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Latino (demonym)

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For the Brazilian pop singer, see Latino (singer).
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Latino (Spanish Latino, (Latin Latina, (English Latin, (Latina is the feminine form) is a term that is historically denoted relation to the ancient Latina tribe, who were an ancient Italic people who migrated to central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 2nd millennium B.C and spread the Latin language in Europe. Most usage, the word Latino, it is the literal translation of the English word for Latin and are interchangeable with each other. [1] Most often it refers to inhabitants of Latin America, and their descendants in the United States or relating to the language that developed from Latin, such as Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, or to the peoples that speak them. It is the abbreviated use of 'Latin-American'; Francophone Canadians are not normally referred to as Latino, even though they speak a Romance language. The concept of "Latin America" was coined by the French in the 1800s as a means of legitimizing French influence over the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas; compare Latin Europe. Napoleon III, cited Amérique Latine and Indochine as goals for expansion during his reign. He proposed the Monarchy in Mexico headed by the Austrian Archduke Maximillian or Maximilian I of Mexico. The term emphasized a common culture and history of the Romance language-speaking countries, as opposed to the Germanic language-speaking countries of "Anglo-America".

Usage in the United States

Since its official adoption in 1997, the definition and usage of the term by the Federal Government is strictly as an ethnic, as opposed to racial, identifier, used together with the term Hispanic.[2][3]

Authorities of American English maintain a distinction between the terms Hispanic and Latino.[4] Latino is not officially used as a racial label, as a 'Latino' or 'Latin American' can be of any race.[5]

Latino is sometimes used interchangeably with the following terms:[6]

Latin

Main article: Latin peoples (linguistic)

Latin refers to the Latin peoples (linguistic), i.e. Romance-speaking Latin Europeans, and those tracing most of their ancestry to them. Latin also refers to the Romance-speaking Latin-Americans.

In the United States, the term Latin is often synonymous with Latino or Latin American, [1] [7] e.g. Latin jazz, Latin Cuisine, [2] Latin music. The Latin Grammy Awards is an event in which many Latins, from the Latin American countries, the United States and Latin European countries participate. It is now being held in New York City, where the Latin culture has especially flourished.

Latin Europeans Latin Americans
The Countries of
Latin Europe and Latin America

Latin American

A Latin American is a national of a Latin American country.

Hispanic

Main article: Hispanic

USA Official use of the term Hispanic has its origins in the 1970 United States Census. The Census Bureau attempted to identify all Hispanics by use of the following criteria in sampled sets: [8]

  • Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where Spanish was spoken [citation needed]
  • Persons with Spanish heritage by birth location [citation needed]
  • Persons who self-identify with Spanish ancestry or descent

Rejection of the term

Arawak/Taíno Native Americans/Indians (the pre-Columbian inhabitants of Puerto Rico) have asserted to Census Bureau officials that there is a practice or mechanisms in place to discourage Latinos of Native American descent in Puerto Rico and the U.S. from choosing the Native American category as a race.[9] Many of federally recognized Native American Tribes in the United States are Latino/Hispanic.[citation needed] Some 'Latinos' state that the term Latino marginalizes who they really are and distorts their individual histories.[10] White Latinos are, in a sense, disassociated from their roots and histories that can be traced to Europe while Native American Latinos are disappropriated from their Native American origins and histories.[11][12][13] This blurring or concealment of their identity and history impoverishes them psychologically and culturally.[14][15][16] This confusion is the result of using a racial criteria for classifying people in the census and media as well as ( only for Hispanics/Latinos) a so called 'ethnic' or cultural criteria.[10][5] Many U.S. hospitals and health centers also use the term Latino/Hispanic incorrectly as if it were a race. In cases where medical conditions or diseases may be more prone to a particular race, using the generic term Hispanic/Latino causes confusion and can be costly, as it does not identify the Latinos at risk and puts some Latinos in danger. This is because this method does not identify the Latinos at risk for the particular disease and puts some Latinos in danger of not seeking medical help as soon as they would have if they would have been identified by race. Many consider this a diservice and negligent, because in fact Hispanics/Latinos can be white, black, American Indian or multi-racial, and medical studies of such importance should indicate what race of Latinos were being used to measure susceptibility to the particular disease. Groups such as the Mexica Movement also reject the term Latino and describe it as a racist term that denies and obscures their indigenous (Native American) identities. The group states Latino improperly associates people of different races, i.e. associating both the Spanish colonizers and the indigenous inhabitants, especially the descendants of both groups, as the same ethnic group.[17]

Originally, Latino in the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, French and Spanish, literally means a person from the Lazio (ancient name: Latium) region in Italy and most notably, someone of ancient Italy's capital, Rome, as well as a member of any of the modern European Romance-speaking nations or peoples, and Romance-speaking nations or peoples of the Americas.

Latin: someone who speaks Latin or a language which comes from it.

