Shakala Shakha
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Shakala Shaka, or Śākala Shākhā; (Sanskrit:शाकल शाखा) is the oldest shakha ("branch" or "recension") of Rigveda. The Śākala tradition is mainly followed in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Even though Mahābhāṣya of Patanjali refers to twenty one Shakhas of rigveda; according to Śaunaka's Caraṇa-vyuha there are five shakhas for the Rigveda, the Śākala, Bāṣkala, Aśvalāyana, Śaṅkhāyana, and Māṇḍukāyana of which only the Śākala and Bāṣkala and very few of Asvalayana are now extant. The only complete recension of this text known today is of the Shakala School.[1] As far as Rigveda is concerned only Shakala Shakha alone remains alive out of 21 which existed at one time. There is a claim that Śaṅkhāyana Shakha is still known for few Vedapathis in Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat but this is not certain.[2]
The main Samhita for Śākala Shākhā is the Śākala Saṃhitā and the corresponding brahmana is Aitareya Brāhmaṇa. The main Upanishad of the Śākala Shākha is Aitareya Upaniṣad. The Shrauta Sutra for Śākala Shākhā is Ashvalayana Śrauta Sūtra and the Grihya Sutra is Āśvalāyana Gr̥ya Sūtra. The Aranyaka of Śākala Shākā is Aitareya Aranyaka.[3][1][4][1][5][6]
Shiksha
Śikṣā as a term for phonetics, is first used in Taittirīya Upaniṣad, which gives its various components which include Varna (individual sounds) and Svara (accent). The Pratishakhyas are among the earlier texts of Shiksha. Pratiśākhya literally means " belonging to each Shakha". In Rigveda the Pratishakhya available today is ascribed to Shaunaka. This is also known as Śākala Pratiśākhya and belongs to Shaishiriya Shaka, a branch of "Shakala Shakha".[7]
Prominent people
The major āchāryas who belonged to the Śākala Shākhā included:
- Padmanabha Tirtha (samadhi 1324 CE), a Hindu Dvaita philosopher, dialectician, the direct disciple of Madhvacharya and the acharya who is known for spreading Tattvavada outside the Tulunadu region.
- Jayatirtha (1345 – 1388) - a Hindu Dvaita philosopher, dialectician, polemicist and the 6th peetha of Madhvacharya Peetha.[8]
- Eknath (1533–1599) - a Hindu Advaita Vaishnava saint, scholar, and religious poet of the Varkari Sampradaya[9]
- Samarth Ramdas (1608–1681) - a Hindu Advaita Vaishnava saint and devotee of Lord Rama.[10]
- Mahipati (1715 - 1790), an 18th century Hindu Vaishnava Varkari saint.
- Manik Prabhu (1817 - 1865) - a Hindu Advaita saint, philosopher, poet and guru of Dattatreya tradition.
- Satyadhyana Tirtha (1872 - 1942) - a Hindu Dvaita philosopher-saint, scholar, yogi, mystic, theologian and the 38th peetadhipathi of Uttaradi Math.[11]
References
- ^ a b c Dalal 2014, p. 18.
- ^ Kireet Joshi (1991). The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 91. ISBN 9788120808898.
- ^ Dalal 2014, p. 61.
- ^ Laurie L. Patton (27 June 2005). Bringing the Gods to Mind: Mantra and Ritual in Early Indian Sacrifice. University of California Press. p. 200. ISBN 9780520930889. Retrieved 27 June 2005.
- ^ Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, ed. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXIX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 1, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1886
- ^ Hermann Oldenberg, trans., Max Müller, trans. Sacred Books of the East Vol. XXX, "The Grihya-sûtras, rules of Vedic domestic ceremonies", part 2, Oxford, The Clarendon press 1892
- ^ Dalal 2014, p. 75.
- ^ Hebbar 2005, p. 227.
- ^ Novetzke, Christian Lee (2013). Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India. Columbia University Press. pp. 141–142. ISBN 978-0-23151-256-5.
- ^ Date, V. H. (1975). Spiritual treasure of Saint Rāmadāsa (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1. ISBN 9780842608053.
- ^ Sharma 2000, p. 198.
Bibliography
- Dalal, Roshen (2014). The Vedas: An Introduction to Hinduism's Sacred Texts. Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184757637.
- Hebbar, B.N (2005). The Sri-Krsna Temple at Udupi: The History and Spiritual Center of the Madhvite Sect of Hinduism. Bharatiya Granth Nikethan. ISBN 81-89211-04-8.
- Sharma, B. N. Krishnamurti (2000). A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Vol 1. 3rd Edition. Motilal Banarsidass (2008 Reprint). ISBN 978-8120815759.