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Larry Sanger

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Lawrence Mark Sanger
Larry Sanger
Born (1968-07-16) July 16, 1968 (age 55)
Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
OccupationEditor-in-Chief of Citizendium
WebsiteLarry Sanger

Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968[1]) is an American philosopher, professor, and the creator of Citizendium, an expert guided wiki.[2]

As a philosopher, one of his special interests is epistemology, concerning the theory of knowledge. He has been involved with various online encyclopedia projects. He was the former editor-in-chief of Nupedia, and the co-founder and former chief organizer of its successor, Wikipedia.[3][4][5] From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development. During the early years of Wikipedia, he was the community leader and formed much of its original policies. In the interim, he lecturered philosophy at The Ohio State University and was also an early strategist for the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth. He proposed Citizendium on September 15, 2006, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia.[6] It was launched on March 25, 2007.[7] Currently, he is the editor-in-chief of Citizendium.

Early life

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, and raised in Anchorage, Alaska.[2] At seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom.[8] In high school, Sanger was asked, "What are you ever going to do with philosophy?" He said, "Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing."[9] He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy.[9] As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.[10] Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening manifesto:

"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one’s intellectual forebears."[8]

He received his B.A. in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and Ph.D. in philosophy from The Ohio State University in 2000. His bachelor thesis is titled Descartes' methods and their theoretical background and his doctoral thesis concerned Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification. From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for Y2K watchers.[11]

Online encyclopedias

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.[12] It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.[13] He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors.[12] Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,[14] in January 2001 Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development,[15][16] and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia.[17] By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules"[18] and "Neutral point of view."[19][20] Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15 2001, until March 1 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;[20] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Wikipedia (he never claimed an official title) on March 1.[21] Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer.[21] Nupedia shut down the following year.[22]

In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.[23] While claiming "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems,[24] he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise."[23] The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.[25][26]

Origins of Wikipedia

Wales, who is the current de facto leader of Wikipedia,[27] has publicly disputed since 2004 that Sanger is a co-founder of Wikipedia.[28] Wales described Sanger as having been merely a subordinate employee,[3] and stated of the co-founder claim, "I know of no one who was there at the company at the beginning who would think it anything other than laughable."[29] Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001.[30] Sanger was introduced to wikis at a January 2, 2001 dinner with Ben Kovitz, a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki.[4][5] Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.[31] Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.[15] After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki"[15] and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."[32][33] Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia that "non-experts" could contribute to, i.e., the Nupedia.[34] Wales mentioned that he heard of the wiki concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld,[35] though he said earlier, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software."[16] In fact, Sanger "came up with the name 'Wikipedia', a silly name for what was at first a very silly project."[34] In response to Wales' view of his role in Wikipedia, Sanger posted on his personal webpage a collection of links which seemingly confirms his co-founder honorary appalation.[3][36] Sanger has also provided evidence that he is the co-founder of Wikipedia, by referencing earlier versions of Wikipedia pages,[37][38][39][40] citing press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002 - 2004,[41][42][43] and asserting that early media coverage articles[30][44][45] described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders.[3][36] In review, Larry Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year.[3][34] During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder.[3][30][36] Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a co-founder.[46][47][48] Wikipedia became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia,[49] originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.[17]

After Wikipedia

Sanger, a philosophy professor,[50] began work as a lecturer at The Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005.[10] His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics. In his spare time, he plays and teaches Irish traditional music on the fiddle in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and also manages a site about the Donegal fiddle tradition.[51]

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.[52] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.[53][54] The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the Encyclopedia of Earth,[55] an electronic reference about the Earth.[56]

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.[57]

At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium, a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork are to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences will be no anonymous editing - every author/editor will have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors, and to aspire to be a "real encyclopedia." More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.[58] The initial fork is of the English language Wikipedia.[59] Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.[60]

Sanger took a leave of absence from Digital Universe, announced on the September 27, 2006, "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation."[6]

Citizendium launched

Main article: Citizendium

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.[61] The launch coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in USA Today of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia."[7] Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a British monarch,[62] Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and has already announced his planning to step off the leadership team in two or three years.[63]

Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."[64] Citizendium is overviewed by experts.[65][66][67] Sanger stated in part:

"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."[47]

In reference to the creation of a more credible online encyclopedia Sanger said: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."[68] Citizendium's editor-in-chief Sanger commented on October 30, 2007 about Citizendium's one-year anniversary from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006.[69][70] According to Sanger, the Citizendium’s readers have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:[71]

"Simply put, we’ve pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet.[71] The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."[72][73]

Citizendium v. Wikipedia

With experience from earlier encyclopedias,[5] Citizendium founder Larry Sanger started a new project in an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia.[63][68] In an interview with CNET News Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:

I think we absolutely need another wiki—first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It’s a good starting place, as people say—on some subjects anyway—but it isn’t really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don’t think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that’s really reliable.

