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LGBT Olympians and Paralympians

Lists of LGBT+ Summer Olympic athletes
(1896–2000), (2004–2020), (2024); by debut

List of LGBT+ Winter Olympians; by debut

List of LGBT+ Paralympians; by debut

List of LGBT+ artists at the Olympics
LGBTI history and issues

There have been 18[a] modern Olympic athletes widely known to have an intersex (disorders/differences of sex development) condition, or other similar condition which has been restricted by sports authorities. The athletes may or may not identify as intersex or having a DSD; some may not be considered intersex or DSD by modern science. Athletes are included when the existence of a condition has affected their sporting career and it is publicly known.[b]

The 1932 Summer Olympics was the first instance of an athlete now known to be intersex competing, also winning a medal. 7 have won a medal (38.89% of intersex athletes), with 3 winning at least one gold (16.67% of intersex athletes).[a] The majority of intersex Olympians have competed in athletics, generally running.[a]

The Olympics have "been dealing with" – acknowledged and sought to regulate – intersex athletes since the 1930s.[1] After Zdeněk Koubek, a Czech athlete raised as a woman, transitioned to live as a man in 1935, United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage expressed concern over the potential for such athletes to be exploited for Olympic gain. The United States pressured the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to permit medical examinations of any athletes whose sex was questioned, which became policy in time for the 1936 Summer Olympics.[2] It did not appear to be applied in 1936, though there were some notable cases in the form of Stella Walsh and Heinrich Ratjen. Walsh's case was handled sympathetically, while Ratjen's Olympics appearance may have been deliberately dishonest.[1] In the 1960s, when systemic doping became a significant issue and it was harder to tell the difference between men and doped women, sex verification was first implemented as a requirement.[1][3] An early and inadequate test in 1967 incorrectly identified Ewa Kłobukowska as not female, seeing her previous Olympic achievements written off and her career end.[4] Between 1968 and 1998, all female athletes at the Olympics were subject to sex verification as a matter of process[3][5][6] (with the exception of Anne, Princess Royal, who competed in 1976).[7][c] Until 1992, the test used was to identify chromosomes, something that had been deemed unreliable in the scientific community for decades;[3][1] Maria José Martínez-Patiño was banned from women's athletics after qualifying for the 1988 Summer Olympics, before being allowed to compete again later that year.[6][10]

Prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics, intersex Brazilian judoka Edinanci Silva had surgery to allow her to continue in women's sport. She would appear at this Games and several other editions.[1] Also competing in 1996 were eight (unknown) female athletes who were discovered to have an intersex condition upon testing (seven with androgen insensitivity); all were cleared to compete and, after the Games, the IOC abolished the universal testing so as to protect the dignity of athletes who do not already know they have these conditions.[1][3] The IOC do still perform sex testing for athletes of any gender (though invariably women) when "serious doubts" are raised.[1] In 2012, the IOC changed its mode of verification, testing for testosterone, which has also been considered unreliable and discriminatory.[6] Since 2018, World Athletics has mandated intersex women must take medications or have surgery in order to be eligible, which could prevent them from attending events that serve as Olympic qualifiers.[5] Successful intersex Olympian Caster Semenya has refused to take hormone medication, which saw her banned from participation.[11]

The suspicion-based approach has been criticised as it enables racist discrimination.[12] Various international medical and sports professionals have advocated for the abolition of sex verification in sport, and specifically the Olympics.[3][13]

Overview

Template:Intersex Olympians overview

Key

Δ Was known to be widely out prior to their most recent Olympic competition; contemporaneously out while competing

† Came out after competing

‡ Posthumously identified as intersex

  • Tables are default sorted by first Games appearance chronologically, then current surname or common nickname alphabetically, then first name alphabetically. They can be sorted by current surname (where used) or common nickname alphabetically; by country and sport alphabetically; by Games chronologically;[d] and by medals as organised in Olympics medals tables.[e]

