Ryūnosuke Akutagawa

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
Born	Ryūnosuke Nīhara (1892-03-01)1 March 1892 Kyōbashi, Tokyo, Japan
Died	24 July 1927(1927-07-24) (aged 35) Tokyo, Japan
Occupation	Writer
Genre	Short stories
Literary movement	Modernism
Notable works	"In a Grove" "Rashōmon" "Hana"
Children	3 (including Yasushi Akutagawa)

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (芥川 龍之介, Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, 1 March 1892 – 24 July 1927), art name Chōkōdō Shujin (澄江堂主人), was a Japanese writer active in the Taishō period in Japan. He is regarded as the "father of the Japanese short story", and Japan's premier literary award, the Akutagawa Prize, is named after him. He died by suicide at the age of 35 through an overdose of barbital.

Early life

Ryūnosuke Akutagawa was born in the Kyōbashi district of Tokyo, the third child and only son of father Toshizō Nīhara and mother Fuku Akutagawa. He was named "Ryūnosuke" ("Son [of] Dragon") because he was born in the Year of the Dragon, in the Month of the Dragon, on the Day of the Dragon, and at the Hour of the Dragon. His mother experienced a mental illness shortly after his birth, so he was adopted and raised by his maternal uncle, Dōshō Akutagawa, from whom he received the Akutagawa family name. He was interested in classical Chinese literature from an early age, as well as in the works of Mori Ōgai and Natsume Sōseki.

He entered the First High School in 1910, developing relationships with classmates such as Kan Kikuchi, Kume Masao, Yūzō Yamamoto, and Tsuchiya Bunmei, all of whom would later become authors. He began writing after entering Tokyo Imperial University in 1913, where he studied English literature.

While still a student he proposed marriage to a childhood friend, Yayoi Yoshida, but his adoptive family did not approve the union. In 1916 he became engaged to Fumi Tsukamoto, whom he married in 1918. They had three children: Hiroshi Akutagawa (1920–1981) was an actor, Takashi Akutagawa (1922–1945) was killed as a student draftee in Burma, and Yasushi Akutagawa (1925–1989) was a composer.

After graduation, he taught briefly at the Naval Engineering School in Yokosuka, Kanagawa as an English language instructor, before deciding to devote his full efforts to writing.

Literary career

A set photograph of 1919. The second from the left is Akutagawa. At the far left is Kan Kikuchi.

In 1914, Akutagawa and his former high school friends revived the literary journal Shinshichō ("New Currents of Thought"), publishing translations of William Butler Yeats and Anatole France along with their own works. Akutagawa published his second short story Rashōmon the following year in the literary magazine Teikoku Bungaku ("Imperial Literature"), while still a student. The story, based on a twelfth-century tale, was not well received by Akutagawa's friends, who criticized it extensively. Nonetheless, Akutagawa gathered the courage to visit his idol, Natsume Sōseki, in December of 1915 for Sōseki's weekly literary circles. In November, he published his short story Rashomon on Teikoku Mongaku, a literary magazine. In early 1916 he published Hana ("The Nose", 1916), which attracted a letter of praise from Sōseki and secured Akutagawa his first taste of fame.

It was also at this time that he started writing haiku under the haigo (or pen-name) Gaki. Akutagawa followed with a series of short stories set in Heian period, Edo period or early Meiji period Japan. These stories reinterpreted classical works and historical incidents. Examples of these stories include: Gesaku zanmai ("A Life Devoted to Gesaku", 1917) and Kareno-shō ("Gleanings from a Withered Field", 1918), Jigoku hen ("Hell Screen", 1918); Hōkyōnin no shi ("The Death of a Christian", 1918), and Butōkai ("The Ball", 1920). Akutagawa was a strong opponent of naturalism. He published Mikan ("Mandarin Oranges", 1919) and Aki ("Autumn", 1920) which have more modern settings.

In 1921, Akutagawa interrupted his writing career to spend four months in China, as a reporter for the Osaka Mainichi Shinbun. The trip was stressful and he suffered from various illnesses, from which his health would never recover. Shortly after his return he published Yabu no naka ("In a Grove", 1922). During the trip, Akutagawa visited numerous cities of southeastern China including Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Suzhou. Before his travel, he wrote a short story "The Christ of Nanjing"; concerning the Chinese Christian community; according to his own imagination of Nanjing influenced by Classical Chinese literature.

Influences

Akutagawa's stories were influenced by his belief that the practice of literature should be universal and can bring together western and Japanese cultures. This can be seen in the way that Akutagawa uses existing works from a variety of cultures and time periods and either rewrites the story with modern sensibilities or creates new stories using ideas from multiple sources. Culture and the formation of a cultural identity is also a major theme in several of Akutagawa's works. In these stories, he explores the formation of cultural identity during periods in history where Japan was most open to outside influences. An example of this is his story Hōkyōnin no Shi ("The Martyr", 1918) which is set in the early missionary period.

