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Yogi Bhajan

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Harbhajan Singh Khalsa
Harbhajan Singh in 1985
Born(1929-08-26)August 26, 1929
Kot Harkarn, Punjab, British India
DiedOctober 6, 2004(2004-10-06) (aged 75)
Española, New Mexico, United States
Citizenship
Known for
SpouseBibi Inderjit Kaur
ChildrenRanbir Singh, Kulbir Singh, Kamaljit Kaur

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa (born as Harbhajan Singh Puri)[1] (August 26, 1929 – October 6, 2004), also known as Yogi Bhajan and Siri Singh Sahib to his followers, was an Indian-born-American yoga teacher, spiritual teacher, and entrepreneur. He introduced his version of Kundalini Yoga to the United States. He was the spiritual director of the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation, with over 300 centers in 35 countries.[2]

Bhajan has been accused posthumously of sexual abuse of his female followers; a report found the allegations more likely than not to be true.[3][4][5][6]

Early life

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa was born on August 26, 1929 into a Sikh family in Kot Harkarn, Gujranwala district, in the province of Punjab (now in Pakistan). His father, Dr. Kartar Singh Puri, served the British Raj as a medical doctor. His mother, a Hindu, was named Harkrishan Kaur. His father was raised in the Sikh tradition and young Harbhajan was educated in a Catholic school run by nuns. Singh learned the fundamentals of Sikhism from his paternal grandfather, Bhai Fateh Singh. Theirs was a well-to-do landlord family, owning most of their village in the foothills of the Himalayas.

His schooling was interrupted in 1947 by the violent partition of India, when he and his family fled to New Delhi as refugees. There, Harbhajan Singh attended Camp College – a hastily put together arrangement for thousands of refugee students – and led the Sikh Students Federation in Delhi.[7] Four years later, he graduated with a master's degree in economics.[8] The dubious nature of his Ph.D from a diploma mill later in his life, bring up questions of his claims that he was awarded a Masters Degree in Economics after only four years at a 'hastily put together' college. The sources for this claim are from documents created by his loyal followers and no external documentation is provided.

In 1953, Harbhajan Singh entered the Indian Civil Service. He served in the Revenue Department, where his duties took him all over India. Eventually, Harbhajan Singh was promoted to the post of customs inspector for the country's largest airport, outside Delhi.[9] He married Inderjit Kaur Uppal in Delhi in 1954. Together, they had three children, Ranbir Singh Bhai, Kulbir Singh and Kamaljit Kaur.[10]

Throughout his life, Harbhajan Singh continued his practice and pursuit of yogic knowledge.[11] Singh's government duties often facilitated his traveling to remote ashrams and distant hermitages to seek out reclusive yogis and swamis. In the mid-1960s, Harbhajan Singh took up a position as instructor at the Vishwayatan Ashram in New Delhi, under Dhirendra Brahmachari.[9] Harbhajan Singh emigrated to Canada in 1968.

Although a promised position as director of a new yogic studies department at the University of Toronto did not materialize because of the death of his sponsor, Harbhajan Singh made a considerable impact in the predominantly Anglo-Saxon metropolis. In three months, he established classes at several YMCAs, co-founded a yoga centre, was interviewed for national press and television, and helped set in motion the creation of eastern Canada's first Sikh temple in time for Guru Nanak's five hundredth birthday the following year.[12]

Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization

Main article: 3HO
1970 gathering at Santa Clara Canyon, New Mexico

In 1969, Harbhajan Singh established the 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization) Foundation to further his missionary work. During this time he allegedly abused and manipulated many people, particularly women. [13]

The Yogi's brand of Sikhism appealed to the hippies who formed the bulk of his early converts. The Sikh practice of not cutting one's hair or beard was already accepted by the hippie culture, as was Sikh vegetarianism. They liked to experience elevated states of awareness and they also deeply wanted to feel they were contributing to a world of peace and social justice. Yogi Bhajan offered them all these things with vigorous yoga, an embracing holistic vision, and an optimistic spirit of sublime destiny.[14]

Meanwhile, the surviving communal businesses had incorporated and many had grown exponentially to keep pace with the rising demand for health-oriented products and services. This period also saw an increased interest in yoga worldwide.[15]

To serve the changing times, Harbhajan Singh created the International Kundalini Yoga Teachers Association, dedicated to setting standards for teachers and the propagation of the teachings.[16]