— Larry Sanger, [74]

There are three clear differences between Citizendium and Wikipedia which are:

  • Prospective contributors must apply for membership using their real names.[75][76] The nature of Wikipedia is mostly anonymous editing.[77][78][79]
  • Experts in their field of expertise guide the Citizendium project to create stable, "approved" articles.[80] Wikipedia goes strictly by consensus.[81][82]
  • Citizendium has a very low tolerance for vandals, trolls, or disruptive accounts.[75][83] Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing disruption.[84][85][86]

Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:[87]

Academic work
  • Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.
  • Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.
Essays
Presentations

References

  1. ^ Sanger, Larry (2000). "Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification". Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  2. ^ a b Chillingworth, Mark (November 27, 2006). "Expert edition". Information World Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". ABC News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-03-25. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.
  4. ^ a b Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Wikipedia.
  5. ^ a b c Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-25. The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.
  6. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (September 27, 2006). "Citizendium launch plan as of September 26". Citizendium-l mail list. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  7. ^ a b Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-03-25. This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.
  8. ^ a b Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  9. ^ a b Boraas, Alan (September 2, 2006). "Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  10. ^ a b Roush, Wade (January 2005). "Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All". Technology Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  11. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports". sangersreview.com. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  12. ^ a b Gouthro, Liane (March 14, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PCWorld. CNN. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  13. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  14. ^ Betz, Lindsay (June 1, 2007). "Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye". The Lantern. The Ohio State University. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  15. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's make a wiki" (Email). Nupedia-l mailing list. Nupedia. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  16. ^ a b Wales, Jimmy (October 30, 2001). "LinkBacks?" (Email). wikipedia-l archives. Bomis. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  17. ^ a b Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Wikipedia." Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me," he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes." And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.
  18. ^ "Rules To Consider". Ignore all rules. Internet Archive. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  19. ^ "History of NPOV". Neutral point of view. Wikipedia. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  20. ^ a b Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "Know It All". Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  21. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (March 1, 2002). "My resignation--Larry Sanger". Meta-Wiki. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  22. ^ Youngwood, Susan (April 1, 2007). "Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?". Vermont Sunday Magazine. Rutland Herald. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  23. ^ a b Sanger, Larry (Dec 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism". Kuro5hin. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  24. ^ "Next Wikipedia, take a right". Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger. Dossier Open Source. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  25. ^ Pink, Daniel H (March 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  26. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  27. ^ Frith, Holden (March 26, 2007). "Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia". The Times. Retrieved 2007-03-27. Wikipedia's de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format.
  28. ^ Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "Insider Editing at Wikipedia". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |quotes= (help)
  29. ^ "Two who were there dispute founding of online encyclopedia". Associated Press. The Boston Globe. March 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  30. ^ a b c Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-03-25."I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.
  31. ^ "Ben Kovitz". WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved 2007-03-25.Ben Kovitz wrote on his Wikipedia user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Wikipedia, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias and make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost never happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."
  32. ^ "WikiPedia". WikiWikiWeb. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  33. ^ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 3. Retrieved 2007-03-25.Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia’s lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out “wiki magic,” the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham’s wiki called “WikiPedia.”
  34. ^ a b c "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir - Part I" and "Part II", Slashdot, April 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-25. "The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities." —Larry Sanger.
