List of coupled cousins
Appearance
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg/95px-Johann_Sebastian_Bach.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Civilian_Service_Award_Von_Braun_005.jpg/110px-Civilian_Service_Award_Von_Braun_005.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/55px-Charles_Darwin.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Albert_Einstein_photo_1921.jpg/80px-Albert_Einstein_photo_1921.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Thomas_Malthus.jpg/70px-Thomas_Malthus.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Edgar_Allan_Poe_portrait_B.jpg/90px-Edgar_Allan_Poe_portrait_B.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus_%28ca._1905%29.jpg/70px-Boles%C5%82aw_Prus_%28ca._1905%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_1892.jpg/85px-Sergei_Rachmaninoff%2C_1892.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/90px-FDR_in_1933.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg/70px-Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg/85px-D%27apr%C3%A8s_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_portrait_de_Voltaire_%28Institut_et_Mus%C3%A9e_Voltaire%29_-001.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/H_G_Wells_pre_1922.jpg/75px-H_G_Wells_pre_1922.jpg)
This is a list of prominent individuals who have been romantically or maritally coupled with a cousin, niece, nephew, aunt or uncle.
Notable individuals
A
- John Adams and his third cousin, Abigail Smith[1]
- François-Marie Arouet, better known as Voltaire, and his niece, Marie Louise Mignot Denis [2][citation needed]
B
- Johann Sebastian Bach and his second cousin, Maria Barbara Bach [3]
- Josiah Bartlett, second signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and his first cousin, Mary Bartlett[citation needed]
- Wernher von Braun and his first cousin, Maria Luise von Quistorp
- Charles Bulfinch and his first cousin, Hannah Apthorp [4]
C
- John C. Calhoun, seventh Vice President of the United States, and his first cousin once removed, Floride Calhoun[5]
- Jeanne Calment, the oldest person whose age was verified by official documents, and her second cousin, Fernand Calment [6]
- Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the only Roman Catholic signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, and his second cousin, Mary Darnall [7]
D
- Charles Darwin and his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood.[8] In addition, their grandparents, Sarah Wedgewood and Josiah Wedgwood, were also cousins.[9]
- Porfirio Diaz Mori, president of Mexico (1876–80, 1884–1911), and his niece Delfina Ortega Diaz[citation needed]
- Alfred I. du Pont, great-grandson of DuPont founder and his cousin-by-marriage, Bessie Gardner, as well as his second cousin, Alicia Bradford Maddox[10]
E
- Albert Einstein and his first cousin (through his mother) as well as second cousin (through his father), Elsa Löwenthal née Einstein[11]
- William Ellery, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his first cousin once removed, Abigail Cary[12]
- William Crowninshield Endicott, former US Secretary of War, and his first cousin, Ellen Peabody[13]
F
- Vivian Fuchs, British explorer, and his cousin Joyce Connell
G
- Carlo Gambino, a mob boss, and his first cousin, Catherine Castellano[14]
- André Gide, Nobel Prize winning French author, and his cousin, Madeleine Rondeaux.
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American author, and her first cousin, George Houghton Gilman[15]
- Rudy Giuliani, former mayor of New York, and his second cousin once removed, Regina Peruggi[16]
- Duncan Grant, a famous Scottish painter, who was in a relationship with his male cousin, the English writer Lytton Strachey.[17]
- Edvard Grieg, famous Norwegian composer, and his first cousin, Nina Hagerup[18]
- Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey, and his first cousin, Hayrünnisa Özyurt[19]
H
- Benjamin Harrison V, American revolutionary leader, and his second cousin, Elizabeth Bassett[20]
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., the poet, and his second cousin, Amelia Lee Jackson[21]
- Stephen Hopkins, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his second cousin, Sarah Scott[22]
J
- Jesse James and his first cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms [23]
- Thomas Jefferson and his third cousin, Martha Wayles[citation needed]
K
- Naoto Kan, Diet of Japan, former leader of Democratic Party of Japan, and his cousin, Nobuko
- Nobusuke Kishi, former Japanese statesman, and his first cousin, Yoshiko Kishi[24]
L
- David Lean, British film director, and his first wife (first cousin, Isabel Lean).
- Jerry Lee Lewis, rock and roll musician, and his first cousin once removed, Myra Gale Brown[25]
- Abbott Lawrence Lowell, a former president of Harvard University, and his distant cousin, Anna Parker Lowell[26]
M
- John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada, and his first cousin, Isabella Clark[27]
- Maeda Toshiie, Japanese Daimyō in 15th century, and his cousin, Matsu.