In 1994, the 3HO Foundation joined the United Nations as a non-governmental organization in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, representing women's issues, promoting human rights, and providing education about alternative systems of medicine.[17]

Aquarian age timeline

In spring of 1969, soon after Harbhajan Singh had begun teaching in Los Angeles, a hit medley "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" was topping the music charts and being played everywhere. The performers, The 5th Dimension, happened to be signed to a record label owned by one of his students (and his green card sponsor), musician and entrepreneur Johnny Rivers.[18]

Yogi Bhajan incorporated the storyline of the dawning new age into his teachings, a case of melding Western astrology with Sikh tradition. He proclaimed "Guru Nanak was the Guru for the Aquarian Age." It was, Harbhajan Singh declared, to be an age where people first experienced God, then believed, rather than the old way of believing and then being liberated by one's faith.[19] Yogi Bhajan's timeline for the arrival of the Aquarian age varied over the years, but in 1992, he fixed it at 2012 and gave his students a set of morning meditations to practice until that date to prepare themselves.[20]

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa with Sant Fateh Singh 1971

Inter-faith work

With A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Sushil Kumar (Jain monk), San Francisco 1975
Harbhajan Singh Khalsa and John Paul II meet at the Vatican 1984

In the summer of 1970, Harbhajan Singh participated in an informal "Holy Man Jam" at the University of Colorado at Boulder with Swami Satchidananda—another Eastern yogi who has been accused of sexual abuse of his students, Stephen Gaskin of The Farm in Tennessee, Zen Buddhist Bill Quan-roshi, and other local spiritual leaders. A few weeks later, he organized a gathering of spiritual teachers to engage and inspire the 200,000 attendees of the Atlanta International Pop Festival on the stage between the performances of the bands.[21]

All through the 1970s and 80s, as the Siri Singh Sahib of Sikh Dharma, Harbhajan Singh actively engaged in and chaired numerous inter-religious councils and forums, including the Inter-Religious Council of Southern California, the World Conference for the Unity of Man, and the World Parliament of Religions.[22] In 1999, he gave a presentation at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Cape Town, South Africa.[23]

Political influence in U.S.

As early as 1970, Khalsa was known to call on members of Congress in their Washington offices.[24] He also befriended successive governors of the state of New Mexico. Harbhajan Singh was known as a Democrat. Since 1980, he was both friend and adviser to Bill Richardson.[25]

Healing arts

When U.S. President Nixon called drugs America's "Number one domestic problem", Harbhajan Singh Khalsa launched a pilot program with two longtime heroin addicts in Washington, D.C. in 1972.[26] The next year, a full-blown drug treatment center known as "3HO SuperHealth" was launched in Tucson, Arizona. The program used Kundalini Yoga, diet and massage therapy to treat the addicts and taught hundreds of techniques of yogic exercise and meditation. Many have been catalogued by their traditionally known effects in calming and healing the mind and body. Some of those techniques have been scientifically studied and applied in clinical practice with favorable results.[27]

Media coverage

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's received significant coverage in the North American media, particularly in the early 1970s when yoga was still a matter of general curiosity. He continues to receive coverage due to an online campaign of accusations of abuse originating in early 2020.[28] Yogi Bhajan's message of no drugs, family values and healthy living was widely popular, and many of the media stories were positive, serving not only to educate the public, but also to publicize the work of the 3HO Foundation. Some focused on the lifestyle, others on the inspiration behind the organization.[29][30][31] Others focused on Singh's holistic approach to drug addiction.[32][33][34] Some writers reported on Singh's officiating at mass marriages where many couples would be betrothed and everyone wore white.[35][36][37] Others zeroed in on the issue of Sikhs up against the US Army dress code.[38][39] While Newsweek, USA Today and Maclean's Magazine in Canada published favorable articles about Harbhajan Singh in 1977, James Wilde of Time wrote a critical article that year, titled "Yogi Bhajan's Synthetic Sikhism".[40] Wilde alleged that Gurucharan Singh Tohra, former President of the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC), had stated that Harbhajan Singh is not the leader of Sikhism in the Western World as he claimed, and that Tohra had denied the SGPC had ever given the title of Siri Singh Sahib to Singh.[40]

The Time article was followed by emphatic rebuttals from Tohra. There was also a demonstration held outside Time's London office and a detailed demand for a retraction published under the title "Time Will Tell" in the 3HO publication Beads of Truth, Issue 36, Fall 1977.

