfi to modernize the structure to provide greater resistance to the enemy. The interior of the fortress was then extended with new features, including a chapel with a buttressed vault.<ref name="Borà2002" /> Other additions from the thirteenth century included a cylindrical tower, two protective walls and other items necessitated by the development of siege techniques and firearms.<ref name="Borà2002" /> In the fifteenth century, the island of Capri was subjected to attacks by Muslim pirates. Consequently, the population often used the fortress as a refuge. But after the raids in 1535, led by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] pirates [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] and [[Dragut]], the fortress was destroyed in 1544, and those who had taken shelter there were kidnapped or robbed.<ref name="Borà2002" /> Rather than being named after its builder, the castle derives its name from its pirate destroyer.<ref name="Knox1893">{{cite book|last=Knox|first=Thomas Wallace|title=The boy travellers in southern Europe: adventures of two youths in a journey through Italy, southern France, and Spain, with visits to Gibraltar and the islands of Sicily and Malta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37|accessdate=7 July 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1893|publisher=Harpers|pages=37–}}</ref><ref name="NationalGeo1920">{{cite book|title=The National geographic magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BoR_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR226|accessdate=7 July 2012|edition=Public domain|year=1920|publisher=National Geographic Society|pages=226–}}</ref> The [[Capetian House of Anjou|Angevins]] attempted to reconstruct the fortress, but without success as the Neapolitans had little building experience. It therefore fell on the inhabitants of Anacapri to care for the fortress which, as a result, was never rebuilt.<ref name="Oebalus176"/> |
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Barbarossa Castle was then almost totally forgotten until the eighteenth century when the manor was included in some geographical treaties.<ref name="Oebalus174">Oebalus (2006), p. 174.</ref> At the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was however used for military purposes after reinforcement by both the British (1806), who built embrasures for riflemen and a powder house, and by the French (1808), who built a defensive wall which extended from the castle to the [[Phoenician Steps]].<ref name="Borà2002" /> In the mid-nineteenth century, after the growing interest of literary circles in the Mediterranean environment and archaeological findings,<ref name="Oebalus174"/> itinerant scholars described the castle as "a ruin immersed in wonderfully wild surroundings", and in the first half of the twentieth century the site became a must in all Capri's maps and travel guides.<ref name="Oebalus175"/> |
Barbarossa Castle was then almost totally forgotten until the eighteenth century when the manor was included in some geographical treaties.<ref name="Oebalus174">Oebalus (2006), p. 174.</ref> At the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was however used for military purposes after reinforcement by both the British (1806), who built embrasures for riflemen and a powder house, and by the French (1808), who built a defensive wall which extended from the castle to the [[Phoenician Steps]].<ref name="Borà2002" /> In the mid-nineteenth century, after the growing interest of literary circles in the Mediterranean environment and archaeological findings,<ref name="Oebalus174"/> itinerant scholars described the castle as "a ruin immersed in wonderfully wild surroundings", and in the first half of the twentieth century the site became a must in all Capri's maps and travel guides.<ref name="Oebalus175"/> |
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As already mentioned, the castle with the surrounding land was purchased by Munthe who, as he hated hunting, made it a sanctuary for birds. Throughout his life, Munthe campaigned to abolish hunting and was able to convince [[Benito Mussolini]] himself to draw up legislation denying hunters access to the island.<ref name="DeAngelisBertolotti1990" /> As of 1950, a year after Munthe's death,<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Istituto di Cultura|url=http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/istitutodicultura|publisher=Villa San Michele}}</ref> the castle became part of the Axel Munthe Foundation under the ownership of the Swedish Consulate.<ref name="Borà2002" /> |
As already mentioned, the castle with the surrounding land was purchased by Munthe who, as he hated hunting, made it a sanctuary for birds. Throughout his life, Munthe campaigned to abolish hunting and was able to convince [[Benito Mussolini]] himself to draw up legislation denying hunters access to the island.<ref name="DeAngelisBertolotti1990" /> As of 1950, a year after Munthe's death,<ref>{{cite web|title=L'Istituto di Cultura|url=http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/istitutodicultura|publisher=Villa San Michele|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415181833/http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/istitutodicultura|archivedate=2012-04-15|df=}}</ref> the castle became part of the Axel Munthe Foundation under the ownership of the Swedish Consulate.<ref name="Borà2002" /> |
