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Storm Daniel

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For other storms of the same name, see Storm Daniel (2019) and List of storms named Daniel.

Storm Daniel
Storm Daniel over the Mediterranean on 9 September
Meteorological history
Formed4 September 2023
Dissipated12 September 2023
Tropical storm
10-minute sustained (EUMETSAT)
Highest winds85 km/h (50 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities6,898+
Injuries7,000+
Missing10,000–100,000+
Damage>€2 billion (US$2.14 billion in 2023)
Areas affectedLibya, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Egypt
Part of the 2022–23 European windstorm season[a]

Storm Daniel, also known as Cyclone Daniel, was the deadliest and costliest Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone ever recorded as well as the deadliest cyclone worldwide since Cyclone Nargis in 2008. It was also the deadliest weather event of 2023 to date.[1] Forming as a low-pressure system around 4 September 2023, the storm affected Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey with extensive flooding. The storm then organized as a Mediterranean Low and was designated as Storm Daniel. It soon acquired quasi-tropical characteristics (TLC) and moved toward the coast of Libya, where it caused catastrophic flooding before degenerating into a remnant low. The storm was the result of an Omega block, as a high-pressure zone became sandwiched between two zones of low pressure, the isobars shaping a Greek letter Ω.[2][3]

Because of the storm's short-lived and sudden nature, storm preparations were minimal.[citation needed] In Greece, the storm was considered the worst in recorded history, with severe rainfall leading to flooding that caused more than 2 billion euros in damage. Libya was hit the hardest, with torrential rains causing two dams near the city of Derna to fail. This resulted in thousands of deaths, with between 10,000 and 100,000 people missing, although exact figures varied by source. Libya's vulnerability to such disasters was blamed on its civil war, which damaged critical infrastructure and left it in poor condition before Daniel. In the aftermath, several countries along the Mediterranean Sea pledged to provide aid to affected countries.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

An area of low pressure developed over the Ionian Sea with its surface temperature within the range of tropical transition.[4] On 4 September, an atmospheric disturbance moved southwards over the Balkan Peninsula which led to torrential rains, notably over the Thessaly region.[4] The system became a mediterranean cyclone over the Ionian Sea the following day, and was named Storm Daniel by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service.[5] During the following days, the system moved southeastward, peaking as a subtropical storm with winds recorded by instruments on Metop at 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph).[6] The storm then made landfall near the city of Benghazi in Libya. On 10 September, Daniel went east and continued inland before degenerating into a remnant low due to dry air and land interaction later on, with the storm fully dissipating by 12 September.

Impact

Greece

Floods in central Greece
A flooded street in Larisa, Greece

On 5 September, flooding in Thessaly, Greece, killed at least one person.[7] On the same day, the village of Zagora received 1,092 millimetres (43.0 in) of rain, 55 times more than the country's average rainfall for the same month.[8] Portaria also recorded a new rainfall record rain of 884 mm (34.8 in). Further rainfall could not be measured because the weather station subsequently failed.[9] On 6 September, the Krafsidonas river, which rises at Pelion, overflowed its banks in Volos and destroyed a bridge[10] and a nursing home,[11] while dragging cars, buses,[12] trees, and other debris along its path.[13]

On 7 September, the main motorway between Athens and Thessaloniki was closed and train services between the two cities were suspended.[14] In Thessaly, over 800 people had to be rescued amidst collapsed buildings and bridges and submerged villages.[15] In Larissa, after the rains ended on 8 September, water continued to rise as the Pineios river overflowed its banks to reach a level of 9.5 metres (31 ft), compared to the normal level of 4 m (13 ft).[16]

Since the rainfall started, the Copernicus Programme's Rapid Mapping Service was activated for the flood zone in Greece, in which analysis of the Sentinel-1 data from 7 September revealed an estimated flood area of ​​around 73,000 hectares (180,000 acres).[17] Meteorologists classified the storm as Greece's worst since records began in 1930.[18] The floods in Thessaly, which supplies about 15% of Greece's agricultural production, destroyed the crops for the remainder of the year and caused serious long-term damage as the thick layer of mud will make the soil infertile, taking up to five years to become fully functional again.[18] The governor of Thessaly, Kostas Agorastos, told the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) that the storm damage in the region was calculated to be more than €2 billion.[19]

On 10 September, four more bodies were found in Greece, raising the death toll in the country to fifteen with two people still missing as of 11 September.[20]

Turkey

During the initial days of the storm, five people were killed in Turkey during floods in Kırklareli, and two died in the Istanbul districts of Başakşehir and Küçükçekmece.[5]

Bulgaria

Storm Daniel on 5 September 2023

Villages on and near the Black Sea coast in Burgas Province of southeastern Bulgaria, including Kosti and Arapya, became submerged, forcing evacuations. Three people were swept away after a bridge collapsed in the Tsarevo area, and another person drowned near the town.[21][22]