Harbhajan Singh is mentioned in reference works including the New Age Encyclopedia.[41] Western scholarly appraisal of his work may be found in Hew McLeod's Who is a Sikh?[42] and Sikhism,[43] and Verne A. Dusenbery's article "Punjabi Sikhs and Gora Sikhs: Conflicting Assertions of Sikh Identity in North America".[44]

The BBC interviewed Singh at the 300th anniversary celebration of the Baisakhi holiday at Anandpur Sahib, India in 1999.[45] Harbhajan Singh is featured in books discussing the successes of Sikhs who migrated from India to the West, including Surjit Kaur's Among the Sikhs: Reaching for the Stars.[46] and Gurmukh Singh's The Global Indian: The Sikhs.[47]

In 2020, The Guru published an article detailing allegations of sexual abuse of female followers by Harbhajan Singh. The allegations were found on investigation to be "more likely than not" true.[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

Three Books — Two Hagiographies and a Memoir

In September 2018 a large hagiography originally commissioned by Yogi Bhajan in 1983 was independently published without support or assistance from the several enterprises existing under the umbrella of the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation, suggesting that the book never really had much support from within the 3HO leadership. The unquestioning biography, given the title "Messenger from the Guru's House" was written by Guru Fatha Singh Khalsa, a long-time student of Yogi Bhajan. The book took 35 years to research part-time, coming out 18 years after Yogi Bhajan's death. The book was published with crowd-funding support, and filled 930 pages. The author, Guru Fatha Singh Khalsa, though a devoted student and former taxi-driver, has spent most of his time in 3HO living in one of the group's smaller far-flung ashram's, never spending much time actually with or even living anywhere near Yogi Bhajan.

Khalsa's book was the second such biography, the first, another uncritical tome, published in the Punjabi language "Singh Yogi" having been commissioned by Yogi Bhajan's wife and published the year following his passing.[55]

In December 2019 a book by a former secretary of Yogi Bhajan was published. Pamela Dyson, who began with 3HO within months of Yogi Bhajan's arrival in Los Angeles, spent 14 years as the group leader's main secretary. At one point, Yogi Bhajan had wanted Premka (Pamela Dyson) to lead the group when he died. The book, titled "Premka: White Bird in a Golden Cage" was published in early 2020. The book told of sexual misconduct by the married and supposedly celibate Yogi Bhajan, beginning with her first yoga class when the Yogi placed his hand on her breast. Dyson writes that within months of becoming involved with the group: "Each night it had become my responsibility to kneel down next to him, (Yogi Bhajan) massaging him to sleep. He would often pull me into his bed for muffled and secretive sex."

[56]. The book had an immediate impact drawing many former and current students to a Facebook Group called "Beyond the Cage: The 3HO | Yogi Bhajan | Kundalini Yoga Aftermath". The group grew quickly to almost 6,000 participants with a number of women coming forth with their stories of sexual abuse by Yogi Bhajan.

Report on Allegations of Sexual Abuse by Yogi Bhajan

Faced with charges of misconduct from numerous sources based on the campaign surrounding the book Premka, representatives of the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation (SSSC) designated the "Collaborative Response Team" (CRT) hired an Pittsburgh organization called "An Olive Branch" (AOB) [57] to conduct an investigation. An Olive Branch had conducted similar investigations into sexual misdeeds within the Shambala Buddhist group. The findings of the investigation paid for by the Siri Singh Sahib Corporation, a principal 3HO entity, were published in August 2020. [58] The report details graphic physical abuse during sex with Yogi Bhajan, including biting of tongues and genital areas, bruising lips and faces. 24 women reported sexual battery and sexual abuse. 30 women reported allegations of sexual harassment. 30 people reported unethical behavior, including non-celibate behavior by Yogi Bhajan and sex with multiple partners or directing women to have sex with other women. Numerous people, including some of his supporters, reported that Yogi Bhajan viewed pornography on a regular basis and two women reported that he showed them porn while they were under the age of 18.