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==Architecture and fittings== |
==Architecture and fittings== |
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The plan of the castle is quadrangular with a semicircular wall. The ruins of the highest part, as well as forming the core of the building, belong to what was once the residential area of the castle. Indeed there is a chapel with a vaulted apse, a belfry and a cistern that was used as a warehouse Another area, offset from the chapel, retains many features, including a vaulted roof, a small partly walled embrasure, and an arched opening. Finally, there is a room with an iron-beamed roof. Built of local stone, the fort has vaulted roofs and tiled floors. The most significant architectural features are its two towers, indicating the military function of the castle. One of them, square-shaped, was built in the Swabian period, the other, however, is circular and was built in the Angevin period.<ref name=castelli>{{cite web|url=http://www.castcampania.it/Mappa/Castelli/Anacapri.html|title=Il Castello Barbarossa|first1=Antonella |
The plan of the castle is quadrangular with a semicircular wall. The ruins of the highest part, as well as forming the core of the building, belong to what was once the residential area of the castle. Indeed there is a chapel with a vaulted apse, a belfry and a cistern that was used as a warehouse Another area, offset from the chapel, retains many features, including a vaulted roof, a small partly walled embrasure, and an arched opening. Finally, there is a room with an iron-beamed roof. Built of local stone, the fort has vaulted roofs and tiled floors. The most significant architectural features are its two towers, indicating the military function of the castle. One of them, square-shaped, was built in the Swabian period, the other, however, is circular and was built in the Angevin period.<ref name=castelli>{{cite web|url=http://www.castcampania.it/Mappa/Castelli/Anacapri.html|title=Il Castello Barbarossa|first1=Antonella|last1=Grassia|first2=Marianna|last2=Cretella|first3=Viviana|last3=D’Orazi|publisher=Istituto Italiano dei Castelli}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> |
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==Grounds== |
==Grounds== |
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==Ornithological station== |
==Ornithological station== |
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Having become the ornithological station of Capri, [[Ornithology|ornithologists]] live and work at Barbarossa in the present-day.<ref name="NationalGeo1970">{{cite book|title=National geographic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEnSAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 July 2012|year=1970|publisher=National Geographic Society|page=807}}</ref> It is a useful location as Mount Solaro is an important stop for migratory birds that nest in Europe and fly to Africa for the winter.<ref name=orni>{{cite web|url=http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/la_stazione_ornitologica|publisher=Villa San Michele|title=La stazione ornitologica di Capri}}.</ref> The station was started by the [[LIPU|Italian League for Bird Protection]] in the early 1980s and was subsequently continued by the Ringing Centre of the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research of Bologna. In order to facilitate their study, migratory birds are caught in a net, classified by sex, age and species, and then weighed and measured. Their "fat reserve" is also observed as it reveals how much they have consumed during their journey. Each bird is then ringed for future monitoring, with a view to discovering its travels and place of origin.<ref name=orni/> The Swedish experts are attached to the bird station on the island of [[Öland]] and although they initially concentrated on spring and autumn migrations, they are now involved in specific projects such as the birds' aptitude for orientation during the longest migrations and the causes of diseases transmitted by birds as well as studies on the migration of butterflies. |