The portrayal of women in Akutagawa's stories was shaped by the influence of three women who acted as a mother for Akutagawa. Most significantly his biological mother Fuku, from whom he worried about inheriting her mental illness. Though he did not spend much time with Fuku he identified strongly with her, believing that if at any moment he might go mad life was meaningless. His aunt Fuki played the most significant role in his upbringing. Fuki controlled much of Akutagawa's life, demanding much of his attention especially as she grew older. Women that appear in Akutagawa's stories, much like the women he identified as mothers, were mostly written as dominating, aggressive, deceitful, and selfish. Conversely, men were often represented as the victims of such women, such as in Kesa to Morito ("Kesa and Morito", 1918), in which the leading female character attempts to control the actions of both her lover and husband.

Later life

"Horse Legs", manuscript page, 1925

The final phase of Akutagawa's literary career was marked by his deteriorating physical and mental health. Much of his work during this period is distinctly autobiographical, some even taken directly from his diaries. His works during this period include Daidōji Shinsuke no hansei ("The Early Life of Daidōji Shinsuke", 1925) and Tenkibo ("Death Register", 1926).

Akutagawa had a highly publicized dispute with Jun'ichirō Tanizaki over the importance of structure versus lyricism in story. Akutagawa argued that structure, how the story was told, was more important than the content or plot of the story, whereas Tanizaki argued the opposite.

Akutagawa's final works include Kappa (1927), a satire based on a creature from Japanese folklore, Haguruma ("Spinning Gears", 1927), Aru ahō no isshō ("A Fool's Life"), and Bungeiteki na, amari ni bungeiteki na ("Literary, All Too Literary", 1927).

Towards the end of his life, Akutagawa began suffering from visual hallucinations and anxiety over the fear that he had inherited his mother's mental disorder. In 1927 he attempted suicide, together with a friend of his wife, but the attempt failed. He died by suicide after taking an overdose of Veronal, which had been given to him by Saito Mokichi on 24 July of the same year. His dying words in his will claimed he felt a "vague insecurity" (ぼんやりした不安, bon'yari shita fuan) about the future. He was 35 years old.

Legacy

Akutagawa wrote over 150 short stories during his brief life. Akira Kurosawa's classic 1950 film Rashōmon retells Akutagawa's "In a Grove". The title and the frame scenes set in the Rashomon Gate are taken from Akutagawa's "Rashōmon". Ukrainian composer Victoria Poleva wrote the ballet Gagaku (1994), based on Akutagawa's "Hell Screen". Japanese composer Mayako Kubo wrote an opera named Rashomon, based on Akutagawa's story. The German version premiered in Graz, Austria in 1996, and the Japanese version in Tokyo in 2002.

In 1935, Akutagawa's lifelong friend Kan Kikuchi established the literary award for promising new writers, the Akutagawa Prize, in his honor.

Selected works

Year	Japanese title	English title	English translation
1914	老年 Rōnen	Old Age	Ryan Choi
1915	羅生門 Rashōmon	Rashōmon	Jay Rubin
1916	鼻 Hana	The Nose	Jay Rubin
	芋粥 Imogayu	Yam Gruel
	手巾 Hankechi	The Handkerchief	Charles De Wolf
	煙草と悪魔 Tabako to Akuma	Tobacco and the Devil
1917	尾形了斎覚え書 Ogata Ryosai Oboe gaki	Dr. Ogata Ryosai: Memorandum
	戯作三昧 Gesakuzanmai	Absorbed in writing popular novels
	首が落ちた話 Kubi ga ochita hanashi	The Story of a Head That Fell Off	2004, Jay Rubin
1918	蜘蛛の糸 Kumo no Ito	The Spider's Thread	Jay Rubin
	地獄変 Jigokuhen	Hell Screen	Jay Rubin
	枯野抄 Kareno shō	A commentary on the desolate field for Bashou
	邪宗門 Jashūmon	Jashūmon
	奉教人の死 Hōkyōnin no Shi	The Death of a Disciple	Charles De Wolf
1919	魔術 Majutsu	Magic
	竜 Ryū	Dragon: the Old Potter's Tale	Jay Rubin
1920	舞踏会 Butou Kai	A ball
	秋 Aki	Autumn	Charles De Wolf
	南京の基督 Nankin no Kirisuto	Christ in Nanking
	杜子春 Toshishun	Tu Tze-chun
	アグニの神 Aguni no Kami	God of Aguni
1921	山鴫 Yama-shigi	A snipe
	秋山図 Shuzanzu	Autumn Mountain
	上海游記 Shanhai Yūki	A report on the journey of Shanghai
1922	藪の中 Yabu no Naka	In a Grove, also In a Bamboo Grove
	将軍 Shōgun	The General
	トロッコ Torokko	A Lorry
1923	保吉の手帳から Yasukichi no Techō kara	From Yasukichi's notebook
1924	一塊の土 Ikkai no Tsuchi	A clod of earth
1925	大導寺信輔の半生 Daidōji Shinsuke no Hansei	Daidōji Shinsuke: The Early Years
	侏儒の言葉 Shuju no Kotoba	Aphorisms by a pygmy
1926	点鬼簿 Tenkibo	Death Register	Jay Rubin
1927	玄鶴山房 Genkaku Sanbō	Genkaku's room
	河童 Kappa	Kappa
	文芸的な、余りに文芸的な Bungeiteki na, amarini Bungeiteki na	Literary, All-Too-Literary
	歯車 Haguruma	Spinning Gears	Jay Rubin	also Cogwheels	Charles De Wolf
	或阿呆の一生 Aru Ahō no Isshō	Fool's Life	Jay Rubin	also 'The Life of a Fool"	Charles De Wolf
	西方の人 Saihō no Hito	The Man of the West
	或旧友へ送る手記 Aru Kyūyū e Okuru Shuki	A Note to a Certain Old Friend