  35. ^ "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired. Wired News. May 3, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  36. ^ "History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article". Wikipedia. June 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  37. ^ "History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article". Wikipedia. August 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  38. ^ "History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article". Wikipedia. August 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  39. ^ "History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article". Wikipedia. September 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  40. ^ "Wikipedia press release from January 2002". describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders". Wikipedia. January 15, 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  41. ^ "Wikipedia press release from January 2003". stating Sanger and Wales founded the site. Wikipedia. January 21, 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  42. ^ "Wikipedia press release from February 2004". describes Sanger as a founder. Wikipedia. February 25, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  43. ^ Heim, Judy (September 4, 2001). "Free the Encyclopedias!". Technology Review. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  44. ^ Mayfield, Kendra (January 28, 2003). "Not Your Father's Encyclopedia". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  45. ^ Hammersley, Ben (January 30, 2003). "Common knowledge". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Olsen, Stefanie (October 16, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Tally, Steve (March 20, 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus". Purdue University News Service. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Del Conte, Natali T (October 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'". Fox News. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
     • Tiwari, Neha (April 5, 2007). "Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow". CNET. Retrieved 2007-04-05. Sanger now believes that the world deserves something better than his former start-up when it comes to online research.
  46. ^ a b Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  47. ^ Boran, Marie (July 16, 2007). "Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2007-07-16. Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.
  48. ^ Blundo, Joe (April 26, 2007). "Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
  49. ^ Aviv, Rachel (January 10th, 2006). "Mondo Wikipedia". The Village Voice. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  50. ^ "An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle". GeoCities. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  51. ^ "Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs". Digital Universe. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  52. ^ "Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'". PR Newswire. Digital Universe. January 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  53. ^ "Contributor: Lawrence Sanger". Digital Universe. Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  54. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'". CNET. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  55. ^ "About the EoE". Digital Universe. Encyclopedia of Earth. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  56. ^ Sanger, Larry (April, 2006). "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project". The Text Outline Project. Retrieved 2007-03-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ "Citizendium FAQ". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  58. ^ Fisher, Ken (September 19, 2006). "New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  59. ^ "Citizendium". Citizendium. March 25, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  60. ^ Sanger, Larry (March 25, 2007). "We have launched". Citizendium Blog. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  61. ^ McNichol, Tom (March 1, 2007). "Building a Wiki World". Business 2.0. CNN. Retrieved 2007-03-25."I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.
  62. ^ a b Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Citizendium currently has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50-75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Wikipedia.
  63. ^ Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). "Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder". Information World Review. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  64. ^ Heater, Brian (January 26, 2007). "Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger". AppScout. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  65. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia". More experts, less fiddling?. The Register. Retrieved 2007-03-25. Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.
  66. ^ "Use with caution: The perils of Wikipedia". Associated Press. CNN. November 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
  67. ^ a b Dawson, Christopher (February 23, 2007). "Citizendium seeks to be the Wikipedia you can cite". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-03-25.
  68. ^ Waters, Richard (November 5, 2007). "Citizendium vs Wikipedia". Financial Times. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
  69. ^ "Citizendium After One Year". Slashdot. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  70. ^ a b "Citizendium Wiki Celebrates One Year Online New Knowledge Society Takes Root, Flourishes". Citizendium Press Release — October 30, 2007. Citizendium. October 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.It has been one year since the private launch of the Citizendium (http://www.citizendium.org/) wiki, an online reference source aiming to create “the world's most trusted knowledge base.” The innovative non-profit project combines free-wheeling, open wiki collaboration with real names and guidance by expert editors.
  71. ^ Sanger, Larry (October 30, 2007). "The Citizendium one year on: a strong start and an amazing future". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  72. ^ Sanger, Larry (October 30, 2007). "The coming explosion of growth". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  73. ^ Carvin, Andy (April 10, 2007). "Wikipedia's New Competition: Citizendium". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  74. ^ a b Sanger, Larry. "CZ:We aren't Wikipedia". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  75. ^ Lombardi, Candace (March 26, 2007). "Wikipedia rival makes its debut". ZDNet. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  76. ^ Thompson, Bill (December 16, 2005). "What is it with Wikipedia?". BBC News Online. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  77. ^ Maxcer, Chris (March 9, 2007). "Wikipedia Ain't Broke, but Needs Fixing". LinuxInsider. ECT News Network. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  78. ^ Vallely, Paul (October 18, 2006). "The Big Question: Do we need a more reliable online encyclopedia than Wikipedia?". The Independent. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  79. ^ Sanger, Larry. "Citizendium Policy Outline". Citizendium. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  80. ^ Sjöberg, Lore (April 19, 2006). "The Wikipedia FAQK". Wired. Wired News. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
  81. ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds". The Times. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
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