Having become the ornithological station of Capri, [[Ornithology|ornithologists]] live and work at Barbarossa in the present-day.<ref name="NationalGeo1970">{{cite book|title=National geographic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oEnSAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 July 2012|year=1970|publisher=National Geographic Society|page=807}}</ref> It is a useful location as Mount Solaro is an important stop for migratory birds that nest in Europe and fly to Africa for the winter.<ref name=orni>{{cite web|url=http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/la_stazione_ornitologica|publisher=Villa San Michele|title=La stazione ornitologica di Capri|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001201509/http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/la_stazione_ornitologica|archivedate=2011-10-01|df=}}.</ref> The station was started by the [[LIPU|Italian League for Bird Protection]] in the early 1980s and was subsequently continued by the Ringing Centre of the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research of Bologna. In order to facilitate their study, migratory birds are caught in a net, classified by sex, age and species, and then weighed and measured. Their "fat reserve" is also observed as it reveals how much they have consumed during their journey. Each bird is then ringed for future monitoring, with a view to discovering its travels and place of origin.<ref name=orni/> The Swedish experts are attached to the bird station on the island of [[Öland]] and although they initially concentrated on spring and autumn migrations, they are now involved in specific projects such as the birds' aptitude for orientation during the longest migrations and the causes of diseases transmitted by birds as well as studies on the migration of butterflies. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 21:19, 31 July 2017
_-_Isola_di_Capri_-_Panorama.jpg) Photo of Castello Barbarossa from 1890 | |
  Shown within Italy | |
| Location | Anacapri, Province of Naples, Campania, Italy |
|---|---|
| Coordinates | 40°33′21″N 14°13′37″E / 40.55583°N 14.22694°E |
| Type | Fortification |
| History | |
| Founded | Approximately 9th century |
| Abandoned | 1544 |
Castello Barbarossa is an archaeological ruin and ornithological station in Anacapri, on the island of Capri, Italy. It derives its name from the pirate and Ottoman admiral, Hayreddin, nicknamed Barbarossa ("Redbeard"), who stormed it in 1535 and destroyed it in 1544. The construction date is uncertain but it perhaps dates back to the late ninth century. From 1898, the structure, now in ruins, was owned by the Swedish psychiatrist Axel Munthe who donated it to his foundation. The surroundings, interesting for their botanical features, are home to the island's ornithological station.
History
The castle's construction date (ca. late ninth century) is uncertain.[1] It is known to have existed at the end of the tenth century. Taking advantage of local labour, the Dukes of Amalfi built it in order to gain full control over the island of Capri.[2][3] The manor house was originally owned by Adelferio, son of Sergius II (d. 1028),[3] who called the area Anglum ad Castellum ("the corner near the castle").[4] On 15 November 988, Adelferio donated the castle, as well as his other possessions in Anacapri (including Artimo, Orrico and Gradola), to Giovanni, Count of Capri. The document refers to "unam silvam ad angulum ipsum castellum" (a wood at the corner of the castle).[3] Protected by the fortress, the area enjoyed a period of stability in the tenth and eleventh centuries.[5]
The Norman conquest of Campania forced the Dukes of Amalfi to modernize the structure to provide greater resistance to the enemy. The interior of the fortress was then extended with new features, including a chapel with a buttressed vault.[3] Other additions from the thirteenth century included a cylindrical tower, two protective walls and other items necessitated by the development of siege techniques and firearms.[3] In the fifteenth century, the island of Capri was subjected to attacks by Muslim pirates. Consequently, the population often used the fortress as a refuge. But after the raids in 1535, led by Ottoman pirates Hayreddin Barbarossa and Dragut, the fortress was destroyed in 1544, and those who had taken shelter there were kidnapped or robbed.[3] Rather than being named after its builder, the castle derives its name from its pirate destroyer.[6][7] The Angevins attempted to reconstruct the fortress, but without success as the Neapolitans had little building experience. It therefore fell on the inhabitants of Anacapri to care for the fortress which, as a result, was never rebuilt.[5]
Barbarossa Castle was then almost totally forgotten until the eighteenth century when the manor was included in some geographical treaties.[8] At the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was however used for military purposes after reinforcement by both the British (1806), who built embrasures for riflemen and a powder house, and by the French (1808), who built a defensive wall which extended from the castle to the Phoenician Steps.[3] In the mid-nineteenth century, after the growing interest of literary circles in the Mediterranean environment and archaeological findings,[8] itinerant scholars described the castle as "a ruin immersed in wonderfully wild surroundings", and in the first half of the twentieth century the site became a must in all Capri's maps and travel guides.[2]
