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Attack on Sydney Harbour

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Attack on Sydney Harbour
Part of the Battle for Australia during World War II

June 1, 1942. A Japanese Ko-hyoteki class midget submarine, believed to be Midget No. 14, is raised from Sydney Harbour
DateMay 31-June 8, 1942
Location
Sydney Harbour, Sydney, Australia
Result Japanese victory
Belligerents
Australia
United States
United Kingdom
Netherlands		 Empire of Japan
Commanders and leaders
Gerald Muirhead-Gould Hankyu Sasaki
Strength
2 heavy cruisers,
1 light cruiser,
2 armed merchant cruisers,
3 destroyers,
2 corvettes,
1 submarine,
2 anti-submarine vessels,
6 channel patrol boats		 5 fleet submarines,
3 midget submarines
Casualties and losses
1 depot ship sunk
1 fighter aircraft lost,
22 killed		 3 midget submarines,
2 spotter planes lost,
6 killed

Template:Campaignbox Battle for Australia In late May and early June, 1942, a group of five Imperial Japanese Navy submarines performed a series of attacks on Sydney, Australia and the nearby port of Newcastle. These attacks are one of the best known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II.

On the night of May 31-June 1 1942, the submarines launched three Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines in an attempt to sink multiple Allied warships in Sydney Harbour. Two of the three midget submarines were destroyed before they could attack, while the third made a failed torpedo attack on the heavy cruiser USS Chicago, instead sinking the converted ferry HMAS Kuttabul and killing 21 people. This midget then disappeared, its fate remaining a mystery until the 2006 discovery of the sunken submarine by amateur scuba divers.

Following this, the five submarines attacked numerous merchant vessels in Eastern Australian waters, sinking three ships. Two of the submarines carried out a bombardment of Sydney and Newcastle on June 8, resulting in no casulaties.

Forces

The crews of the Japanese midget submarines which attacked Sydney and Diego Suarez, in Madagascar

Japanese

Six submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy were involved in the attack on Sydney harbour; I-21, I-22, I-24, I-27, I-28, and I-29.[1] The six submarines made up the Eastern Attack Group of the 8th Submarine Squadron, under the command of Captain Hankyu Sasaki.[1][2]

On 11 May, 1942, I-22, I-24, I-27, and I-28 were ordered to proceed to the naval base at Truk Lagoon, in the Japanese territory of the Caroline Islands, to each be equipped with a Ko-hyoteki class midget submarine.[3] I-28 failed to reach Truk; she was torpedoed on the surface by American submarine USS Tautog.[4] On 17 May 1942, the three submarines left Truk, although I-24 was forced to return the next day, as an explosion in the battery compartment of I-24s midget submarine killed the navigator and injured the commander.[5] The damaged midget was replaced by the submarine slated to accompany I-28.[5] On approximately 20 May 1942, the three midget-bearing submarines were ordered to a point south of the Solomon Islands.[6]

Prior to this, I-21 and I-29 had been ordered to reconnoitre various Australasian ports.[7] Each submarine was equipped with a Yokosuka E14Y1 Glen floatplane for aerial reconnaissance.[7] I-21 was ordered to inspect Noumea in New Caledonia, Suva in Fiji, then Auckland in New Zealand, while I-29 was sent to Sydney, Australia.[7] The aim was to determine which harbour would be the better target for a stealth attack by midget submarines on Allied warships.[3]

Allies

USS Chicago in Sydney Harbour on 31 May 1942

The Allied Naval Officer-in-Charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Royal Navy Rear Admiral Gerald Muirhead-Gould.[8] On the night of the attack, the following major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour: heavy cruisers USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra, cruiser HMAS Adelaide, destroyer USS Perkins, destroyer tender USS Dobbin, auxiliary minelayer HMAS Bungaree, corvettes HMAS Whyalla, HMAS Geelong, and HMIS Bombay, armed merchant cruisers HMS Kanimbla and HMAS Westralia, and Netherlands submarine K-IX.[9] A converted ferry, HMAS Kuttabul, was alongside at Garden Island, in use as temporary quarters for sailors transferring between ships.[10] Hospital ship Oranje was also in the harbour, but departed an hour before the attack.[11]

