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Jeremiah Wright

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Also see: Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago

Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. (born September 22 1941) is a former pastor of the Trinity United Church of Christ (TUCC), a megachurch in Chicago, Illinois with around 10,000 members. In early 2008, Wright retired after 36 years as the senior pastor of his congregation to live in a white community.[1][2][3] Following retirement, Wright's beliefs and manner of preaching were scrutinized by the media when controversial segments from his sermons were publicized in connection with presidential candidate Barack Obama. [4] Obama addressed the matter in his "A More Perfect Union" speech.[5]


Personal life

Wright was born and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His parents are Jeremiah Wright, Sr., a Baptist minister who pastored Grace Baptist Church in Germantown from 1938 to 1980, and Mary Henderson Wright.[6] His wife is Ramah Reed Wright, and he has four daughters, Janet Marie Moore, Jeri Lynne Wright, Nikol D. Reed and Jamila Nandi Wright, and one son, Nathan D. Reed.[7]

Education and military service

Jeremiah Wright (second from right), in 1966, as a U.S. Navy Hospital Corpsman. He is tending to President Lyndon Johnson, for which he was commended (see letter superimposed on photo).
File:Jeremiah Wright Dec 1961 Boot Camp Graduation.jpg
Wright in Marine Corp boot camp graduation photo, 1961.

From 1959 to 1961, Wright attended Virginia Union University,[1] in Richmond. Inspired by President John F. Kennedy's 1961 challenge to "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country," Wright gave up his student deferment, left college and joined the United States Marine Corps and became part of the 2nd Marine Division with the rank of private first class. In 1963, after two years of service, Wright then transferred to the United States Navy and entered the Corpsman School at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, where he graduated as valedictorian.[7] Having excelled in corpsman school, Wright was then trained as a cardiopulmonary technician at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland where he graduated as salutatorian.[7] Wright was assigned as part of the medical team charged with care of President Lyndon B. Johnson's (see photo of Wright caring for Johnson after his 1966 surgery). Before leaving the position in 1967, the White House awarded Wright with three letters of commendation.[8][9][10]

In 1967 Wright enrolled at Howard University in Washington, D.C., where he received a bachelor's degree in 1968 and a master’s degree in English in 1969. He also earned a master's degree from the University of Chicago Divinity School.[7] Wright holds a Doctor of Ministry degree (1990) from the United Theological Seminary in Dayton, Ohio, where he studied under Samuel DeWitt Proctor.

Career as minister and honors

File:Jeremiah Wright July 1973 - First Vacation Bible School at TUCC.jpg
Wright in 1973, shortly after arriving at Trinity United Church of Christ.

Wright became pastor of the Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago on March 1, 1972, at a time when its membership was only 87 members.[1] In March 2008, Trinity United Church of Christ is the largest church in the mostly white[11] United Church of Christ. The President and General Minister of the United Church of Christ, John H. Thomas, has stated: “It is critical that all of us express our gratitude and support to this remarkable congregation, to Jeremiah A. Wright for his leadership over 36 years.”[12] Thomas, who is a member of the Pilgrim Congregational United Church of Christ in Cleveland, has also preached[13]and worshipped at Trinity United Church of Christ (most recently on March 2, 2008).[12]

Jeremiah Wright (center left), in 1998, greeting President Bill Clinton during a prayer breakfast at the White House.

Wright, who began the "Ministers in Training" ("M.I.T.") program at Trinity United Church of Christ, has been a national leader in promoting theological education and the preparation of seminarians for the African-American church.[14] The church's mission statement is based upon systematized Black liberation theology that started with the works of James Hal Cone.[15][16]

Wright has been a professor at Chicago Theological Seminary, Garrett Evangelical Theological Seminary and other educational institutions. Wright has served on the Board of Trustees of Virginia Union University, Chicago Theological Seminary and City Colleges of Chicago. He has also served on the Board Directors of Evangelical Health Systems, the Black Theology Project, the Center for New Horizons and the Malcom X School of Nursing, and on boards and committees of other religious and civic organizations.[7]

