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Eastern chipmunk

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Eastern chipmunk
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Tamias
Species:
T. striatus
Binomial name
Tamias striatus
Subspecies[2]
  • T. s. striatus
  • T. s. doorsiensis
  • T. s. fisheri
  • T. s. griseus
  • T. s. lysteri
  • T. s. ohioensis
  • T. s. peninsulae
  • T. s. pipilans
  • T. s. quebecensis
  • T. s. rufescens
  • T. s. venustus
Synonyms

Sciurus striatus Linnaeus, 1758

The eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) is a chipmunk species found in eastern North America. It is the only living member of the chipmunk subgenus Tamias, sometimes recognized as a separate genus.[2] The name "chipmunk" comes from the Ojibwe word ajidamoo (or possibly ajidamoonh, the same word in the Ottawa dialect of Ojibwe), which translates literally as "one who descends trees headlong."[3] First described by Mark Catesby in his 1743 The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, the chipmunk was eventually classified as Sciurus striatus by Linnaeus, meaning "striped scourer" in Greek. The species name was changed to Tamias striatus, meaning "striped steward," by Johann Illiger in 1811.[4]


Description

A small species, it reaches about 30 cm (12 in) in length including the tail, and a weight of 66–150 g (2.3–5.3 oz).[5] It has reddish-brown fur on its upper body and five dark brown stripes contrasting with light brown stripes along its back, ending in a dark tail. It has lighter fur on the lower part of its body. It has a tawny stripe that runs from its whiskers to below its ears, and light stripes over its eyes. It has two fewer teeth than other chipmunks and four toes each on the front legs, but five on the hind legs.[6] The chipmunk's appearance "remains consistent throughout life. There is no external difference in appearance between the sexes except the obvious anatomical characteristics of the genitalia during periods of fertility. Molt occurs once or twice annually, during May or June and sometimes again in October ... Both albino and melano specimens have been observed, but without geographical regularity."[7]

Habitat

The eastern chipmunk lives in deciduous wooded areas and urban parks throughout the eastern United States and southern Canada. It prefers locations with rocky areas, brush or log piles, and shrubs to provide cover.

Behavior

The Eastern Chipmunk can climb trees well, but constructs underground nests with extensive tunnel systems, often with several entrances. To hide the construction of its burrow, the eastern chipmunk carries soil to a different location in its cheek pouches. It also lines the burrow with leaves, rocks, sticks, and other material, making it even harder to see.[8] "The vocal repertoire of the chipmunk consists of five more or less stereotyped sounds: the chip, the chuck, the trills, the whistle or squeal, and chatter."[9] The chimpunks' trill has been measured to occur at the rate of 130 vibrations per minute.[6]

Diet

Eastern Chipmunk eating under a log pile in Bedford, NY

It is mainly active during the day, spending most of its day foraging. It prefers bulbs, seeds, fruits, nuts, green plants, mushrooms, insects, worms, and bird eggs. Like other chipmunks, it transports food in pouches in its cheeks.

Lifecycle

The eastern chipmunk defends its burrow and lives a solitary life, except during mating season. In fact, the chipmunk's solitary existence has been noted as "one of the most characteristic behavioral features of the chipmunk," whereas "social interaction of a relatively peaceful nature occurs only during the brief period of courtship and mating, and during the six to eight weeks that the young spend with the mother after birth."[10] Females usually produce one or two litters of three to five young.[6] The two breeding seasons are from February to April and from June to August. During the winter, the chipmunk may enter long periods of torpor, but does not truly hibernate.[11]

Predators of the eastern chipmunk include hawks, owls, foxes, raccoons, snakes, weasels, coyotes, bobcats, lynx, domestic dogs and domestic cats. On average, eastern chipmunks live three or more years in the wild, but in captivity they may live as long as eight years.[6]

Eastern chipmunks are known to be one of many hosts for the parasitic larvae of Cuterebra botflies. [12]

Distribution of Tamias striatus subspecies in the Door Peninsula vicinity: T. s. griseus (triangles), T. s. doorsiensis (circles), and T. s. peninsulae (squares). The black symbols mark where collected specimens were taken from, while the open symbols refer to other records.
Distribution of Tamias striatus subspecies in the Door Peninsula vicinity: T. s. griseus (triangles), T. s. doorsiensis (circles), and T. s. peninsulae (squares). The black symbols mark where collected specimens were taken from, while the open symbols refer to other records.

T. s. doorsiensis

The subspecies Tamias striatus doorsiensis was described in 1971.[13][14] It is only found in Door, Kewaunee, northeastern Brown, and possibly Manitowoc counties in northeastern Wisconsin.[15] Compared to the other subspecies of eastern chipmunk present in nearby in Michigan and Wisconsin, they have brighter patches behind their ears, grayer hair along their backs, and more white on their tails.[16] It is smaller than T. s. griseus but larger than the least chipmunk (Neotamias minimus).[15]

References

  1. ^ Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (2008). "Tamias striatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
  2. ^ a b Thorington, R.W. Jr; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Tamias (Tamias) striatus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 817. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Chipmunk, Online Etymology Dictionary
  4. ^ Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 113.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ a b c d Eastern Chipmunk Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, West Virginia Wildlife Series
  7. ^ Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 113.
  8. ^ Chipmunks, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska. p.B-14.
  9. ^ Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 117.
  10. ^ Wishner, Lawrence (1982). Eastern Chipmunks: Secrets of Their Solitary Lives (1st ed.). United States of America: Smithsonian Institution. p. 116-117.
  11. ^ The mother of all hangovers Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine, McGill University WARM SPARK
  12. ^ Paquette, Chelsey; Garant, Dany; Savage, Jade; Réale, Denis; Bergeron, Patrick (May 2020). "Individual and environmental determinants of Cuterebra bot fly parasitism in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus)". Oecologia. 193: 359–370.
  13. ^ ITIS Report for Tamias striatus doorsiensis, accessed 10 September 2019
  14. ^ Long, C.A. (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Pensoft Series Faunistica. Coronet Books Incorporated. p. 181. ISBN 978-954-642-313-9. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  15. ^ a b Tales of the wild: a year with nature by Roy Lukes, (entry on worldcat.org) Egg Harbor, Wisconsin: Nature-Wise, 2000, p. 73
  16. ^ Thorington, Richard W., Jr.; Koprowski, John L.; Steele, Michael A.; Whatton, James F. (2012). Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 354. ISBN 9781421404691. Retrieved 10 September 2019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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