The static defences of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack consisted of eight indicator loops; six outside the harbour, one between North Head and South Head, and one between South Head and Middle Head, as well as an incomplete anti-submarine boom net between George's Head on Middle Head and Green Point on Inner South Head.[12][13] The central section of the net was complete, but there were gaps of up to 400 metres (1,300 feet) on either side, although the western gap contained multiple support piles.[14][12] On 31 May 1942, the six outer indicator loops were not functioning.[12] The North Head-South Head indicator loop had been giving faulty signals since early 1940, and any data from it was disregarded.[15]

Harbour defence craft included 2 auxiliary anti-submarine vessels (Yandra and Bingera), two auxiliary minesweepers (Goonambee and Samuel Benbow, six pleasure launches converted to channel patrol boats and armed with depth charges (Yarrona, Lolita, Steady Hour, Sea Mist, Marlean, and Toomaree), and four unarmed auxiliary patrol boats.[16][17]

Leadup

Following the use of five Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines against American battleships during the attack on Pearl Harbor, plans were initiated on 16 December 1941 for a second midget submarine operation.[18] It was hoped that the combination of modifications to the midgets, increased crew training and the selection of a less well defended target would make such an operation more successful than the use at Pearl Harbor, and also improve the chances of the midget crews returning alive.[18] The plans called for two simultaneous attacks against Allied naval vessels in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific.[2] The two attacks were to be carried out by the 11 submarines of the 8th Submarine Squadron, the Western Attack Group of five submarines in the Indian Ocean, and the Eastern Attack Group of six submarines in the Pacific.[1] The submarine groups were to select a suitable port of attack based on their own reconnaissance; the Western Attack Group selecting the port of Diégo-Suarez in Madagascar.[19] This attack, which occurred at nightfall on 30 May1942 and resulted in the damaging of HMS Ramillies and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty, came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar.[12]

The target for the Eastern Attack Group was to be chosen from Noumea, Suva, Auckland, or Sydney.[7] I-21 and I-29 were sent to determine which harbour should be attacked; I-29 sailing to Sydney.[3] On the evening of 16 May 1942, I-29 fired on the 5,135 ton Russian merchant vessel Wellen, 30 miles from Newcastle, New South Wales.[6] Although Wellen escaped with minimal damage, shipping between Sydney and Newcastle was suspended for 24 hours, while aircraft and all available anti-submarine ships from Sydney, including Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp, Australian destroyer HMAS Arunta, and American destroyer USS Perkins, searched unsuccessfully for the submarine.[6] It was concluded by Muirhead-Gould that the submarine was operating alone, and had left the area immediately after the attack.[20]

A reconnaissance flight over Sydney by I-29's Glen floatplane on 23 May 1942 reported the presence of several capital ships, including two battleships or large cruisers, five other large warships, several minor war vessels and patrol boats, and prolific merchant shipping.[21] This report, which was partially intercepted by the FRUMEL signals intelligence network, resulted in the selection of Sydney as the target.[21][22] The three midget carrying submarines proceeded to a point approximately 35 miles north east of Sydney Heads to join with I-29, with I-21 joining the other four on the evening of 29 May 1942.[23]

Midget submarine operation

Final reconnaissance

Before dawn on 29 May 1942, I-21's Glen floatplane performed a final reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour.[24] The two aircrew were instructed to map out the locations of the major vessels and of the submarine net.[24] While the floatplane was flying over Sydney, it was mistaken by multiple observers for an American-built Curtiss Seagull, resulting in no alarm until 5:07 a.m., when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the American cruiser Chicago, which still had her four aircraft aboard.[23][25] RAAF Wirraway fighters were launched from Richmond Air Force Base, but they failed to locate I-21 or the floatplane.[14] The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled, although both aircrew survived.[22] The reconnaissance flight did not result in any special defence measures being put in place in Sydney.[23]

The plan was to launch the midgets progressively between 5:20 p.m. and 5:40 p.m., from points 5 to 7 miles (8 to 11 kilometres) outside of Sydney Harbour.[26] The first midget was intended to enter the harbour just after 6:30 p.m., but due to heavy seas was over an hour late.[26] The other two midgets were to follow at twenty minute intervals, but were similarly delayed.[26]