Rainfall in Kosti was measured at 311 mm (420% of the monthly average for September), in Ahtopol it amounted to 196 mm (350% of the monthly average), and in Gramatikovo to 275 mm (368% of the monthly average).[23] In Tsarevo, rainfall was expected to set a Bulgarian record, with 330 mm of precipitation within 20 hours (40% of the annual average).[24]

A rare waterspout was observed in the sea near Tyulenovo in northeastern Bulgaria.[25]

Libya

In Derna, at least 6,000 people[26] were confirmed dead after two dams collapsed, releasing an estimated 30 million cubic metres (39 million cubic yards) of water (equivalent to 12,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools)[27] and causing catastrophic damage across the area after the Wadi Derna overflowed its banks[28] by 50 metres (160 ft) on each side.[29] Residents recalled hearing loud explosions at the time the dams burst.[30] Osama Hamada, Prime Minister of the Government of National Stability which controls eastern Libya, stated that residential neighborhoods were swept away. Videos posted to social media showed cars being submerged in the deluge.[31] Four bridges also collapsed, while Hamada's aviation minister Hisham Chkiouat said that Derna looked as if it had been hit by a "tsunami". He also said that 25% of the city had "disappeared",[32] with large parts of the city dragged out to sea.[33] Hamada’s health minister, Othman Abduljalil, said 6,000 people were missing in Derna alone.[34] Only three of the city's ten districts escaped the flooding,[35] while five out of seven entry routes into Derna were rendered inaccessible.[36]

Hospitals in the city were rendered inoperable while morgues filled up, prompting bodies to be laid out on sidewalks[34] and in the city's main square. More than 300 bodies were sent to a morgue in Tobruk to cope with the overcrowding.[37] About 300 of the dead were buried on 11 September, mostly in mass graves.[38] Naval teams were dispatched to recover bodies swept out to sea by the floods.[39] Prior to the storm, residents were prevented from leaving their homes after authorities imposed a precautionary curfew on 10 September.[33]

The scale of the disaster in Derna was attributed to Libya's civil war and the resulting political effects. The collapsed dams were built by a Yugoslav company in the 1970s,[40] and the city's deputy mayor said that they had not been maintained since 2002 and were not built to withstand such volumes of water, noting that the first dam that failed upstream was only 70 metres (230 feet) tall.[41] It is believed that the collapse of the upstream dam, located at the convergence of two river valleys,[39] led to waters rushing 12 kilometers (seven miles) towards the sea and overwhelming the downstream dam, which was also under stress from rising water levels in its reservoir, along the way.[27]

About 170 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain fell in Al Abraq. Witnesses told Reuters that floodwaters rose as high as 3.0 metres (10 ft).[42] Flooding also occurred in Tobruk, Tacnis, Al-Bayada, and Battah[34], as well as throughout the Jabal al Akhdar district[38] and in Misrata to the west. At least 150 homes were destroyed across the country, according to the Libyan Red Crescent,[43] which also lost three volunteers responding to the floods.[44] In Bayda, hospitals were evacuated due to significant flooding brought by Daniel,[31] and 50 people were killed[45] and dozens are missing.[46] About 414 millimeters of rain fell in the city, equivalent to 77% of its average annual total.[33] There were seven deaths reported in Susa, seven in the towns of Omar al-Mokhtar and Shahhat, and one in Marj.[47]

According to Libyan officials, at least 6,872 people have died as of 13 September,[48] and between 10,000 and 100,000 others are missing,[49] including seven members of the Libyan National Army.[50] About 7,000 people were reportedly injured[51] and 40,000 were displaced.[52][34] Ten hospitals and 20 other medical facilities were forced out of service by the storm.[53] Khalifa Haftar, the de facto military ruler of eastern Libya, called the damage "huge" and "hard to describe or measure".[54] The disaster was seen as the worst to hit the Cyrenaica region since the 1963 Marj earthquake.[55]

On 9 September, the National Oil Corporation announced a three-day closure of four oil ports including Ras Lanuf, Zueitina, Brega, and Sidra.[56] The facilities in Ras Lanuf, Brega, and Sidra reopened on 12 September, while the port of Zueitina reopened on 13 September.[57]

At least 145 Egyptian citizens, mainly from the village of Al-Sharif in Beni Suef,[58] and twelve Palestinians[59] were among those killed.