Wright has received a Rockefeller Fellowship and seven honorary doctorate degrees, including from Colgate University, Valparaiso University, United Theological Seminary and Chicago Theological Seminary.[7] Wright was also named one of Ebony magazine's top fifteen preachers.[9]

Relationship with Barack Obama

Barack Obama, a candidate for the Democratic nomination for President, first met Wright and joined his church in the 1980s, while he was working as a community organizer in Chicago before attending Harvard Law School.[17] Obama and his wife, Michelle, were later married by Wright, and both their children were baptized by him.[5] The title of Obama's memoir, The Audacity of Hope, was inspired by one of Wright's sermons[17] and he credits Wright with strengthening his faith.[5]

The public invocation before Obama's presidential announcement was scheduled to be given by Wright, but Obama withdrew the invitation the night before the event.[18] Wright wrote a rebuttal letter to the editor disputing the characterization of the account as reported in The New York Times article.[19]

In late 2007, Wright was appointed to Barack Obama's African American Religious Leadership Committee, a group of over 170 national black religious leaders who supported Obama's bid for the Democratic nomination;[20] however, it was announced in March 2008 that Wright was no longer serving as a member of this group.[21]

Sermon controversy

During the 2008 Presidential campaign, Wright's beliefs and previous remarks became heavily scrutinized, due to his relationship with Democratic Presidential candidate Barack Obama. Critics have accused Wright of using Black liberation theology to promote black separatism.[22] Wright has replied to this criticism by saying that "The African-centered point of view does not assume superiority, nor does it assume separatism. It assumes Africans speaking for themselves as subjects in history, not objects in history." [23]

In another sermon eventually published by the press, Wright ended his message with a blessing on all people, saying "All of God's children white, black, red, yellow, male, female, all together".[24][25]

Comments about U.S. foreign policy following September 11, 2001

In March 2008, ABC News broadcast sound bites[26] from a sermon that Wright gave shortly after September 11, 2001,[27][28]. Wright said, "I heard Ambassador Peck on an interview yesterday. Did anybody else see him or hear him? He was on Fox News. This is a white man, and he was upsetting the Fox News commentators to no end. He pointed out — did you see him, John? — a white man, he pointed out, ambassador, that what Malcolm X said when he got silenced by Elijah Muhammad was in fact true — America's chickens are coming home to roost."

Wright continued, "We bombed Hiroshima, we bombed Nagasaki, and we nuked far more than the thousands in New York and The Pentagon, and we never batted an eye...and now we are indignant, because the stuff we have done overseas is now brought back into our own front yards. America's chickens are coming home to roost."

Later, he continued, "Violence begets violence. Hatred begets hatred. And terrorism begets terrorism. A white ambassador said that y'all, not a black militant. Not a reverend who preaches about racism. An ambassador whose eyes are wide open and who is trying to get us to wake up and move away from this dangerous precipice upon which we are now poised. The ambassador said the people that we have wounded don’t have the military capability we have. But they do have individuals who are willing to die and take thousands with them. And we need to come to grips with that."[26]

Comments on U.S. domestic policy

Sound bites from a sermon that Wright gave in 2003, entitled “Confusing God and Government”, were also shown on ABC's Good Morning America[27] and Fox News, in which Wright made statements about God and the U.S. Government. In the sermon, Wright first makes the distinction between God and governments, and points out that many governments in the past have failed: "Where governments lie, God does not lie. Where governments change, God does not change."[29] Wright then states: "And the United States of America government, when it came to treating her citizens of Indian descent fairly, she failed. She put them on reservations. When it came to treating her citizens of Japanese descent fairly, she failed. She put them in internment prison camps. When it came to treating her citizens of African descent fairly, America failed. She put them in chains, the government put them on slave quarters, put them on auction blocks, put them in cotton field, put them in inferior schools, put them in substandard housing, put them in scientific experiments, put them in the lowest paying jobs, put them outside the equal protection of the law, kept them out of their racist bastions of higher education and locked them into positions of hopelessness and helplessness."[29] Wright concludes by stating:" The government gives them the drugs,[30] built bigger prisons, passes a three strike law, and then wants us to sing God bless America. No, no, no, not God bless America! God damn America — that's in the Bible — for killing innocent people. God damn America, for treating her citizens as less than human. God damn America, as long as she pretends to act like she is God, and she is supreme. The United States government has failed the vast majority of her citizens of African descent."[29][31]