Attack

HMAS Kuttabul following the Japanese attack

Midget submarine M-14, launching from I-27, was the first to enter Sydney Harbour.[27] The midget was detected on the Middle Head-South Head loop at 8:01 p.m., but the reading was dismissed due to heavy civilian harbour traffic.[28] Shortly after this, M-14 was caught near the western edge of the submarine net, and was unable to break free.[29] At 8:15 p.m., the struggling midget was spotted by a maritime Services Board watchman, who then rowed to the nearby patrol boat Yarroma.[30] This report was not passed on to Sydney Naval Headquarters until 9:52 p.m., at which point Yarroma was ordered to investigate, accompanied by Lolita.[30] Upon confirming that the object in the net was a 'baby submarine', Lolita dropped three depth charges while Yarroma's commander requested permission from Headquarters to open fire.[31] The depth charges failed to detonate, as the water was too shallow for the fuse setting.[31] At 10:35 p.m., before permission was granted to fire on M-14, the two crew activated a demolition charge, killing themselves and destroying the forward section of the submarine.[31]

The general alarm, along with orders for ships to take anti-submarine measures, was given by Muirhead-Gould at 10:27 p.m., and again at 10:36 p.m..[32] Sydney Harbour was closed to shipping at the same time as the first warning was given.[32]

At 9:48 p.m., the second midget submarine, "M-24"[I], crossed the innermost indicator loop.[27] As with M-14, this crossing was ignored due to heavy traffic.[27] M-24 passed through the submarine net at approximately 10 p.m., following a Manly ferry through the boom gates.[32] At 10:52 p.m., the midget was spotted by a searchlight operator aboard USS Chicago.[32] Chicago opened fire with a 5 inch gun and a quad machinegun mount, but failed to hit the submarine.[33] Some of the 5 inch shells hit the turret of Fort Denison, and fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman[34] Fleeing towards the Sydney Harbour Bridge, M-24 was also fired upon by HMA Ships Whyalla and Geelong before it was able to submerge and escape.[35] Upon returning to periscope depth, the midget found itself to the west of Fort Denison.[35] It came about, seeking a firing position on Chicago from near Bradley's Head.[35]

Midget submarine M-21, from I-27 is estimated to have entered the harbour at the same time as Chicago opening fire on M-24.[36] It was spotted by the unarmed auxiliary patrol boat Lauriana, which proceeded to illuminate the submarine's conning tower while sending an alert signal to the Port War Signal Station and the nearby anti-submarine vessel Yandra.[36] Yandra attempted to ram the submarine, lost contact, regained contact at 11:03 p.m., and dropped six depth charges.[37] At the time of the attack, it was assumed that the depth charges had destroyed or disabled the midget, but M-21 survived.[37] Historians believe that the midget probably took refuge on the harbour floor and waited until the Allied vessels had moved away before resuming the attack.[37]

Muirhead-Gould did not order ships to observe blackout conditions until 11:14 p.m., although the floodlights assisting construction of the Captain Cook Graving Dock at Garden Island remained on.[37] These lights were not deactivated until 12:25 a.m. and aided M-24 in positioning itself to fire torpedoes at Chicago by silhouetting the cruiser.[38] At approximately 12:30 a.m., the first of two torpedoes was fired.[38][39] This torpedo missed Chicago completely, passed underneath K-IX and HMAS Kuttabul, and impacted on a retaining wall.[40] The explosion damaged Kuttabul and K-IX, splitting the former in half and causing her to sink.[10][41] 21 sleeping Navy sailors were killed; 19 Royal Australian Navy, 2 Royal Navy.[41][42] Residences in the area were shaken by the explosion, and Garden Island's lights and telecommunications were damaged.[41] The second torpedo was fired several minutes later, as the midget submarine lost longitudinal stability immediately after firing a torpedo.[38] This torpedo also missed Chicago and ran aground on the eastern shore of Garden Island without exploding.[41] Following this, the midget dived and moved to leave the harbour.[43] A crossing over the indicator loop was recorded at 1:58 a.m..[39] This was initially believed to be another midget submarine, although later analysis showed that the crossing was outbound, and therefore most likely to be M-24 exiting the harbour.[39] The fate of M-24 was unknown until 2006, as the midget did not return to its mother submarine.[42][44]