Selected works in translation

• Tales of Grotesque and Curious. Trans. Glenn W. Shaw. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press, 1930.

Tobacco and the devil.--The nose.--The handkerchief.--Rashōmon.--Lice.--The spider's thread.--The wine worm.--The badger.--The ball.--The pipe.--Mōri Sensei.

• "The Christ of Nanking" (Nankyo no Kirisuto). Trans. Ivan Morris. In The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature, Volume 1: From Rsotriation to Occupation, 1868-1945. New York: Columbia University Press (2005).
• Fool's Life. Trans. Will Peterson Grossman (1970). ISBN 0-670-32350-0
• Kappa. Trans. Geoffrey Bownas. Peter Owen Publishers (2006) ISBN 0-7206-1200-4
• Hell Screen. Trans. H W Norman. Greenwood Press. (1970) ISBN 0-8371-3017-4
• Mandarins. Trans. Charles De Wolf. Archipelago Books (2007) ISBN 0-9778576-0-3
• Rashomon and Seventeen Other Stories. Trans. Jay Rubin. Penguin Classics (2004). ISBN 0-14-303984-9
• Travels in China (Shina yuki). Trans. Joshua Fogel. Chinese Studies in History 30, no. 4 (1997).
• TuTze-Chun. Kodansha International (1965). ASIN B0006BMQ7I
• La fille au chapeau rouge. Trans. Lalloz ed. Picquier (1980). in ISBN 978-2-87730-200-5 (French edition)
• "পটচিত্র : নরক ও অন্যান্য গল্প"। অনুবাদ শেখর মৈত্র, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড (২০১২), ISBN 978-93-5040-154-5 (Bangla/Bengali edition).

References

English

• Keene, Donald. Dawn to the West. Columbia University Press; (1998). ISBN 0-231-11435-4
• Ueda, Makoto. Modern Japanese Writers and the Nature of Literature. Stanford University Press (1971). ISBN 0-8047-0904-1
• Rashomon and Seventeen Other Stories - the Chronology Chapter, Trans. Jay Rubin. Penguin Classics (2007). ISBN 978-0-14-303984-6

Japanese

• Nakada, Masatoshi. Akutagawa Ryunosuke: Shosetsuka to haijin. Kanae Shobo (2000). ISBN 4-907846-03-7
• Shibata, Takaji. Akutagawa Ryunosuke to Eibungaku. Yashio Shuppansha (1993). ISBN 4-89650-091-1
• Takeuchi, Hiroshi. Akutagawa Ryunosuke no keiei goroku. PHP Kenkyujo (1983). ISBN 4-569-21026-0
• Tomoda, Etsuo. Shoki Akutagawa Ryunosuke ron. Kanrin Shobo (1984). ISBN 4-906424-49-X

External links

• Works related to Ryūnosuke Akutagawa at Wikisource
• Works by Ryunosuke Akutagawa at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Ryūnosuke Akutagawa at the Internet Archive
• Works by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Short works in English translation (from Asymptote (journal)).
• Short stories in English translation (from The Yale Review).
• Akutagawa Ryunosuke on aozora.gr.jp (complete texts with furigana)
• Akutagawa Ryunosuke on Amazon Kindle Store (Japanese texts with furigana)
• Literary Figures from Kamakura
• Ryunosuke Akutagawa's grave
• Petri Liukkonen. "Ryūnosuke Akutagawa". Books and Writers.
• Rashomon and Seventeen Other Stories
• J'Lit | Authors : Ryunosuke Akutagawa | Books from Japan (in English)