HIV origin theory

Also in "Confusing God and Government," Wright makes a statement in which he espouses his views on the involvement of the United States government with the Tuskegee experiment and the invention and propagation of HIV. This statement was also widely aired in March 2008 on Fox News and YouTube.[32] Wright states: “The government lied about the Tuskegee experiment. They purposely infected African American men with syphilis. Governments lie. The government lied about bombing Cambodia and Richard Nixon stood in front of the camera, ‘Let me make myself perfectly clear…’ Governments lie. The government lied about the drugs for arms Contra scheme orchestrated by Oliver North, and then the government pardoned all the perpetrators so they could get better jobs in the government. Governments lie.” [33] Wright went on to state: “The government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color. Governments lie. The government lied about a connection between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein and a connection between 9.11.01 and Operation Iraqi Freedom. Governments lie.”[33]

Responses

Martin E. Marty, a widely acclaimed emeritus professor of religious history[34] explained Wright's perspective by focusing on his church. Marty stated, "For Trinity, being 'unashamedly black' does not mean being 'anti-white.' [...] Think of the concept of 'unashamedly': tucked into it is the word 'shame.' Wright and his fellow leaders have diagnosed 'shame, 'being shamed,' and 'being ashamed' as debilitating legacies of slavery and segregation in society and church." Marty also asserted that Trinity's "members and pastor are, in their own term, 'Africentric' [African-centered], and that this should not be more offensive than that synagogues should be 'Judeo-centric' or that Chicago's Irish parishes be 'Celtic-centric'."[35] Marty went on to criticize the "incomprehension and naiveté of some reporters who lack background in the civil rights and African-American movements of several decades ago" - what he saw as evident in the reporting regarding Wright and his views.[36]

Marty further explains that Wright's preaching style is at times similar to the style of the Old Testament prophets Hosea and Micah, who Marty says did, in fact, call down curses upon their country for committing injustices. Marty further explains that Wright's style is similar to the imprecatory topoi and jeremiad in the Old Testament book of Jeremiah, while noting that just as the messages of the Old Testament prophets were ultimately about hope, so have been Wright's.[37]

While discussing the same theme of Wright and the jeremiad, James B. Bennett, an assistant professor of religious studies at Santa Clara University, describes how Wright follows in a "rhetorical tradition" that has "a long history in the speeches and writings of African-American leaders who are exalted by black and white Americans alike". To show this, Bennett points first to Frederick Douglass, who Bennett says "spoke in terms similar to those for which Wright is castigated." Bennett then quotes Douglass, "I will hold up America to the lightning scorn of moral indignation. In doing this I shall feel myself discharging the duty of a true patriot; for he is a lover of his country who rebukes and does not excuse its sins." To show his point further, Bennett says Martin Luther King, Jr. "shared Wright's condemnation of American aggression": "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today — my own government," King said of America.[38] Martin Luther King biographer Michael Eric Dyson similarly connected Wright's harsh criticism of America with King's and the prophetic tradition in the black church.[39]

Wright's church has criticized the media for recent coverage of his past controversial sermons, saying in a statement that Wright's "character is being assassinated in the public sphere.... It is an indictment on Dr. Wright’s ministerial legacy to present his global ministry within a 15- or 30-second sound bite."[40] This idea led actor Steven Weber to state, "Has anybody actually taken the time to watch Rev. Wright's much maligned sermon in its entirety? The one that the mainstream media diced and sliced and handed out like amphetamine-laced communion to its maddeningly impressionable flock? It's there, right on that cyber-commons otherwise known as YouTube...in a context that turns the media-manufactured controversy on its ear."[41]