The unexploded torpedo at Garden Island several days after the attack

USS Chicago left her anchorage at 2:14 a.m., leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy.[43] Just before 3 a.m., as Chicago was leaving the harbour, the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser.[45] At 3:01 a.m., an inbound signal registered on the indicator loop.[45] This was M-21 re-entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previous.[45] HMS Kanimbla fired on M-21 in Neutral Bay at 3:50 a.m., and at 5 a.m., the auxiliary patrol boats Steady Hour, Sea Mist, and Yarrona spotted the submarine's conning tower in Taylors Bay.[45] The patrol boats had been ordered to set their depth charge fuses to 15 metres, and when Sea Mist passed over where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge, she only had five seconds to clear the area.[45] M-21 was damaged by the blast, inverting and rising to the surface before sinking again.[46] Sea Mist dropped a second depth charge, damaging one of her two engines in the process, making further attacks dangerous.[46] Steady Hour and Yarroma continued the attack, dropping seventeen depth charges on visual sightings and instrument contacts of the midget over the next three and a half hours.[46] At some point during the night, the crew of M-21 realised the hopelessness of their situation and committed suicide.[46]

Secondary missions

As detailed in the operation plan, the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 June and 2 June 1942 for the midgets submarines to return.[47][48] FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five Japanese submarines, and the RAAF tasked three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications.[47] The five bombers were unsuccessful, and on June 31942, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.[44] Four of the submarines began operations against Allied merchant shipping. I-21 patrolled north of Sydney Harbour, while I-24 patrolled south of Sydney.[49] I-27 began searching off Gabo Island for ships departing Melbourne, and I-29 travelled to Brisbane.[49] I-22 left the group, to conduct reconnaissance operations at Wellington and Auckland in New Zealand, then at Suva in Fiji.[49]

Between June 1 and June 25, when the four submarines arrived at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islandsto resupply before proceeding to Japanese shipyards for maintenance, the four submarines attacked at least seven Allied merchant vessels.[50] Of these, three were sunk; Iron Chieftain by I-24 on June 3 1942, Iron Crown by I-27 on June 4 1942, and Guatemala by I-21 on 12 June 1942.[51] These attacks on shipping forced changes in merchant traffic to be implemented, with travel north of Melbourne restricted until a system of escorted convoy routes was established.[52] I-21 would return to Australian waters in January-February 1943, sinking three ships and damaging two more, making her the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters.[53] None of the other submarines of the Eastern Attack Group returned to Australia.[50]

Bombardment

A house in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs damaged by a Japanese shell

On the morning of June 8 1942, I-24 and I-21 briefly bombarded Sydney and Newcastle.[54] Just after midnight, I-24 surfaced 9 miles south-south-east of Macquarie Lighthouse.[55] The submarine's commander ordered the gun crew to target the Sydney Harbour Bridge.[55] Ten shells were fired over a four minute period, nine landing in the Eastern Suburbs, one landing in water.[56] After the shots were fired, I-24 crash dived, narrowly avoiding retaliatory fire from coastal batteries.[57] Only one shell detonated, and the only injuries sustained were cuts and fractures from falling bricks or broken glass.[58] Lt George Cantello of the 41st PS took off from Bankstown, but suffered mechanical failure soon afterwards, crashed and was killed.[citation needed]

At 2:15 a.m., I-21 performed a similar attack against Newcastle, from 9 kilometres north-east of Stockton Beach.[59] 34 shells were fired over a sixteen minute period, eight of them star shells.[59] Retaliatory fire was made by Fort Scratchley, the only time an Australian land fortification has fired at an enemy vessel during wartime, but failed to hit the submarine before she completed her bombardment and escaped.[60][61] Again, only a single shell detonated, in the middle of a deserted park.[61] No casualties were recorded, and only light damage was made to property.[61]

Due to the inaccuracy of the submarines' range-finding equipment, coupled with the unstable firing platform of a submarine at sea, made specific targeting useless.[59] Submarine bombardment was intended to frighten the population of the target area.[59] In Sydney, fear of an impending Japanese invasion caused people to move west, causing housing prices in the Eastern Suburbs to drop while those in the Blue Mountains and beyond rose significantly.[62]

Aftermath

The midget submarine attack on Sydney Harbour and the subsequent bombardments of Sydney and Newcastle are the only time the cities have been directly attacked by an enemy force.