The Spanish adjective latino (feminine: latina) directly translates to English as "Latin".Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Spaniards view themselves as being Latins, the same as Europeans with Latin heritage, such as Italians, Romanians, French, and Portuguese and any Latin Americans with any of these European heritages. It is generally accepted that Napoleon III was the first one who came up with the idea of having a "Latin America" back in the 1880's. He wanted a union between French language-speaking countries in America and other countries in America that also spoke one of the Latin-based Romance languages. However, there is evidence that before this time period, people already referred to themselves as Latin Americans, for instance, books were written by citizens of the Americas in which the authors referred to themselves as "Latin(o"). Latin European males and their descendants, whether living in Europe or abroad, would have referred to themselves in this way. Originally the term was used in Europe by the Italians and later by the Spaniards for centuries prior to its usage in America. Many of the Latin American countries have interracial populations and a large percentage of the people in the Latin American countries self-identify themselves as being of Native American descent. However there is also a large percentage who self-identify as being Latin. This is because most of the entire population falls in groups of either European descendants and Indigenous Native American descendants. The extent of inter-racial populations vary in the different Latin American countries. (The same can be said of non-Latin Countries). Puerto Rico, Brazil, Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Argentina will have different percentages of people of Latin ancestral descent as well as different portions of people of Native American descent. All however, are Latin American countries and are considered Latin.[18][19][20] In Spanish, latino, just like any other gentilic, is by convention not capitalized.

Most people in Latin America consider Latiness to be a culture or a lifestyle to some degree, in Brazil as well as in Spanish-speaking countries in the region. Many Latin Americans therefore describe themselves as Latin whether they are of white, black, Amerindian, Asian, or mixed descent (Mestizo, Mulatto, Zambo, etc).

Latin Time Line: Roman Imperium spreads Latin which gives place to Romance languages (French, Italian, Rumanian, Spanish, Portuguese, etc.) Spanish and Portuguese will be spread into "Iberoamerica" (Iberian America) or "Latinoamerica" with the Colonies Period and further Italian and Spanish migrations. The same with French and Canada. Latin term is a cuestion of language and its culture around.

Latin American implies Latin, Latin not necessarily implies Latin American, as it´s not just that. Latin American, are American countries where Spanish and Portuguese are spoken. In consecuence, native races from those countries are not Latin, despite they may get or have Latin culture customs, or, as it did widelly happenned, mix race. For medical purposes must be taken this way and the mixing degree well worth being considered. To be more clarifying, let´s compare native races of North America, actual inhabitants descendents from European countries, and these European countries themselves. Then set who can be included under the term "Anglo-Saxon", "American Anglo-Saxon" and "North American natives" (taking into account a higher range of mixing with native races was common in the case of Latin America.)

See also

Europe

References

  1. ^ "Latin (definition)". 'yourdictionary' Online Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  2. ^ "Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity". Retrieved 2007-03-18. OMB does not accept the recommendation to retain the single term "Hispanic." Instead, OMB has decided that the term should be "Hispanic or Latino." Because regional usage of the terms differs -- Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion -- this change may contribute to improved response rates ... The provisions of these standards are effective immediately for all new and revised record keeping or reporting requirements that include racial and/or ethnic information. All existing record keeping or reporting requirements shall be made consistent with these standards at the time they are submitted for extension, or not later than January 1, 2003.
  3. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data". Retrieved 2007-03-18. Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may be of any race. People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 87 (help)
  4. ^ "American Heritage Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-03-18. Though often used interchangeably in American English, Hispanic and Latino are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. Hispanic, from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. Latino—which in Spanish means "Latin" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word latinoamericano—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only Hispanic can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a Hispanic, not a Latino, and one cannot substitute Latino in the phrase the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word.
  5. ^ a b United States Census Bureau (March 2001). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  6. ^ Oboler, Suzanne. Ethnic Labels, Latino Lives: Identity and the Politics of (Re) Presentation. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ "Latino (definition)". Merriam-Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (login required). Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  8. ^ Gibson, Campbell (2002). "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Working Paper Series No. 56. Retrieved 2006-12-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ The Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Council (April 15, 2000). "A Taino Tribal Leader Meets With Heads of US Census". The Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Council. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  10. ^ a b "The Facts". National Association for the Advancement of Caucasian Latinos (NAACL). Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  11. ^ "Common Misconceptions". National Association for the Advancement of Caucasian Latinos (NAACL). Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  12. ^ "Mexica Movement". Mexica Movement. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  13. ^ "The Taino People: A Jatibonicu' Taino History in Puerto Rico & New Jersey". indigenouspeople.net. June 8, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  14. ^ "The Social Harm". National Association for the Advancement of Caucasian Latinos (NAACL). Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  15. ^ Nathaniel Branden. "The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem". Nathaniel Branden;. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  16. ^ Nathaniel Branden. "The Disowned Self". Nathaniel Branden. Retrieved 2007-07-15.
  17. ^ .Tezcatlipoca, Olin (2003-08-13). "The Crimes of Hispanic and Latino Racist Labels: Everything You Need To Know About The Racism Of Hispanic And Latino Labels as Applied to People of Mexican and "Central American" Descent". Retrieved 2007-03-18.
  18. ^ "Puerto Rico". The CIA World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. June 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  19. ^ "Cuba". The CIA World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. June 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  20. ^ "Mexico". The CIA World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. June 19, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: year (link)

Bibliography

  • The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, 4 vls, Oxford University Press 2006, ISBN 0195156005

USA Election Politics

  • PoliticosLatinos.com Videos of 2008 US Presidential Election Candidates' Positions regarding Immigration
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