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Saint Peter's tomb

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Saint Peter's tomb is a site believed by Roman Catholics to be the burial place of Saint Peter, beneath the high altar of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome.[1][2][3] Though many bones have been found at the site of the second-century shrine, as the result of two campaigns of archaeological excavation, Pope Pius XII stated in December 1950 that none could be confirmed to be Saint Peter's with absolute certainty[4].

Modern excavation

Between 1939 and 1949 the Vatican-led archaeological team overseen by Monsignor Ludwig Kaas, who had overall authority over the project[5], had uncovered a complex of undoubtedly pagan mausoleums under the foundations of St. Peter's Basilica, dating to the 2nd and 3rd centuries.[6] Construction of Constantine's Old St. Peter's Basilica and of foundations for Bernini's Baldacchino destroyed most of the vaulting of these semi-subterranean burial chambers. Among them was the so-called "Tomb of the Julii" with mosaics that appeared to be Christian. No mausoleum had ever been built directly beneath the present high altar of St Peter's, which did however contain shallow burials, one dated by an impressed tile to the reign of Vespasian; they had been attended with care, as later burials clustered round but did not encroach upon the space.[7] Most impressive was the small niched monument built into a wall of ca 160. The discoveries made the pages of Life Magazine.[8]

Tracing the original tombs

Although traditions suggest that Peter was in Rome, there is no incontrovertible historical evidence. Dionysius of Corinth wrote the following to the Church of Rome in the time of the bishopric of Soter, thanking the Romans for their financial help, in about 170AD:

You have thus by such an admonition bound together the planting of Peter and of Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both of them planted and likewise taught us in our Corinth. And they taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time".[9]

On the sloping, open site, ager publicus, official permission for a burial monument would have had to be sought. The site of Peter's grave will have been one of the earliest shrines to be built during the first expression of the cult of martyrs.[10]

There has been controversy over the identity of the remains in the tomb. Several remains of barnyard animals were found in the tomb along with human remains.[11] Attempts to identify the tomb require tracing the movement of relics over the millennia. Often stories refer to the saints in the plural, meaning both Apostles, Peter and Paul.

There might have been little difficulty in obtaining the body of the Apostle after his martyrdom. Catholic tradition states that the bereaved Christians seem to have followed their usual custom in burying him as near as possible to the scene of his suffering. According to Catholic lore, he was laid in ground that belonged to Christian proprietors, by the side of a well-known road leading out of the city, the Via Cornelia (site of a known pagan and Christian cemetery) on the hill called Vaticanus. The actual tomb seems to have been an underground vault, approached from the road by a descending staircase, and the body reposed in a sarcophagus of stone in the center of this vault.

There is evidence of the existence of the tomb (trophoea, i.e., trophies, as signs or memorials of victory) here at the beginning of the second century, in the words of the presbyter Caius refuting the Montanist traditions of a certain Proclus:

"But I can show you the trophies of the Apostles. For whether you go to the Vatican, or along the Ostian way, you will find the trophies of those who founded the Church of Rome"[12]

These tombs were the objects of pilgrimage during the ages of persecution, and it will be found recorded in the Acts of several of the martyrs that they were seized while praying at the tombs of the Apostles.

"In other words, about the year 200 A.D. Christians pointed to some tomb-memorial in the Vatican as Peter's grave," Roger T. O'Callaghan concluded from this passage.[13]

Supposed translation of Peter's bones

The archaeology puts to rest[14] historians' surmise that in 258, a Christian persecution forced the removal of these relics to the Catacombs of Saint Sebastian where they could be venerated without reprisal from the authorities or a desecration of the relics and that at a later date, when the persecution was less acute, they were brought back again to the Vatican and the Via Ostiana respectively.

Constantine's basilica

Main article: Old St. Peter's Basilica

When the Church was once more at peace under Constantine the Great, Christians were able at last to build edifices suitable for the celebration of Divine Service. The resting places of the relics of the Apostles were naturally among the first to be selected as the sites of great basilicas. The emperor supplied the funds for these buildings, in his desire to honor the memories of the two Apostles.

At St. Peter's, the matter was complicated by the fact that Pope Anacletus, in the first century, had built an upper chamber or memoria above the vault. This upper chamber had become endeared to the Romans during the ages of persecution, and they were unwilling that it should be destroyed. In order to preserve it a singular and unique feature was given to the basilica in the raised platform of the apse and the Chapel of the Confession underneath.[15] The reverence in which the place has always been held has resulted in these arrangements remaining almost unchanged to the present time, in spite of the rebuilding of the church. The actual vault in which the body lies has not been accessible since the ninth century.