In addition, Dean Snyder, the senior minister of Foundry United Methodist Church in Washington D.C., the church attended by the Clintons while they were in the White House, released a statement defending Wright and decrying his treatment in the press that said in part, "He has served for decades as a profound voice for justice and inclusion in our society. He has been a vocal critic of the racism, sexism and homophobia which still tarnish the American dream. To evaluate his dynamic ministry on the basis of two or three sound bites does a grave injustice to Dr. Wright, the members of his congregation, and the African-American church which has been the spiritual refuge of a people that has suffered from discrimination, disadvantage, and violence."[42] [43]

Jim Wallis, a prominent white evangelical activist in Washington, D.C. defended the church's "prophetic truth-telling", stating that many whites are in denial about the anger felt by many black Americans. Wallis said, "In 2008, to still not comprehend or seek to understand the reality of black frustration and anger, is to be in a state of white denial, which, very sadly, is where many white Americans are." [44]

An article in Time magazine noted, "Much of white America is unfamiliar with the milieu of the black church. When clips from Wright's sermons began circulating, many whites heard divisive, angry, unpatriotic pronouncements on race, class and country. Many blacks, on the other hand, heard something more familiar: righteous anger about oppression and deliberate hyperbole in laying blame, which are common in sermons delivered in black churches every Sunday.[45]

Lawrence Korb, Director of National Security Studies at the Council on Foreign Relations and former assistant secretary of defense in the Reagan administration, stated, "We've seen on television, in a seemingly endless loop, sound bites of a select few of Rev. Wright's many sermons. Some of the Wright's comments are inexcusable and inappropriate and should be condemned, but in calling him 'unpatriotic,' let us not forget that this is a man who gave up six of the most productive years of his life to serve his country." Korb contrasts this with Dick Cheney (born the same year as Wright) who "received five deferments, four for being an undergraduate and graduate student and one for being a prospective father", and Bill Clinton and George W. Bush (both five years younger than Wright), who used their student deferments to stay in college, and then afterward "avoided going on active duty through family connections". Korb continued, "How many of Wright's detractors, Rush Limbaugh and Bill O'Reilly to name but a few, volunteered for service, and did so under the often tumultuous circumstances of a newly integrated armed forces and a society in the midst of a civil rights struggle? Not many. While words do count, so do actions. Let us not forget that, for whatever Rev. Wright may have said over the last 30 years, he has demonstrated his patriotism."[46]

Barack Obama said to Charles Gibson of ABC News, "It's as if we took the five dumbest things that I've ever said or you've ever said in our lives and compressed them and put them out there - I think that people's reaction would, understandably, be upset."[47] At the same time, Obama stated that "words that degrade individuals have no place in our public dialog, whether it's on the campaign stump or in the pulpit. In sum, I reject outright the statements by Rev. Wright that are at issue."[48] Obama later added, "Had the reverend not retired, and had he not acknowledged that what he had said had deeply offended people and were inappropriate and mischaracterized what I believe is the greatness of this country, for all its flaws, then I wouldn't have felt comfortable staying at the church."[49]

Relationship with Louis Farrakhan

In 1984 Wright went to Libya with controversial Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan. Wright has been quoted in the media: "When [Obama’s] enemies find out that in 1984 I went to Tripoli to visit Muammar al-Gaddafi with Farrakhan, a lot of his Jewish support will dry up quicker than a snowball in hell."[50] Wright later awarded Farrakhan a medal on behalf of his church, and Obama has been criticized for refusing to denounce Farrakhan, who has been nicknamed the "Black Hitler".