In the AOB report on page 70 of the 72 pages, the authors wrote “ Nonetheless, the reports of harm present a different and troubling perspective. Based on reports of harm from 36 people, the investigation concludes that it is more likely than not that Yogi Bhajan engaged in several types of sexual misconduct and abused his power as a spiritual leader. The specific sexual misconduct included various forms of sexual battery, sexual assault, and sexual harassment as well as conduct judged to be unethical according to the Sikh vows and inconsistent with Yogi Bhajan's own teachings. We also conclude that by behaving in such a way, he abused the power entrusted to him as a spiritual leader.

Furthermore, Yogi Bhajan's opportunity to engage in sexual misconduct was facilitated by his creation of an organizational environment characterized by secrecy, threats, and other practices. Additionally, he used various methods of control to manipulate specific individuals (many of them his Secretaries) to fulfill his own sexual desires, as well as his perceived organizational needs, often reportedly to help these individuals attain spiritual fulfillment.”[59]

Many people within 3HO organization and community have taken the AOB report seriously, believing the women who have spoken out. The group has information about the report on their web site. "An Olive Branch has since gathered accounts from nearly 300 witnesses, maintaining the confidentiality of all, including those supporting allegations as well as those refuting them... As revealed in this report, the actions of Yogi Bhajan directly contradict his own stated values, the principles upon which this organization is founded, and the basic human right to integrity and respect. 3HO Foundation condemns these actions on the part of our founder."

It has also resulted in organizational challenges for 3HO and the SSSC. It is the start of a recognition that sexual abuse of yoga students including abuse by Founder of Organizations like 3HO and the SSSC must be properly acknowledged and addressed.

Obituaries and memorials

Harbhajan Singh Khalsa died of complications of heart failure at his home in Española, New Mexico, on October 6, 2004, aged 75. He was survived by his wife, sons, daughter and five grandchildren.[60]

Congressman Tom Udall with Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's widow, "Bibiji"

His passing was widely noted in the press, with obituaries appearing in The Los Angeles Times,[61] the Times of India,[62] The New York Times,[63] and Yoga Journal.[64] In addition, Singh's passing was noted by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee, which closed its offices to commemorate his death.[65]

The State of New Mexico honored Yogi Bhajan by naming of a highway after him. State Highway 106 which ran in front of his home was renamed the Yogi Bhajan Memorial Highway.[66] The New Mexico Government took the unprecedented measure of flying its flags at half-mast for two days (Oct 7–8) in honour of Yogi Bhajan after his death on Oct 6, and declared Oct 23 "Yogi Bhajan Memorial Day". [67]

Sikh scholars' views on Singh's mission

Bhai Sahib Sardar Kapur Singh ICS, a Sikh scholar recognized by the Akal Takht as the National Professor of Sikhism, praised Singh highly for his work in spreading Sikhism in the West. In his words, "Glory be to the Guru who performs His work in the Western Hemisphere through this instrument. Blessed be those who have learned from him the teachings of the Guru, to accept and follow those teachings in unswerving faith and in humble recognition of the good that Harbhajan Singh has done in furthrance of the Guru's mission."[68]

Dr. Fauja Singh, M.A., Ph.D, Professor and Director, Department of History and Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala, India praised Singh's marriage of yoga and religion, saying "he has helped to retrieve [yoga] from its distorted image of the medieval period and has restored it to its original and meaningful usage and purpose, that is to say, the desire to attain union with God through its agency."[68]

In his book, The Heritage of the Sikhs (1994), Dr. Harbans Singh mentioned "the extraordinary dissemination of the Sikh faith through the work of Yogi Harbhajan Singh in the United States of America. This true import of this must extend into and be unravelled by future history."[69]

A number of scholars have concurred that Harbhajan Singh Khalsa's introduction of Sikh teachings into the West helped identify Sikhism as a world religion while at the same time creating a compelling counter-narrative to that which identified Sikhs solely as a race with a shared history in India.[70]

Dr. Trilochan Singh, author of over twenty books on Sikh history, offered a contrasting perspective in his critical work entitled "Sikhism and Tantric Yoga."[71]

