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Van Buren raid

Coordinates: 35°26′40″N 94°20′48″W / 35.444444°N 94.346667°W / 35.444444; -94.346667
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Battle of Van Buren
Part of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the
American Civil War
DateDecember 28, 1862
Location
Van Buren, Arkansas
Result Union victory
Belligerents
United States United States Confederate States of America Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
James G. Blunt
Francis J. Herron		 Thomas C. Hindman
Units involved
Army of the Frontier First Corps, Army of the Trans-Mississippi
Strength
8,000 5,000
Casualties and losses
1 killed and 5 wounded or 2 killed and 6 wounded Unknown, roughly 12 killed, 24 wounded, and several hundred captured

The Battle of Van Buren was fought at Van Buren, Arkansas on December 28, 1862, during the American Civil War. After defeating Confederate forces led by Major General Thomas C. Hindman at the Battle of Prairie Grove on December 7, 1862, Union forces under Brigadier Generals James G. Blunt and Francis J. Herron prepared for a raid against the Confederate positions at Van Buren and Fort Smith. Disease, lack of supplies, and desertion had forced Hindman to previously begin withdrawing most of his force from the area. Setting out on December 27, the Union troops struck at an outlying Confederate cavalry unit near Drippings Springs, north of Van Buren, on the morning of December 28. The Confederate cavalry fled to Van Buren, which was then overrun by Union troops.

The Union pursued and captured three steamboats on the Arkansas River, and captured some Confederate troops and many goods in Van Buren. Across the river in Fort Smith, the Confederates destroyed supplies and also burned two steamboats trapped upriver. An artillery duel took place at Van Buren, while after nightfall a minor skirmish was fought downriver at Strain's Landing. After the battle, Hindman withdrew his men to Little Rock and the Union returned from the raid, unable to maintain a supply line to Van Buren across the Boston Mountains. Prairie Grove and Van Buren broke Confederate strength in the region.

Background

Main article: Arkansas in the American Civil War
A map of northwestern Arkansas. Van Buren is on the north side of the Arkansas River, with Fort Smith on the south side. Prairie Grove is on the north side of the Boston Mountains
A map of northwestern Arkansas, showing locations significant to the American Civil War

After a defeat at the Battle of Pea Ridge in early March 1862, Major General Earl Van Dorn of the Confederate States Army moved most of the Confederate soldiers and supplies in the state of Arkansas east of the Mississippi River and out of the state, leaving very little military organization remaining in the state.[1] In May, Major General Thomas C. Hindman was placed in command of Confederate forces in the state, with a task of rebuilding Confederate strength in the area.[2] While Hindman was successful in rebuilding Confederate strength and stabilizing the military situation in Arkansas,[3] his methods were unpopular and sometimes extralegal.[4] He was then replaced by Major General Theophilus Holmes, who arrived at Little Rock on August 12.[5]

Hindman retained a field command under Holmes and pushed the troops under his command into northern Arkansas and southwestern Missouri.[6] His command was known as the First Corps of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi.[7] Holmes had Hindman return to Little Rock in September, leaving his troops where they were. However, despite winning the First Battle of Newtonia, the Confederates in southwestern Missouri withdrew in early October as Union troops commanded by Brigadier Generals James G. Blunt and John Schofield approached.[8] Hindman returned from Little Rock on October 15.[9] Some of Schofield's men had entered Arkansas, but in early November, Schofield withdrew all of them except for Blunt's division to Springfield, Missouri. Hindman decided to attack with the Union forces divided, and after his cavalry fought with Blunt in the Battle of Cane Hill, began moving across the Boston Mountains on December 3.[10] Union troops commanded by Brigadier General Francis J. Herron began a long movement from Springfield on December 4 to reinforce Blunt.[11]

Late on December 6, Hindman learned that Herron had arrived to reinforce Blunt and would be in the area the next day. In response, Hindman changed his plan to strike Herron first at Prairie Grove and then attack Blunt.[12] Instead of acting aggressively against Herron as planned on December 7, Hindman took up a defensive position and awaited Herron's assault.[13] Hindman's men fought with Herron's until Blunt's men arrived and turned the tide for the Union. Hindman realized that his battered army did not have enough food or ammunition to fight again, and with the Union having been reinforced, fell back to Van Buren beginning the night after the battle.[14] Forage for horses was scarce in the Van Buren area,[15] and Hindman sent some of his cavalry, commanded by Brigadier General John S. Marmaduke, 100 miles (160 km) to the south to Lewisburg.[16] While at Van Buren, Hindman's force also suffered greatly from disease and desertion.[15] Van Buren was located on the north bank of the Arkansas River, with Fort Smith to the southwest and on the south bank of the river.[17] The Arkansas River provided a key communication pathway in a state largely devoid of infrastructure, was used for transportation, and the Arkansas River valley was an important agricultural area feeding the Confederate army.[18] North of the river were the Boston Mountains,[19] which were high, rugged, and brushy.[20]