As already mentioned, the castle with the surrounding land was purchased by Munthe who, as he hated hunting, made it a sanctuary for birds. Throughout his life, Munthe campaigned to abolish hunting and was able to convince Benito Mussolini himself to draw up legislation denying hunters access to the island.[9] As of 1950, a year after Munthe's death,[10] the castle became part of the Axel Munthe Foundation under the ownership of the Swedish Consulate.[3]
Architecture and fittings
The plan of the castle is quadrangular with a semicircular wall. The ruins of the highest part, as well as forming the core of the building, belong to what was once the residential area of the castle. Indeed there is a chapel with a vaulted apse, a belfry and a cistern that was used as a warehouse Another area, offset from the chapel, retains many features, including a vaulted roof, a small partly walled embrasure, and an arched opening. Finally, there is a room with an iron-beamed roof. Built of local stone, the fort has vaulted roofs and tiled floors. The most significant architectural features are its two towers, indicating the military function of the castle. One of them, square-shaped, was built in the Swabian period, the other, however, is circular and was built in the Angevin period.[11]
Grounds
Barbarossa Castle is located in Anacapri's Villa San Michele district, not far from the Grotta dell' Arco.[12] It is situated 412 metres (1,352 ft) above sea level on a plateau of 250 square metres (2,700 sq ft),[9] on one side of Mount Solaro.[1]
The area in front of the fort is characterized by low bush or garrigue and by vegetation that can withstand drought as a result of low nutritional requirements. Plants include strawberry tree, coronilla, euphorbia, heathers, gorse and myrtle. In the winter, the anemone, asphodel, brassica, honeysuckle, crocus, and rock rose bloom. Near the castle, there are some Aleppo pines. Indeed, in 1901, Munthe planted a pine forest, part of which was lost during the fires of 1972 and 1987.[9]
Ornithological station
Having become the ornithological station of Capri, ornithologists live and work at Barbarossa in the present-day.[13] It is a useful location as Mount Solaro is an important stop for migratory birds that nest in Europe and fly to Africa for the winter.[14] The station was started by the Italian League for Bird Protection in the early 1980s and was subsequently continued by the Ringing Centre of the Institute for the Protection and Environmental Research of Bologna. In order to facilitate their study, migratory birds are caught in a net, classified by sex, age and species, and then weighed and measured. Their "fat reserve" is also observed as it reveals how much they have consumed during their journey. Each bird is then ringed for future monitoring, with a view to discovering its travels and place of origin.[14] The Swedish experts are attached to the bird station on the island of Öland and although they initially concentrated on spring and autumn migrations, they are now involved in specific projects such as the birds' aptitude for orientation during the longest migrations and the causes of diseases transmitted by birds as well as studies on the migration of butterflies.
References
- ^ a b "Comune di Anacapri – Scoprire il territorio – Castello Barbarossa". Comune di Anacapri. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Oebalus (2006), p. 175.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Borà, Salvatore (2002). Itinerari storici e monumentali di Capri ed Anacapri (in Italian). La Conchiglia. pp. 206, 208, 210. ISBN 8886443528.
- ^ Oebalus (2008), p. 28.
- ^ a b Oebalus (2006), p. 176.
- ^ Knox, Thomas Wallace (1893). The boy travellers in southern Europe: adventures of two youths in a journey through Italy, southern France, and Spain, with visits to Gibraltar and the islands of Sicily and Malta (Public domain ed.). Harpers. pp. 37–. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ The National geographic magazine (Public domain ed.). National Geographic Society. 1920. pp. 226–. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ a b Oebalus (2006), p. 174.
- ^ a b c De Angelis Bertolotti, Romana (1990). Capri. La natura e la storia (in Italian). Zanichelli, luglio. pp. 227, 230. ISBN 8808091236.
- ^ "L'Istituto di Cultura". Villa San Michele. Archived from the original on 2012-04-15.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Grassia, Antonella; Cretella, Marianna; D’Orazi, Viviana. "Il Castello Barbarossa". Istituto Italiano dei Castelli.[permanent dead link].
- ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). (1903). The Geographical journal (Public domain ed.). Royal Geographical Society. pp. 133–. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
- ^ National geographic. National Geographic Society. 1970. p. 807. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ a b "La stazione ornitologica di Capri". Villa San Michele. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help).
Bibliography
- Conoscere Capri: Studi e materiali per la storia di Capri. (2006). Capri: Oebalus. Vol. 4. (in Italian) ISBN 888909706X
- Conoscere Capri: Studi e materiali per la storia di Capri. (2008). Capri: Oebalus. Vol. 7. (in Italian) ISBN 9788889097120