Notable students

  • Alfredo Sfeir-Younis is a Chilean economist and spiritual leader, currently President of the Zambuling Institute for Human Transformation.
  • Babaji Singh introduced Sikh and Kundalini Yoga teachings to Mexico and completed the first translation of {Siri Guru Granth Sahib} into Spanish.
  • Bill Richardson is a former Governor of New Mexico, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations and United States Secretary of Energy under the Clinton administration. In 2015, unsealed court documents showed Richardson's possible involvement with the Jeffrey Epstein child trafficking ring.
  • David Shannahoff-Khalsa is a prolific researcher on the psychiatric applications of Kundalini Yoga based at the Biocircuits Institute at the University of California, San Diego.
  • Dayal Kaur Khalsa was an award-winning Canadian author and illustrator of several children's books.
  • Dharma Singh Khalsa is widely published researcher and author on healthy lifestyle, specializing in Alzheimer's disease.
  • Edward O'Brien (mural artist) took inspiration from Harbhajan Singh and the 3HO community in Espanola, New Mexico, where he completed his final mural, a visionary compilation of eastern and western themes before his passing in 1977.
  • Pamela Saharah Dyson worked for Bhajan personally, as well as for the Sikh Dharma Brotherhood, the 3H0 Foundations the 3H0 Foundation of New Mexico, the corporation sole and the rest of Bhajan's corporations. She wrote a book on her experience that led to the AOB report.[1]
  • Father Yod picked up some of Yogi Bhajan's teachings and went on to form a unique spiritual community in Los Angeles. He as Father Yod and Yahowha had 14 wives and 3 children. In 1975, despite having no previous hang gliding experience, Yod decided that he would go hang gliding. He died.
  • Grady Louis McMurtry went on to become the Outer Head of the Ordo Templi Orientis
  • Gurmukh (yoga teacher) gained renown as a teacher of Hollywood celebrities and gained in popularity through her own teaching and publications.
  • Harijiwan (yoga teacher) won a Grammy with his band, White Sun. He was one of Yogi Bhajan's right-hand men and was also known as 'the Toner Bandit' for his 2 year prison term on for attempting to swindle businesses by sending them fraudulent invoices.

[72]

  • James George (diplomat), Canadian diplomat, studied with Yogi Bhajan in Delhi and provided him a letter of recommendation on his setting out to teach in the West.
  • Johnny Rivers, is an American rock 'n' roll singer, songwriter, guitarist, and record producer.
  • Krishna Kaur Khalsa went from her career as a performer on Broadway and film to become an emissary of Harbhajan Singh's mission in the Black community in America and Africa.
  • Lisa Law is an American photographer and filmmaker best known for her photographic chronicles of the counterculture era.
  • Sat Bir Singh Khalsa is a Harvard University-based researcher of Kundalini Yoga and an authority on the field of yoga research.
  • Satkirin Kaur Khalsa is a gifted performer of Sikh Kirtan with several recordings.
  • Singh Kaur was a gifted composer and performer of Kirtan and New-age music. Although she never ceased being a Sikh, in later years, she abandoned the turban, and took to wearing conventional clothing.
  • Snatam Kaur is a prolific performer of Sikh Kirtan and New-age music. A search on her web site for the term "Yogi Bhajan" returns no results, suggesting that along with many current and former 3HO people, she may be distancing herself from the disgraced leader.
  • Vikram Kaur Khalsa, formerly Kirsten Lindholm was an actress and is the wife of Vikram Singh Khalsa.
  • Vikram Singh Khalsa, formerly Victor Harvey Briggs III, was a rock musician (Steampacket, Eric Burdon and The Animals) and is the husband of Vikram Kaur Khalsa. Now known as Antion Vikram Singh Meredith, he is no longer part of 3HO and been critical of Yogi Bhajan as a fraud.

Publications

  • Yogi Bhajan, The Teachings of Yogi Bhajan, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 1977.
  • Siri Singh Sahib Bhai Sahib Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji (Yogi Bhajan), Furmaan Khalsa: Poems to Live By, Columbus, Ohio, Furman Khalsa Publishing Company, 1987.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Master's Touch, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.
  • Yogi Bhajan with Gurucharan Singh Khalsa, The Mind: Its Projections and Multiple Facets, Espanola, New Mexico, Kundalini Research Institute, 1997.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Aquarian Teacher - KRI International Kundalini Yoga Certification Text and Manual, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2003.
  • Yogi Bhajan, The Game of Love, A Book of Consciousness: The Poems and Art of Yogi Bhajan, Espanola, NM, Sikh Dharma International, 2007.
  • Yogi Bhajan, Man to Man: A Journal of Discovery for the Conscious Man, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2008.
  • Yogi Bhajan, I am a Woman: Book and Yoga Manual, Santa Cruz, NM, Kundalini Research Institute, 2009.

References

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