Pre-battle maneuvers

Hindman decided that it would be impractical to keep most of his force north of the Arkansas River in Van Buren given the condition of his army, and pulled most of his men south of the Arkansas to Fort Smith. One infantry regiment and some artillery were left in Van Buren, while some Texas cavalry commanded by Lieutenant Colonel R. P. Crump was posted at Dripping Springs,[21] which was 7 miles (11 km)[22] or 9 miles (14 km)[21][23] north of Van Buren, with instructions to guard the roads from the north,[21] despite Crump having previously been reprimanded for inattentiveness.[16] Holmes visited the Van Buren area on December 21[24] and ordered Hindman to withdraw his forces to Lewisburg, where the men could be better supplied via the river.[25] According to historian Ed Bearss, Hindman decided to leave the brigades of Brigadier General John S. Roane's Texas cavalry and Colonel Douglas H. Cooper's Native Americans in the area of Fort Smith and the Indian Territory, although Roane's brigade was soon disbanded due to heavy desertion and replaced with Colonel James R. Shaler's brigade of Arkansas infantry.[24] Historian William L. Shea instead states that the forces left behind were one infantry brigade and one cavalry regiment.[26] Hindman began to move the sick and any supplies not needed for the rearguard out of Fort Smith on December 23.[24] The main Confederate force began withdrawing on December 26, and were still loading supplies onto river transports without a sense of urgency on December 28.[27] On December 28, there were about 5,000 Confederates in the area, primarily south of the Arkansas River.[28]

After resting for three days following Prairie Grove, Herron and Blunt decided to move south against Hindman with 8,000 men, although this movement was delayed by a heavy snowstorm. The weather eventually broke, and late on December 25, the two Union officers decided it was time to resume the advance. After spreading disinformation on December 26 that the Union thrust was headed for Huntsville, the movement began the next morning,[29] with 8,000 men and thirty cannons.[30][31] The Union troops had to travel through cold weather and over ground that was in places covered with snow.[29] Artillery and wagons had difficulty moving through thick mud.[32] The commands of Blunt and Herron traveled separately, taking different routes.[33]

Battle

On the morning of the 28th, Blunt's cavalry was at the head of his force. A halt was called at Oliver's Store on the Telegraph Road for Blunt's infantry and artillery to catch up. Herron's men joined Blunt's at the store, and Herron and Blunt interviewed local Unionists to learn of the locations of Crump's camp and outposts.[34] Herron's infantry had not arrived yet, but he had 3,000 cavalrymen present.[35] Blunt had seniority over Herron and took overall command. With the 2nd Kansas Cavalry Regiment in the lead,[36] the Union cavalrymen headed south, and 2 miles (3.2 km) from the store and 8 miles (13 km) from Dripping Springs, encountered some of Crump's pickets. Blunt ordered the cavalry to drive all the way to the Arkansas River.[35] Crump heard the firing and took two companies to investigate. Encountering the 2nd Kansas Cavalry 3 miles (4.8 km) north of their camp, Crump's patrol fled back to the camp. By the time Crump returned to prepare his surprised men for battle, the Union troopers were almost upon them.[37] Three Union units – the 2nd Kansas Cavalry, the 6th Kansas Cavalry Regiment, and the 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry Regiment – were deployed around 10:00 am,[36] and Colonel William F. Cloud brought up two mountain howitzers. After six rounds from the cannons, the Union cavalry charged.[22] Crump's Texans quickly fled, and although Crump managed to rally a force three times, the Union cavalry drove all the way to Van Buren in only an hour.[38]

Tattered United States flag with names of battles on the stripes
Battle flag of the 6th Kansas Cavalry, with the battle honor for Van Buren

The pursuing cavalry, led by Cloud, halted at a hill overlooking the Arkansas River, allowing Blunt and Herron to personally catch up to the force.[39] When the Union troops charged down the hill, Herron sent part of the 1st Missouri Cavalry Regiment to the east to cut off a road that the Confederates could use to retreat. By the time that the Union troops entered Van Buren, most of the Confederates had already boarded steamboats on the Arkansas River or were using a ferry to cross the river.[40] Some convalescent soldiers and men from the commissary and quartermaster departments were captured by the Union soldiers in Van Buren. The steamboats withdrawing down the river had been loaded with some of Hindman's supplies before the Union attack struck, and to speed their escape, some of the cargo was thrown overboard.[41]