Works

  • Wright, Jeremiah A. Jr. and Jini Kilgore Ross, What Makes You So Strong?: Sermons of Joy and Strength from Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr., Judson Press, November 1993, ISBN 978-0817011987
  • Wright, Jeremiah A. Jr. and Colleen Birchett, Africans Who Shaped Our Faith (Student Guide), Urban Ministries, Inc., May 1995, ISBN 978-0940955295
  • Wright, Jeremiah A. Jr. and Jini Kilgore Ross, Good News!: Sermons of Hope for Today's Families, Judson Press, December 1995, ISBN 978-0817012366
  • William J. Key, Robert Johnson Smith, Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. and Robert Johnson-Smith, From One Brother to Another: Voices of African American Men, Judson Press, October 1996, ISBN 978-0817012502
  • Jawanza Kunjufu and Rev. Dr. Jeremiah Wright, Jr., Adam! Where Are You?: Why Most Black Men Don't Go to Church, African American Images, June 1997, ISBN 978-0913543436 (also African American Images, 1994, ISBN B000T6LXPQ)
  • Frank Madison Reid, III, Jeremiah Wright Jr. and Colleen Birchett, When Black Men Stand Up for God: Reflections on the Million Man March, African American Images, December 1997, ISBN 978-0913543481
  • Wright, Jeremiah A. Jr., What Can Happen When We Pray: A Daily Devotional, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, June 2002, ISBN 978-0806634067
  • Wright, Jeremiah A. Jr., From One Brother To Another, Volume 2: Voices of African American Men , Judson Press, January 2003, ISBN 978-0817013622
  • Iva E. Carruthers (Editor), Frederick D. Haynes III (Editor), Jeremiah A. Wright Jr. (Editor), Blow the Trumpet in Zion!: Global Vision and Action for the 21st Century Black Church, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, January 2005, ISBN 978-0800637125
  • Ernest R. Flores and Jeremiah A. Wright Jr., Tempted to Leave the Cross: Renewing the Call to Discipleship, Judson Press, November 2007, ISBN 978-0817015244

