Shalom

Shalom (Template:Hebrew) is a Hebrew word meaning peace, hello, goodbye and wellbeing.¹ As it does in English, it can refer to either peace between two entities (especially between man and God or between two countries), or to the well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group of individuals. It is also used as a greeting to either say hello or farewell, and is found in many other expressions and names. Its equivalent cognate in Arabic is salaam and sälam in Ethiopian Semitic languages.

In expressions

The word shalom is used in the world variety of expressions and contexts in Hebrew speech and writing:

Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם; "well-being be upon you" or "may you be well"), this expression is used to greet others and is a Hebrew equivalent of "hello". The appropriate response to such a greeting is "upon you be well-being" ( עֲלֵיכֶם שָׁלוֹם, aleichem shalom). This is a cognate of the Arabic Assalamu alaikum. On Erev Shabbat (Sabbath eve), Jewish people have a custom of singing a song which is called Shalom aleichem, before the Kiddush over wine of the Shabbat dinner is recited.
In the Gospels, Jesus often uses the greeting "Peace be unto you," a translation of shalom aleichem.
Shalom by itself is a very common abbreviation, and is used in Modern Israeli Hebrew to both greet and farewell. In this it is similar to the Hawaiian aloha and the Indian namaste. Also in Israel, especially among secular people, "b'ye" (English) and "yallah b'ye" (a mixture of Arabic and English is popular. Shalom is also used by Jewish people around the world, and even by many non-Jewish people.
Shabbat shalom (שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם) is a common greeting used on Shabbat (the Jewish sabbath). This is most prominent in areas with Mizrahi, Sephardi, or modern Israeli influence. Many Ashkenazi communities in the Jewish diaspora use Yiddish Gut shabbes in preference or interchangeably.
Ma sh'lom'cha (מַה שְׁלוֹמְךָ; "what is your well-being/peace?") is a Hebrew equivalent of the English "how are you?". This is the form addressed to a single male. The form for addressing a single female is Ma sh'lomech? For addressing several females, Ma sh'lomchen? For a group of males or a mixed-gender group, Ma sh'lomchem?
Alav hashalom (עַלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם; "upon him is peace") is a phrase used in some Jewish communities, especially Ashkenazi ones, after mentioning the name of a deceased respected individual.
Oseh shalom is the part of a passage commonly found as a concluding sentence in much Jewish liturgy (including the birkat hamazon, kaddish and personal amidah prayers). The full sentence is "עוֹשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו, הוּא יַעֲשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ,וְעַל כָּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן (Osĕ shālom bīmromāv hu ya'asĕ shālom aleynu v'al kol Yisrael v'imru amen).", which translates to English as "He who makes peace in His heights may He make peace upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen."
The word Shalom is widely used in popular Israeli songs such as "In Our Garden," "Ratziti Sheteda," and "Shalom Chaverim."
U.S. President Bill Clinton ended his eulogy for Yitzhak Rabin with the words Shalom, chaver (Goodbye, friend).
The word 'Lom (and occasionally Sh'lom) have been used (especially by Jewish teenagers) as the contracted forms of Shalom in street slang.

Related words in Modern Hebrew include l'shalem (לְשַׁלֵּם), "to pay" and shalem (שָׁלֵם), "complete".

Used as a name

Shalom as a name for people

Shalom is also common in modern Hebrew in Israel, as a given name or a surname. It is usually used by men as a given name but there are women named Shalom as well.

Notable people named Shalom include:

Sholom Schwartzbard (Assassin)
Silvan Shalom (Israeli politician), and his wife Judy Shalom Nir-Mozes
Sholom Aleichem (Yiddish author)
Shalom Harlow (model and actress)
Shalom Carmy (rabbi)
Shalom Shachna (rabbi)
Yosef Shalom Eliashiv (rabbi)

Related male names include Shlomi (Hebrew name) ("my well-being") and Solomon (Hebrew Shlomo).

Related female names include Shulamit, Shulamith, Shlomtsion or Shlomzion and Salome and Shlomith.

Shalom as a name for organizations

Shalom can be part of an organization's name.

The name of the following organizations and places refer to "peace" between Israel and its Arab neighbors:

Shalom as name for synagogues or structures

Shalom is used as part of other names, such as for synagogues, as in:

Shalom as the name for events

The 1982 Lebanon War is known in Hebrew as Milhemeth Shlom Hagalil (Hebrew: Template:Hebrew), which means in English, "The War for the Shalom (or Well-Being) of the Galilee".

Notes

¹ Glamour of the Grammar in the Jerusalem Post