Scouts informed Blunt that there was a bend in the river 2 miles (3.2 km) below Van Buren, and Cloud was sent there with a brigade and two cannons to try to intercept the steamboats.[42] The rearmost ship, Frederick Notrebe, was caught by the 2nd Kansas Cavalry. According to Shea, the Kansans fired into the ship, forcing its crew's surrender,[41] while Bearss states that the ship's crew intentionally ran the ship aground and abandoned the vessel. Two more steamers, Rose Douglass[a] and Key West continued downriver. Rose Douglass was fired on and then boarded by Union cavalry,[43] and Key West surrendered at Strain's Landing 6 miles (9.7 km)[41] or 10 miles (16 km) below Van Buren.[44]

One of the Union mountain howitzers fired on the ferry at Van Buren, killing the horse powering it, although the soldiers on board were able to escape across the river.[44] Union troops also captured the steamer Violet in Van Buren, and took three ammunition wagons and twenty-seven wagons with supplies during the chase of the other steamboats.[45] Rose Douglass, Key West, and Frederick Notrebe were returned to Van Buren[46] by the early afternoon.[47] While Blunt and Herron discussed the prospects of making an attack across the river to Fort Smith, the Confederates brought up troops on the far side of the river.[47] At Fort Smith, Hindman had learned of the Union attack at about 10:00 am. He ordered Colonel Robert G. Shaver's brigade, which was 2 miles (3.2 km) away, to go to Fort Smith, and ordered Brigadier General Daniel M. Frost, who was with his command 10 miles (16 km) toward Little Rock, to send a detachment of infantry and artillery to Strain's Landing and the rest of his force to Fort Smith. By the time Shaver reached Fort Smith, Union troops had already held Van Buren for about two and a half hours. Shaver had West's Arkansas Battery fire on the town[48] with four 6-pounder smoothbore cannons.[49] Herron viewed this as an outrage, as the town sheltered many civilians in addition to the Union troops.[48] The Confederates fired for two hours, and Union artillery was brought up to support the infantry. The 1st Kansas Battery deployed on the hill overlooking the river and fired into Shaver's position at about 4:00 pm[50] with four 10-pounder Parrott rifles.[49] Shaver had not expected to encounter Union artillery, and with Union overshots landing among Shaler's Arkansas Infantry Regiment, ordered a withdrawal. The Union artillery did not detect the retreat and continued firing, while the Union infantry completed its march to Van Buren at about 7:00 pm.[50]

An hour after dark, Cloud sent the 2nd Kansas Cavalry and 1st Kansas Battery back down to Strain's Landing, where he had noticed a Confederate camp during the chase after the steamboats. When Cloud arrived, the position was held by Tilden's Missouri Battery and part of Hunter's Missouri Infantry Regiment who had been sent there by Frost.[51] According to Bearss, the Confederate artillery fired upon the Union positions until driven off by the Kansan artillery,[52] while Shea states that the Confederates were under orders not to waste ammunition and withdrew after the start of the Union bombardment. Two Confederate transports had been trapped upstream by the Union attack, and were burned. Hindman had given orders to abandon Fort Smith and if necessary, burn it. After the Union attack struck Van Buren, the Confederates panicked and burned wharves and warehouses. In the words of Shea, Hindman's orders were carried out with "more enthusiasm and less judgment" than intended.[51]

Aftermath

Convinced that he could not hold Fort Smith against a Union assault,[52] and with everything worth protecting destroyed,[51] Hindman decided to withdraw, leaving only Cooper's brigade and two cavalry regiments in the general area[53] to harass the Union troops.[54] On the morning of December 29, Blunt sent a scouting party across the river, which found that the only Confederates remaining at Fort Smith were 600 sick and wounded. A Union patrol was sent to burn the two transports upriver, but found that the Confederates had already done so.[53] After plundering the town the night after the battle,[55] the Union forces did a military parade that day to impress the local civilians.[56] Supplies that could be sent northward were carried off,[57] while anything they could not carry,[58] including a large quantity of corn, the ferry, and the steamboats were burned.[57] Several hundred slaves were also freed.[59] Blunt, Herron, Colonel Daniel Huston Jr., and fourteen men from the 1st Missouri Cavalry briefly crossed the river, apparently so that Blunt, Herron, and Huston could claim that they were the first Union officers to cross the Arkansas River. Significant military intelligence was garnered when Union troops found a number of Confederate messages in a telegraph office.[60] Overall, the Confederates had lost 25,000 bushels of grain, 42 wagons, and quantities of equipment and ammunition.[58] Bacon had also been destroyed as well.[61]