News of the submarine attack was not published until Tuesday June 2 1942, as the majority of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning after the attack.[47] Front page coverage on Monday was given to Operation Millennium, the first 1,000-bomber raid performed by the Royal Air Force.[47]

The two main targets of the attack, USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra, were both lost within the next year; Canberra sinking on 9 August 1942 during the Battle of Savo Island, Chicago sinking on 30 January 1943 following the Battle of Rennell Island.[63] None of the Japanese submarines involved in the attack survived the war; I-21 on 4 February 1944 by USS Charrette and USS Fair off the Marshall Islands, I-22 on December 25 1942 by an American torpedo boat off New Guinea, I-24 on 10 June 1943 by an American patrol craft near the Aleutian Islands, I-27 on 12 February 1943 by HMS Paladin and HMS Petard off the Maldives, and I-29 on 26 July 1944 by USS Sawfish in the Phillipines.[64]

Kuttabul

The burial service for the Australian sailors killed during the raid on Sydney

It was several days before the bodies of those aboard Kuttabul could be recovered.[65] They were buried on 3 June 1942, in a ceremony attended by Muirhead-Gould and over 200 personnel from the Royal Australian Navy.[65]

The Navy Base at Garden Island was named HMAS Kuttabul on 1 January 1943, after the ferry.[66]

M-14 and M-21

M-14 and M-21 were recovered in the days following the attack.[67] Although both had been damaged during the attack, a complete submarine was assembled from components of the two vessels.[67] The submarine was mounted on a trailer and toured throughout southern New South Wales, Victoria, and western South Australia.[67] The purpose of the tour was twofold; allowing Australians to see a Japanese midget submarine and raise money for the Naval Relief Fund.[67] The submarine arrived at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 28 April 1943, flying the White Ensign and a paying-off pennant.[67] The composite submarine remains on display at the Memorial as part of a permanent exhibition on the attack.[68] The conning tower from M-21 is on display at Garden Island.[69]

Relatives of four of the Japanese sailors killed in the midget submarines which raided Sydney Harbour greet Kamakura Maru as she arrives at Yokohama with the ashes of the four submariners in October, 1942

The four recovered Japanese bodies were cremated at Rookwood Cemetery; the Japanese flag was draped over each coffin and full naval honours were observed.[67] These actions drew criticism, but Muirhead-Gould defended his actions as respect for the courage of the four submariners, regardless of their origin.[70] The funeral was also conducted in this way in the hope the Japanese Government would notice and improve the conditions Australian prisoners-of-war were experiencing in Japanese internment camps.[71] The funeral service was noted in Japan, but did not lead to any major improvement in Australian POW conditions.[71] An exchange of Japanese and Allied diplomatic personnel, who had been stranded in the opposing nations at the start of the war, allowed the ashes of the four Japanese submariners to return home, arriving on the exchange ship Kamakura Maru.[72]

"M-24"

Following the disappearance of M-24 after the attacks, numerous efforts were made to locate the midget submarine. Over the sixty years following the attack, the Royal Australian Navy was approached on more than 50 occasions by people who claimed to have found the submarine. All of these claims were proven false.[73] One theory about the fate of M-24 was that it damaged, along with M-21 in or around Taylors Bay, which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three-hour effort against M-21.[74][75] A second theory speculated that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarine, but exhausting battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point, placing the midget outside and to the south of Sydney Heads.[75] The third theory was that the midget's crew decided to prevent risking the five larger submarines during the recovery process, and either ran straight out to sea, or headed north to the Hawkesbury River and setting the midget to periscope depth to act as a decoy before committing suicide.[75][76]

The mystery of M-24's fate was solved in November 2006, when group of seven amateur scuba divers found a small submarine sitting upright on the seabed a few kilometres from Sydney's Northern Beaches.[42] Commander Shane Moore, the Royal Australian Navy officer responsible for the Navy's heritage collection, confirmed that the wreck was M-24 after viewing footage from multiple dives and measurements taken by the group.[42] The wreck had several bullet holes in it, most likely from Chicago's quad machinegun mount.[42] The coordinates of the wreck were kept secret and presented to Defence Minister Brendan Nelson, who has promised to have the wreck protected as a war grave.[42] The wreck was gazetted on 1 December 2006 as a heritage site.[69]

Footnotes

^I As this midget submarine was the only one not recovered, its specific designation is unknown, and is referred to differently in the various sources. Gill refers to it as Midget A, Jenkins refers to it as Ban's midget (after the midget's commander, Sub-Lieutenant Katsuhisa Ban), and Carruthers refers to it as I-24, naming it after the mother submarine. Numerous sources discussing the 2005 and 2006 findings (such as newspaper articles) refer to it as M-24 or M24. This designation is used in this article for consistency with the identified midget submarines and to avoid confusion with the mother submarine.