Bones transfered in 1942

In 1942, the Administrator of St. Peter's, Monsignor Ludwig Kaas, found remains in a second tomb in the monument. Being concerned that these presumed relics of a saint would not be accorded the respect they deserved, and having little understanding of correct archeological procedures, he secretly ordered these remains stored elsewhere for safe-keeping.

After Kaas' death, Professor Margherita Guarducci discovered these relics by chance. She informed Pope Paul VI of her belief that these remains were those of St. Peter. Bone testing revealed that the remains belonged to a man in his sixties. On June 26th 1968 Pope Paul VI announced that the relics of St. Peter had been discovered.


Possible Ossuary of Saint Peter in Jerusalem

"At almost the same time that the Pope announced to the world that he had found the tomb of St Peter in Rome, 1500 miles away there was another discovery of an ancient grave, on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. In 1953, two Franciscan monks were digging in a cave when they discovered hundreds of first century ossuaries - coffins from the time of Jesus and the Twelve Disciples. (...) These Catholic archaeologists believe they had found the earliest physical evidence of a Christian community in Jerusalem, including some very familiar Biblical names. (...) But one of them was a potentially explosive find. It read: "Shimon Bar Yonah" - Simon, the Son of Jonah: the original Biblical name of the Disciple Peter." [16]

The 43 inscriptions discovered in the Dominus Flevit cemetery between May 1953 and June 1955 were published with photographs by P. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik in 1958.[17][18] The inscriptions on the ossuaries also included the names Jesus, Joseph, Judas, Mathew, Martha, Mary and Mariame - with the inscriptions of the latter two names being written in Greek.

The Catholic Church officially rejects the identification of the tomb discovered on the Mount of Olives bearing the inscription "Shimon Bar Yonah" with the Disciple Peter, arguing that the inscription is a mere coincidence, lacking the tradition associating the Disciple Peter with Rome - although there are people who take the identification of the tomb in Jerusalem with the Disciple Peter very seriously.[19]


Footnotes

  1. ^ "University of Alberta Express News". In search of St. Peter's Tomb. Retrieved 2006-12-25.
  2. ^ Episcopal opinion on tomb
  3. ^ Lutheran opinion on tomb
  4. ^ Of the coins found with the bones, in a hollow beneath the niche of the earliest shrine on the site "one was of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161), six were from the years 168-185, and more than forty were from the years 285-325," noted Roger T. O'Callaghan, "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter", The Biblical Archaeologist 16.4 (December 1953) p. 71. No mention of these discoveries was made in the official publication.
  5. ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/churches/ig/Great-Churches-of-the-World/St--Peter-s-Basilica--Rome.htm
  6. ^ Officially published as Esplorazioni sotto la Confessione de San Pietro in Vaticano, B.M. Apollonj,, A. Ferrua SJ, E. Josi, E. Kirschbaum SJ, eds., 2 vols. (Vatican City) 1951; the results were assessed in Roger T. O'Callaghan, "Recent Excavations underneath the Vatican Crypts", in The Biblical Archaeologist 12 (1949:1-23) and "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter", The Biblical Archaeologist 16.4 (December 1953:70-87).
  7. ^ This is the "open area P'. (O'Callaghan 1953:76).
  8. ^ Life Magazine, March 27, 1950:65-79, 82, 85 (noted by O'Callaghan 1953, note 1); the niche shrine described in O'Callaghan 195377ff.
  9. ^ Preserved in Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Book II, Chapter 25:8.
  10. ^ Hippolyte Delehaye SJ, Les origines du culte des martyrs 2nd ed. (Brussels) 1933:50ff, examines many specific examples, but concludes that the veneration of martyrs began in the mid-third century, and that the martyrium was not knownm before Constantine; the present archaeology has revised that conclusion.
  11. ^ Inside Job
  12. ^ Eusebius. Ecclesiastical History, Book II, 28.
  13. ^ O'Callaghan 1953:79.
  14. ^ It "deals a rude blow," according to O'Callaghan 1953:783.
  15. ^ This feature was imitated in early Frankish churches.
  16. ^ The Secrets of the 12 Disciples, Channel 4, transmitted on 23 March 2008.
  17. ^ P. B. Bagatti, J. T. Milik, Gli Scavi del "Dominus Flevit" - Parte I - La necropoli del periodo romano (Gerusalemme: Tipografia dei PP. Francescani, 1958).
  18. ^ http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/peters-jerusalem-tomb.htm#Scans Scans from Gli Scavi del Dominus Flevit'
  19. ^ http://www.aloha.net/~mikesch/peters-jerusalem-tomb.htm Peter’s Tomb Recently Discovered In Jerusalem by F. Paul Peterson

See also

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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