Egypt

Daniel reached Egypt on 11 September, where parts of the northwestern region of the country experienced moderate rainfall.[60]

As Daniel's remnants reached the Nile Delta and Cairo, residents across the country reported an unusual odor on 12 September. Manar Ghanem, a representative from the media center of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority, refuted any connection between the strange odor and Daniel, but acknowledged that the storm had caused dust, rain and weather fluctuations.[61]

Israel

The remnants of Storm Daniel reached Israel on September 13, 2023, causing unusual heavy localized rains for the month of September. A number of sinkholes and minor property damages were reported but without injuries.[62] Following the summer of 2023, which was hottest on record, experts have warned that storms like this might become a 'new normal' for the country in the near future.[63]

Aftermath

Libya

The Libyan Presidential Council based in Tripoli declared the cities of Derna, Shahhat, and Bayda disaster zones,[64] while the Tripoli-based Health Ministry dispatched a plane carrying 14 tons of medical equipment, drugs, body bags, and personnel to Benghazi on 12 September.[65] The House of Representatives based in Benghazi, which controls most of the areas affected, declared three days of national mourning, as did the internationally-recognized Government of National Unity based in Tripoli led by Prime Minister Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.[66] Dbeibah pledged an investigation over the extensive damage, as well as the allotment of 2.5 billion Libyan dinars ($515 million) to help rebuild Derna and Benghazi.[67]

Tunisia, Germany, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates pledged humanitarian assistance to Libya,[68][34][33] [69]while Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that he would deploy the country's military in coordination with eastern Libyan forces to help in relief operations.[65] He also declared three days of national mourning for the victims of the floods as well as those of the 2023 Moroccan earthquake on 8 September.[70] A military delegation led by armed forces chief of staff Osama Askar went to eastern Libya on 12 September to meet with Khalifa Haftar. The delegation included 25 rescue teams and three military aircraft carrying humanitarian supplies.[71] Following a request from the president of the Libyan Presidential Council, Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria sent eight Ilyushin Il-78 aircraft carrying humanitarian aid that included food supplies, medical equipment, clothing, and tents.[72][73] On 12 September, Italy activated its civil protection departments, with Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani stating an assessment team was on their way. Anne-Claire Legendre, a spokesperson for France's foreign ministry, announced that the country was ready to respond to requests made by Libya's government. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the organization was on stand-by to bring support, while the commission's president Ursula von der Leyen expressed condolences.[68] The World Health Organization sent a shipment consisting of 40 tons of aid to Libya.[74]

The disruption of oil exports from Libya due to the storm contributed to the price of Brent crude rising to $92.38 per barrel on 12 September, the highest price recorded since November 2022.[75]

See also

Other disasters which occurred around the same time as Daniel:

References

Notes

  1. ^ The season traditionally ends on 31 August. Storm Daniel, which was named on 4 September, was still included.