References

  1. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 161
  2. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 59
  3. ^ a b c Gill (1968). p 61
  4. ^ Gill (1968). pp 61-62
  5. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 164
  6. ^ a b c Gill (1968). p 62
  7. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 163
  8. ^ Carruthers (2006). p 30
  9. ^ Jenkins (1992). pp 193-194
  10. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 143
  11. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 190
  12. ^ a b c d Gill (1968). p 65
  13. ^ Stevens (2005). pp 192-194
  14. ^ a b Stevens (2005). p 193
  15. ^ Fullford (1994). p 190
  16. ^ Gill (1968). p 66
  17. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 194
  18. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 58
  19. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 162
  20. ^ Carruthers (2006). p 87
  21. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). pp 170-171
  22. ^ a b Stevens (2005). p 192
  23. ^ a b c Gill (1968). p 64
  24. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 89
  25. ^ Jenkins (1992). pp 189-193
  26. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 205
  27. ^ a b c Gill (1968). p 67
  28. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 206
  29. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 207
  30. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 208
  31. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 209
  32. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 210
  33. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 211
  34. ^ Cathcart (2004).
  35. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 212
  36. ^ a b Gill (1968). p 68
  37. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 213
  38. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 214
  39. ^ a b c Gill (1968). p 70
  40. ^ Jenkins (1992). pp 214-215
  41. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 215
  42. ^ a b c d e f Found it! (2006).
  43. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 216
  44. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 189
  45. ^ a b c d e Jenkins (1992). p 218
  46. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 219
  47. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 225
  48. ^ Carruthers (2006). pp 88-89
  49. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 239
  50. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 254
  51. ^ Jenkins (1992). pgs 241, 244, 253
  52. ^ Stevens (2005). p 195
  53. ^ Jenkins (1992). pgs 254, 260-261
  54. ^ Stevens (2005). p 194
  55. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 247
  56. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 248
  57. ^ Jenkins (1992). pp 248-249
  58. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 249
  59. ^ a b c d Jenkins (1992). p 250
  60. ^ Vale (2002)
  61. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 251
  62. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 258
  63. ^ Gill (1968). pgs 150-153, 273
  64. ^ Carruthers (2006). p 216
  65. ^ a b Carruthers (2006). p 151
  66. ^ HMAS Kuttabul (Royal Australian Navy)
  67. ^ a b c d e f Gill (1968). p 72
  68. ^ Virtual Tour: ANZAC Hall, Australian War Memorial
  69. ^ a b M24 Japanese Midget Submarine wreck site, NSW Heritage Office Database
  70. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 230
  71. ^ a b Jenkins (1992). p 231
  72. ^ Jenkins (1992). p 232
  73. ^ McNicoll (2006).
  74. ^ Gill (1968). p 71
  75. ^ a b c Jenkins (1992). p 217
  76. ^ Carruthers (2006). p 184

Bibliography

  • Carruthers, Steven (2006) [1982]. Japanese Submarine Raiders 1942: A maritime mystery (Revised ed.). Narrabeen: Casper Publications. ISBN 0-9775063-0-4.
  • Cathcart, Michael (2004-10-10). "Rewind (ABC-TV): Midget Subs". Rewind (televison series). ABC TV. Retrieved 2007-06-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Liam Bartlett (reporter), Stephen Taylor & Julia Timms (producers) (2006-11-26). "Found it!". 60 Minutes. Nine Network. {{cite episode}}: Unknown parameter |serieslink= ignored (|series-link= suggested) (help)
  • Fullford, Richard (1994). We Stood And Waited: Sydney's anti-ship defences 1939-1945. North Fort: Royal Australian Artillery Historical Society. ISBN 0-646-04599-7.
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  • "HMAS Kuttabul (Royal Australian Navy)". Royal Australian Navy. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
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  • McNicoll, D.D. (2006-11-24). "Nine's midget submarine scoop scuttled". The Australian. News Corporation. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  • "M24 Japanese Midget Submarine wreck site". State Heritage Inventory Database. New South Wales Heritage Office. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
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  • Stevens, David (2005). A Critical Vulnerability: The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australia’s Maritime Defence (1915-1954) (PDF). Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 15). Canberra: Sea Power Centre. ISBN 0-642-29625-1. Retrieved 2007-05-14. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Vale, Dana (2002-05-31). Fort Scratchley Dedication Dinner (Speech). Newcastle, New South Wales. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  • "Virtual Tour: ANZAC Hall". Australian War Memorial website. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
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