Blunt could not operate a supply line across the Boston Mountains, and decided to withdraw that day.[57] Herron led the withdrawal with the infantry and artillery, leaving after sunset. Schofield caught up with the expedition during Herron's withdrawal, but allowed Blunt to remain in command despite Schofield being the senior officer. Blunt left Van Buren with the cavalry on December 30, and the raid was over by the next day,[62] when the Union troops arrived at Rhea's Mill.[63] According to Shea, Union losses were two killed and six wounded,[64] while the Encyclopedia of Arkansas reports Union losses of one man killed and five wounded.[49] Confederate losses are not known, but Shea estimates them as about a dozen killed, two dozen wounded, and a few hundred captured and then paroled.[64] By January 8, 1863, only parts of two cavalry regiments and one infantry regiment remained at Fort Smith.[65] Holmes ordered Hindman to abandon the Fort Smith area, and the Confederates spent the beginning of 1863 retreating to Little Rock.[66] Cooper's men went to the Indian Territory,[65] and a small force led by William Steele remained at Forth Smith.[67] The battles at Prairie Grove and Van Buren had broken Confederate strength in the region;[55] the historian Shelby Foote wrote that "practically speaking, [Hindman] had no army".[61] Cavalry raids and guerrilla warfare continued in the area, but fighting between large-scale armies did not occur in the region after Prairie Grove and Van Buren.[59] Union troops captured Fort Smith on September 1.[68]

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled Rose Douglas.[41]

References

  1. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 22–23.
  2. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 24–25.
  3. ^ Shea 2009, p. 7.
  4. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 8–9.
  5. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 28–29.
  6. ^ Bearss 1967, pp. 123–124.
  7. ^ Christ 2010, p. 31.
  8. ^ Bearss 1967, pp. 123, 125–126.
  9. ^ Bearss 1967, p. 126.
  10. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 31–34.
  11. ^ Christ 2010, p. 34.
  12. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 125–127.
  13. ^ Neal & Kremm 1993, pp. 149–150.
  14. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 35–36.
  15. ^ a b Bearss 1967, p. 131.
  16. ^ a b Piston & Rutherford 2021, p. 95.
  17. ^ Bearss 1967, Map following p. 132.
  18. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 7–8.
  19. ^ Christ 2010, p. 22.
  20. ^ Foote 1986, p. 48.
  21. ^ a b c Bearss 1967, pp. 131–132.
  22. ^ a b Shea 2009, p. 271.
  23. ^ Dedmondt 2009, p. 61.
  24. ^ a b c Bearss 1967, pp. 132–133.
  25. ^ Shea 2009, p. 250.
  26. ^ Shea 2009, p. 252.
  27. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 251–252.
  28. ^ Shea 1994, p. 57.
  29. ^ a b Bearss 1967, pp. 133–134.
  30. ^ Christ 2010, p. 36.
  31. ^ Piston & Rutherford 2021, p. 94.
  32. ^ Bearss 1967, p. 135.
  33. ^ Shea 2009, p. 269.
  34. ^ Bearss 1967, pp. 135–136.
  35. ^ a b Shea 2009, p. 270.
  36. ^ a b Bearss 1967, p. 136.
  37. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 270–271.
  38. ^ Bearss 1967, pp. 136–137.
  39. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 272–273.
  40. ^ Bearss 1967, p. 137.
  41. ^ a b c d Shea 2009, p. 273.
  42. ^ Bearss 1967, pp. 137–138.
  43. ^ Bearss 1967, p. 138.
  44. ^ a b Bearss 1967, p. 238.
  45. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 273–274.
  46. ^ Bearss 1967, p. 139.
  47. ^ a b Shea 2009, p. 274.
  48. ^ a b Bearss 1967, pp. 139–140.
  49. ^ a b c Kent, Carolyn Yancey (October 18, 2021). "Capture of Van Buren". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
  50. ^ a b Shea 2009, pp. 275–276.
  51. ^ a b c Shea 2009, p. 277.
  52. ^ a b Bearss 1967, p. 141.
  53. ^ a b Bearss 1967, pp. 141–142.
  54. ^ Bearss & Gibson 1969, p. 261.
  55. ^ a b Castel 1997, p. 100.
  56. ^ Shea 2009, p. 278.
  57. ^ a b c Bearss 1967, p. 142.
  58. ^ a b Neal & Kremm 1993, p. 154.
  59. ^ a b Hess et al. 2006, p. 174.
  60. ^ Shea 2009, p. 279.
  61. ^ a b Foote 1986, p. 51.
  62. ^ Shea 2009, pp. 279–281.
  63. ^ Christ 2010, pp. 36–37.
  64. ^ a b Shea 2009, p. 281.
  65. ^ a b Bearss & Gibson 1969, p. 262.
  66. ^ Shea 2009, p. 283.
  67. ^ Bearss & Gibson 1969, pp. 262–264.
  68. ^ Bearss & Gibson 1969, pp. 268–269.

Sources

Further reading

  • Baxter, William. Pea Ridge and Prairie Grove. University of Arkansas Press, 2000 [1864]. ISBN 978-1-55-728591-1

35°26′40″N 94°20′48″W / 35.444444°N 94.346667°W / 35.444444; -94.346667

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