Citations

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  2. ^ Badshah, Nadeem (6 September 2023). "UK heat and floods in south-east Europe blamed on 'omega' weather system". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023.
  3. ^ "UK heatwave: What is an omega block – and how is it causing our extreme weather?". Sky News. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Weather tracker: Omega block brings torrential rain to Greece and Spain". The Guardian. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  5. ^ a b "At least 14 killed as fierce storms and severe flooding lash southern Europe". CNN. 7 September 2023. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  6. ^ "Weather report. Daniel makes landfall in Libya with torrential rain. Floods in Tripoli « 3B Meteo". Italy 24 Press News. 10 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Na bosbranden kampt deel van Griekenland nu met overstromingen". nos.nl (in Dutch). 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  8. ^ Cohen, Li (5 September 2023). ""Historic flooding event" in Greece dumps more than 2 feet of rain in just a few hours". CBS News. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  9. ^ "Zahl der Opfer in Mittelgriechenland steigt auf zehn – Fluss Pineios läuft über" (in German). Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  10. ^ "A Deluge in Greece". NASA Earth Observatory. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  11. ^ Newsroom (5 September 2023). "Βόλος: Κατέρρευσε πτέρυγα γηροκομείου – Επιχείρηση εκκένωσης". Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ (in Greek). Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  12. ^ "Βόλος: Τα ορμητικά νερά του Κραυσίδωνα «κατάπιαν» λεωφορείο (βίντεο)". www.naftemporiki.gr (in Greek). 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  13. ^ ertnews.gr, Συντακτική Ομάδα (8 September 2023). "Ο εφιάλτης της επόμενης ημέρας σε Πήλιο και Βόλο - Ανυπολόγιστες ζημιές, οδοιπορικό της ΕΡΤ". ertnews.gr (in Greek). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
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  16. ^ "Starkregen von Griechenland bis Hongkong" (in German). ORF. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Flood in Greece: EMSR692 – Situational reporting". Copernicus Emergency Management Service. 9 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  18. ^ a b Prousalis, Stamos; Papadimas, Lefteris (9 September 2023). "Boats, helicopters rescue hundreds after storm in Greece". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  19. ^ "Extreme flooding caused by Storm Daniel devastates Greece". Financial Times. 8 September 2023. Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  20. ^ "Four more bodies found after Greece storm, raising toll to 15". Reuters. 10 September 2023. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  21. ^ "Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece streets turn to rivers in deadly floods". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  22. ^ "Bulgaria: Two People Died in the floods in Tsarevo, Two more are Missing". novinite.com. 5 September 2023. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  23. ^ "НИМХ: Най-много е валяло в с. Кости – над 311 mm (l/m²)". bnr.bg (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  24. ^ Capital.bg (5 September 2023). "Национален рекорд за валежи предизвика смъртоносни наводнения в Царево". www.capital.bg (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  25. ^ "Торнадо край Тюленово – зрелищни кадри, заснети от Meteo Balkans". bnr.bg (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 9 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
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  27. ^ a b "Why did Derna's dams break when Storm Daniel hit Libya?". Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  28. ^ Magdy, Samy (12 September 2023). "10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods". AP News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  29. ^ "Libya: Flash Floods In Derna". Barron's. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  30. ^ "Hundreds buried in mass graves as Libya reels from devastating flooding". Aljazeera. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  31. ^ a b "Flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm leaves 2,000 people feared dead". AP News. 11 September 2023. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  32. ^ "Libyan floods: Derna city alone recovers 1,000 bodies – minister". BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  33. ^ a b c d Fleming, Lucy (12 September 2023). "Libyan floods: Derna city looks like a tsunami hit it - minister". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  34. ^ a b c d e Alkhshali, Hamdi; Salem, Mostafa; El Damanhoury, Kareem (12 September 2023). "At least 2,000 dead and 10,000 believed missing in Libya as 'catastrophic' flooding breaks dams and sweeps away homes". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  35. ^ Murphy, Matt (13 September 2023). "Derna: Soundtrack of children's cries now engulfs Libyan city". BBC. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  36. ^ Mogul, Rhea; Haq, Sana Noor (13 September 2023). "Morgues overwhelmed in Libya as rescuers search for thousands missing after flood". CNN. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  37. ^ "Rescuers retrieve over 2,000 bodies in eastern Libya wrecked by devastating floods". AP News. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  38. ^ a b "At Least 2,300 Dead In 'Epic' Libya Floods, Thousands More Missing". Barron's. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  39. ^ a b "Libya floods wipe out quarter of city, thousands dead". Reuters. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  40. ^ "How Libya's chaos left its people vulnerable to deadly flooding". AP News. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  41. ^ "Infrastructure in Libya's Derna not built to withstand storm: Deputy mayor". Aljazeera. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  42. ^ Dadouch, Sarah (11 September 2023). "'Catastrophe' in Libya's Derna as deadly floods engulf city". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  43. ^ "Thousands feared dead as flooding sweeps Libya". BBC. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
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  45. ^ "10,000 people are missing and thousands are feared dead as eastern Libya is devastated by floods". Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  46. ^ "2,000 people are feared dead in flooding in eastern Libya after weekend storm, prime minister says". Greenwich Time. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
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  58. ^ "Libya Floods Update: Over 5000 Dead, 145 Egyptians' Bodies Flown Home". Egyptian Streets. 13 September 2023.
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  60. ^ "No need to panic! Storm Daniel brings no catastrophes to Egypt: EMA". Ahram Online. 11 September 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  61. ^ Al-Youm, Al-Masry (12 September 2023). "Strange odor reported across Egypt has nothing to do with Storm Daniel: meteorologist". Egypt Independent. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  62. ^ Staff, ToI; Agencies. "Israel hit by tail end of Storm Daniel after it killed at least 2,000 in Libya". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  63. ^ Cohen, Nir; Lukash, Alexandra (13 September 2023). "Extreme weather in Israel may soon become a norm, climate expert warns". Ynetnews. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
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  65. ^ a b "Libyan city buries 700 people killed in devastating floods as 10,000 are reported missing". Associated Press. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
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  68. ^ a b "Libya floods: Europe promises help, with thousands dead and missing". POLITICO. 12 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  69. ^ https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2023-09-13/local-news/73-helpers-in-Libya-to-help-after-Storm-Daniel-disaster-6736254803
  70. ^ Mohamed, Gobran (12 September 2023). "Egypt declares three days of mourning in solidarity with Morocco and Libya". Arab News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  71. ^ "Egyptian chief of staff arrives in Libya accompanied by 25 rescue teams, 3 military jets carrying aid". Egypt Today. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  72. ^ "Algeria decides to urgently dispatch important humanitarian aid to Libya". Algeria Press Service. 13 September 2023.
  73. ^ "Algeria launches air bridge to deliver aid to Libya following devastating floods". libyaobserver.ly. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  74. ^ "10,000 missing amid 'huge' death toll as Storm Daniel devastates Libya". EFE. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  75. ^ Egan, Matt (12 September 2023). "Oil prices hit 10-month high after Libya flood catastrophe". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
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