Intersex athletes

Athlete Country Sport Games Medal(s) Notes Regulations and verification
Stanisława Walasiewicz (a.k.a. Stella Walsh) ‡ Poland Poland Athletics 1932, 1936 1st place, gold medalist(s)2nd place, silver medalist(s) Won a gold medal in 1932 and a silver medal in 1936. An autopsy discovered that Walsh was intersex and experienced mosaicism; it was determined she likely did not know, and her achievements have not been expunged.[14][15][16][17][18][1] There were no formal regulations before 1936; from 1936, the IOC was able to examine athletes whose sex was questioned.[2] Anecdotally, Walsh's rival Helen Stephens reported that in 1936, Adolf Hitler personally groped her as a form of sex verification.[19]
Heinrich Ratjen †  Nazi Germany Athletics 1936 Ratjen's sex characteristics were ambiguous from birth. Though he was raised as female, and for many years competed as "Dora Ratjen" (including at the Olympics), he said he was conscious that he was somewhat biologically male from childhood. In 1938, he was arrested and held in Hohenlychen Sanatorium for a year, being examined by SS doctors who found Ratjen to have some intersex characteristics (not just male genitalia). Upon release, he was ordered to stop participating in sport and to assume a male identity. In later life, however, Ratjen (likely erroneously) claimed that the Nazis had ordered him to pose as female in order to bring sporting glory to the nation at their home Olympics.[20][21][22] From 1936, the IOC was able to examine athletes whose sex was questioned.[2] After years of speculation and reportedly refusing to use changing rooms with other people present, Ratjen was accosted on a train and made to strip before being arrested.[20]
Ewa Kłobukowska † Poland Poland Athletics 1964 1st place, gold medalist(s)3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Kłobukowska won a gold and a bronze medal at the Olympics.[23] She is missing an X chromosome, which would not preclude her from competing in women's sports. An inadequate Barr body detection-based sex verification test following her Olympic success saw her stripped of her titles and banned from competition; though later corrected, none of her achievements have been reinstated.[24][25][26][27][28] In 1960, the Olympics began mandating physical examinations,[29] which Kłobukowska passed. In 1967, World Athletics (IAAF) introduced chromatin testing for female athletes,[30] looking for "a single X-chromatic mass", i.e. two X chromosomes.[29]
Edinanci Silva Δ  Brazil Judo 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008 Silva was born intersex but had surgery in the 1990s to allow her to compete in women's sport, before any Olympics appearance. She went on to compete at four Games.[31][1] In 1992, the majority of the sports federations under the IOC stopped performing any type of gender testing. Judo was one of the five federations that continued testing, and the IOC itself replaced the chromosome testing with a DNA-based test. This test was carried out on all female athletes in 1996. In 1999, the IOC stopped universal testing but reserved the right to test suspicious individuals.[32] The same test was used up to and including the 2008 Summer Olympics, but only when suspicions were raised. Athletes who had undergone "sex reassignment surgery" were allowed to compete, two years after surgery and meeting all other requirements.[1]
Érika Coimbra Δ  Brazil Volleyball 2000, 2004 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Coimbra was reported to have been born intersex but had surgery. She was subject to sex testing before being allowed to compete.[33][34] In 1992, the majority of the sports federations under the IOC stopped performing any type of gender testing.[32] Volleyball was one of the five federations that continued testing,[35] and the IOC itself replaced the chromosome testing with a DNA-based test. In 1999, the IOC stopped universal testing but reserved the right to test suspicious individuals.[32] The same test was used up to and including the 2008 Summer Olympics, but only when suspicions were raised. Athletes who had undergone "sex reassignment surgery" were allowed to compete, two years after surgery and meeting all other requirements.[1]
Racheal Nachula Δ  Zambia Athletics, Football 2008, 2024 Nachula competed in 400 m in 2008, and as part of the football team in 2024.[36] She was one of four Zambian footballers who were banned from an African competition due to natural testosterone levels above those accepted by the Confederation of African Football (CAF); there was criticism that the CAF's "gender eligibility test" was more restrictive than necessary, with FIFA also criticised for the inconsistency of requirements between tournaments.[37][38] The DNA-based SRY test was used up to and including the 2008 Summer Olympics, but only when suspicions were raised.[1][39]

In 2011, FIFA issued updated gender verification regulations, which state that "each participating member association shall, prior to the nomination of its national team, ensure the correct gender of all the players to be considered for such nomination by actively investigating any perceived deviation in secondary sex characteristics".[40]: 7  The testing process is not outlined, but says "sex hormone levels" must be provided (without elaboration) and, if unsatisfactory, that "the player shall undergo a physical examination performed by an independent expert."[40]: 12 

Francine Niyonsaba Δ  Burundi Athletics 2012, 2016, 2020 2nd place, silver medalist(s) Niyonsaba won silver in the 800 m race in 2016; unable to contest this event at the 2020 Games due to restrictions, she qualified and competed in the 10,000 m race.[41] Her intersex condition was revealed upon the ruling in 2019.[42] In 2012, the IOC introduced testing based on measuring testosterone.[6]

Ahead of qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the IAAF was forced to suspend testosterone testing until at least 2017 due to losing a case brought by Dutee Chand. The IOC updated its policy around the same time and, in 2016, said they would also suspend testosterone testing while the IAAF was trying to support the tests.[43]