Wright has written several books and is featured on Wynton Marsalis's album The Majesty of the Blues, where he recites a spoken word piece written by Stanley Crouch, and on the Odyssey Channel series Great Preachers.[51][52]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Pastor Trinity United Church of Christ
  2. ^ Ramirez, Margaret (2008-02-11). "Barack Obama spiritual mentor, Rev. Jeremiah Wright Jr., preaches last sermon at Trinity United Church of Christ". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-03-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/17/1775484.html. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ Banks, Adelle (2008-03-22). "Obama Finds Pulpit in Center of Racial Divide". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-03-22. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Barack Obama (2008-03-18). "Text of Obama's speech: A More Perfect Union". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ Gabrielle Brochard and John DeVecchi (2006). "Biographical Essays". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Dr. Jeremiah A Wright Jr". Corinthian Baptist Church. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  8. ^ Korb, Lawrence and Ian Moss. "Factor military duty into criticism". Available online. Archived.
  9. ^ a b "Rev. Dr. Jeremiah A. Wright Biography". The History Makers. 2002-01-11. Retrieved 2008-03-23. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ "The Biography of the Reverend Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr". Charter Day 2004 Distinguished Alumni Biographies. Howard University. 2004-03-04. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  11. ^ Gorski, Eric (2008-03-18). "Message of Obama Pastor Forged in Civil Rights Movement". Atlanta-Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ^ a b Guess, J. Bennet (2008-03-14). "Chicago's Trinity UCC Is "Great Gift to Wider Church Family". United Church of Christ. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  13. ^ "White People Welcome at Trinity United Church of Christ". YouTube. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Donor Profiles". The Fund for Theological Education. Retrieved 2008-03-23.
  15. ^ Talev, Margaret (2008-03-20). "Obama's church pushes controversial doctrines". The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 2008-03-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ Wright, Jeremiah (2007-03-01). "Talking Points". Trinity United Church of Christ website. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  17. ^ a b Brachear, Manya (January 21, 2007). "Rev. Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr.: Pastor inspires Obama's 'audacity'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ Kantor, Jodi (2008-03-6). "Disinvitation by Obama Is Criticized". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ Wright, Jeremiah (2008-03-11). "Letter to The New York Times (pdf)" (PDF). Trinity United Church of Christ - Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-03-23. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ "Renowned Faith Leaders Come Together to Support Obama". Democracy in Action. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2008-03-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  21. ^ Smith, Ben (2008-03-14). "Wright leaves Obama campaign". The Politico. Retrieved 2008-03-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  22. ^ Kantor, Jodi (2007-04-30). "A Candidate, His Minister and the Search for Faith". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-24. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  23. ^ "Obama's Pastor: Rev. Jeremiah Wright". Hannity & Colmes. Fox News. 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2008-03-24. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ Wright giving total praise to a god of diversity
  25. ^ Obama's spiritual mentor, Baltimore Sun
  26. ^ a b Martin, Roland (March 21, 2008). "The full story behind Rev. Jeremiah Wright's 9/11 sermon". Anderson Cooper 360. CNN. Retrieved 2008-03-23. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ a b Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11 Brian Ross and Rehab el-Buri, ABC News, March 13, 2008
  28. ^ Extended video of Wright's sermon from which quotes had been excerpted.
  29. ^ a b c "Tell the Whole Story FOX! Barack Obama's pastor Wright". Excerpted from YouTube. Wright states: "The Roman government failed...the British government failed. The Russian government failed. The Japanese government failed. The German government failed.". Retrieved 2008-03-25.
  30. ^ "Obama was never Rev. Wright's Amen Charlie". Free Lance-Star, 28 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  31. ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88552254
  32. ^ "Obama Decries Pastor's Remarks". Seattle Times. March 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-26.
  33. ^ a b Martin, Roland (March 21, 2008). "The Full Story Behind Wright's "God Damn America" sermon". Anderson Cooper 360. CNN. Retrieved 2008-03-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ "Martin E. Marty: Curriculum Vitae". illuminos.com. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  35. ^ Marty, Martin E. "Prophet and Pastor". The Chronicle of Higher Education, 11 April 2008. Available online. Archived.
  36. ^ Marty, Martin E. "Keeping the Faith at Trinity United Church of Christ". Sightings Available online. Archived.
  37. ^ Marty, Martin E. "Prophet and Pastor". The Chronicle of Higher Education, 11 April 2008. Available online. Archived.
  38. ^ Bennett, James B. "Obama's pastor's words ring uncomfortably true". San Jose Mercury News, 20 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  39. ^ Dyson, Michael Eric (2008-04-03). "Talk of the Nation" (Interview). Interviewed by Neal Conan. {{cite interview}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |city= (help); Unknown parameter |callsign= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |program= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |subjectlink= ignored (|subject-link= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ Trapper, Jake. "Obama's Church Blames Media". Political Punch (ABC News), 24 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  41. ^ Weber, Steven, "Reverend Wright: Raw and Uncut". Huffington Post. 27 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  42. ^ Stein, Sam, "Pastor Of Clinton's Former Church: Don't Use Wright To Polarize". Huffington Post, 25 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  43. ^ Snyder, Dean. "A Statement Concerning the Rev. Jeremiah Wright". Foundry United Methodist Church. Available online. Archived.
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference banks1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ James Carney, Amy Sullivan. "Why Obama Has a Pastor Problem." Time, 3/31/2008, Vol. 171, Issue 13.
  46. ^ Korb, Lawrence and Ian Moss. "Factor military duty into criticism". Available online. Archived.
  47. ^ "ABC's Charles Gibson Talks to Barack Obama". ABC News. 28 March 2008.
  48. ^ Obama, Barack, "On my Faith and My Church". Huffington Post, 14 March 2008. Available online. Archived.
  49. ^ "Obama Would Have Left if Wright Stayed". Associated Press, 28 March 2008. Avialable online. Archived.
  50. ^ Disinvitation by Obama Is Criticized, New York Times, March 6, 2007
  51. ^ The Majesty Of The Blues - Track list
  52. ^ Great Preachers: Jeremiah Wright (1998)
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