In 2019, World Athletics (IAAF) banned female athletes from competing in middle-distance running events and some others[f] if they:
  • have an XY karyotype and
  • have ≥5 nmol/L testosterone and
  • do not have androgen insensitivity
Caster Semenya Δ  South Africa Athletics 2012, 2016 1st place, gold medalist(s)1st place, gold medalist(s) Semenya is an intersex woman with XY chromosomes. She has been subject to sex verification testing since the start of her professional career in 2009, at different times being allowed and disallowed to compete in events. A successful intersex sportswoman, she has been the focal point of debates and regulation regarding both intersex and trans athletes in the 21st century. She has refused to take hormone medication to reduce her natural testosterone, as instructed in 2019.[45][11] She continues to mount legal battles against discriminatory athletic bodies.[46]
Dutee Chand Δ  India Athletics 2016, 2020 Chand experiences hyperandrogenism.[47][48] In 2014, her elevated testosterone caused the Indian Athletics Federation to remove her from its programme and ban her from events. She appealed to higher athletic bodies, which overturned the ban.[49][50][51] As a sprinter, she was unaffected by the 2019 restrictions on intersex characteristics in middle distance events; she offered the services of her legal team to Caster Semenya.[52]
Margaret Wambui †  Kenya Athletics 2016 3rd place, bronze medalist(s) Wambui has elevated testosterone levels, as revealed upon the intersex restriction ruling in 2019; refusing to take medication to reduce this, she was barred from competing in the 2020 Games. She has proposed athletic bodies introduce an open category to be inclusive of intersex athletes if they insist on the separation.[41][42][53] Ahead of qualifying for the 2016 Summer Olympics, the IAAF was forced to suspend testosterone testing until at least 2017 due to losing a case brought by Dutee Chand. The IOC updated its policy around the same time and, in 2016, said they would also suspend testosterone testing while the IAAF was trying to support the tests.[43]

In 2019, World Athletics (IAAF) banned female athletes from competing in middle-distance running events and some others[f] if they:
  • have an XY karyotype and
  • have ≥5 nmol/L testosterone and
  • do not have androgen insensitivity
Barbra Banda Δ  Zambia Football 2020, 2024 After their first Olympics appearance, Banda and Kundananji were two of four Zambian footballers[38] banned from an African competition due to natural testosterone levels above those accepted by the Confederation of African Football (CAF); they were soon after allowed back to compete in other African competitions, as well as tournaments sanctioned by FIFA.[54][55] Banda reportedly takes medication to reduce her levels of testosterone; there was criticism that the CAF's "gender eligibility test" was more restrictive than necessary, with FIFA also criticised for the inconsistency of requirements between tournaments.[37] At the time of their appearance in 2024, Kundananji and Banda were the two most expensive women's football transfers.[56] In 2011, FIFA issued updated gender verification regulations, which state that "each participating member association shall, prior to the nomination of its national team, ensure the correct gender of all the players to be considered for such nomination by actively investigating any perceived deviation in secondary sex characteristics".[40]: 7  Investigation is to be pursued if any or all of the player, the association, the appointed medical officer, and/or the Chief Medical Officer, both requests and has "a direct legal interest" in the result of a gender test.[40]: 10  The testing process is not outlined, but says "sex hormone levels" must be provided (without elaboration) and, if unsatisfactory, that "the player shall undergo a physical examination performed by an independent expert."[40]: 12 
Racheal Kundananji Δ  Zambia Football 2020, 2024
Beatrice Masilingi Δ  Namibia Athletics 2020 Condition announced by World Athletics ahead of appearing at the 2020 Games.[57] The Namibia National Olympic Committee criticised World Athletics for breaking a confidentiality agreement in naming teenage sprinters Beatrice Masilingi and Christine Mboma, who could (and would) both compete over a different distance.[58] In 2019, World Athletics (IAAF) banned female athletes from competing in middle-distance running events and some others[f] if they:
  • have an XY karyotype and
  • have ≥5 nmol/L testosterone and
  • do not have androgen insensitivity
Christine Mboma Δ  Namibia Athletics 2020 2nd place, silver medalist(s)
Aminatou Seyni Δ  Niger Athletics 2020 Seyni primarily contests sprint distances, but also ran 800 m sporadically and 400 m regularly until 2019, when she was told she had tested positive for intersex characteristics and would be unable to race middle distance. She ran in the 200 m event, a distance over which she holds the Nigerien national record, at the 2020 Games.[41][59]
Pedro Spajari Δ  Brazil Swimming 2020 Having broken the FINA World Junior Championship record for 100 m freestyle in 2015,[60] Spajari was diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome, an XXY chromosomal condition in natural men, in 2016. He was aiming to qualify for that year's Games when decreased testosterone levels, which negatively affected his performances, was noticed. He was approved to take hormone supplements, and competed in 2020.[61][62] Sex verification is not conducted on athletes in the men's categories.[63] If a male athlete's performance is considered suspicious, doping controls are used.[64]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Based on the information collected on this page
  2. ^ East German athletes dosed with androgen are not included.
  3. ^ Considered unnecessary for such a public figure, Anne also competed in equestrian eventing[8] – which features teams of four riders of any sex.[9]
  4. ^ Where athletes have represented multiple countries, competed in multiple sports, and/or at multiple Games, the country/sport/Games they are sorted by is their first country/sport/Games chronologically.
  5. ^ Based on most golds over total medals, then alphabetically by current surname or common nickname.
  6. ^ a b c Including hammer throw, not including football.[44]

References

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