- Thomas Malthus, British academic, and his first cousin once removed, Harriet Eckersall[28]
- Francis Marion, American revolutionary leader also called the "Swamp Fox," and his first cousin, Mary Esther Videau[29]
- Abraham Maslow, father of humanistic psychology, and his first cousin, Bertha Goodman[30]
- Mōri Terumoto, Japanese Daimyo in late 15th and early 16th century, and his cousin (first wife), Minami no Kata.
- Samuel Eliot Morison, historian, and his first cousin once removed, Agnes Priscilla Randolph Barton[citation needed]
- Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of the Morse code, and his first cousin once removed, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold, his second wife[31]
N
- Naoe Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai and Karō of the Uesugi clan in 15th and 16th century, and his cousin, Osen.
O
- Ōtomo no Yakamochi, Japanese statesman and waka poet in the Nara period, and his cousin, Sakanoue no Ōiratsume.
P
- Edgar Allan Poe and his cousin, Virginia Clemm[32]
- Bolesław Prus, Polish novelist, and his cousin, Oktawia Trembińska.[33]
R
- Sergei Rachmaninoff, composer, and his cousin, Natalia Satina[34]
- Satyajit Ray, Indian film-maker, and his first cousin, Bijoya Ray
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, former US president, and his fifth cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt[35]
S
- Eisaku Sato, former prime minister of Japan, and his cousin, Hiroko Sato[36]
- Greta Scacchi, actress of Presumed Innocent, and her first cousin, Carlo Mantegazza [37]
- Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish novelist, and his niece, Maria Babska.[38]
- Igor Stravinsky, composer, and his cousin, Katerina Nossenko[39]
T
- Toyotomi Hideyori, Japanese Daimyō, a son of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and his cousin, Senhime.[40]
V
- Martin Van Buren, former president of the US, and his first cousin once removed, Hannah Hoes[41]
W
- H. G. Wells, author, and his first cousin, Isabel Mary Wells (first wife)[42]
- William Whipple, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and his first cousin, Catherine Moffatt[43]
Royalty
The royal couples listed here are but a small representation of the innumerable cousins of varying degrees who have married between royal or noble houses.
Europe
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Isabel_la_Cat%C3%B3lica-2.jpg/70px-Isabel_la_Cat%C3%B3lica-2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/80px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg/70px-Mary_Queen_of_Scots_portrait.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Catherine_II_by_D.Levitskiy_%281794%2C_Novgorod_museum%29.jpg/75px-Catherine_II_by_D.Levitskiy_%281794%2C_Novgorod_museum%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg/60px-Marie-Antoinette%2C_1775_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Antoine_L%C3%A9cuyer.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Napoleon-3.jpg/90px-Napoleon-3.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Queen_Victoria_1887.jpg/65px-Queen_Victoria_1887.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tranquillo_Cremona_-_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg/60px-Tranquillo_Cremona_-_Vittorio_Emanuele_II.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany.jpg/90px-Wilhelm_II_of_Germany.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/60px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg)
- Prince Alexander of Teck and his second cousin once removed, Princess Alice of Albany
- Alfonso XII of Spain and his first cousin, Mercedes of Orléans (first wife)
- Amedeo I of Spain and his niece, Maria Letizia Bonaparte (second wife)
- Prince Arthur of Connaught and his first cousin once removed, Princess Alexandra, Duchess of Fife
- Benedita, Dowager Princess of Brazil, and her nephew, José, Prince of Brazil
- Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, and his niece, Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal, and later his niece, Maria Teresa of Portugal
- Catherine the Great and her second cousin, Peter III of Russia
- Charles II of Parma and his second cousin, Maria Teresa of Savoy
- Charles III of Parma and his second cousin, Louise Marie Thérèse of France
- Charles I of Spain and his first cousin, Isabella of Portugal
- Charles IV of Spain and his first cousin, Maria Luisa of Parma
- Charles VII of France and his second cousin, Marie of Anjou
- Charles X of France and his double-second cousin, once removed, Marie Thérèse of Savoy
- Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and Catherine Michelle of Spain, who was his first cousin, once removed, as well as his second cousin
- Charles Emmanuel IV of Savoy and his double second cousin, once removed, Marie Clotilde of France
- Charles Felix of Sardinia and his first cousin, once removed, Maria Christina of Bourbon-Naples
- Emperor Claudius and his third wife and cousin, Messalina
- Constantine II of Greece and his third cousin, Queen Anne-Marie of Greece
- Edward III of England and his second cousin, Philippa of Hainault
- Edward, the Black Prince and his cousin, Joan of Kent
- Queen Elizabeth II and her second cousin, once removed (through Christian IX of Denmark), as well as third cousin (through Queen Victoria), Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
- Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and his half-first cousin, once removed, Margaret of France
- Ernest Augustus I of Hanover and his first cousin, Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria and his second cousin, Maria Anna of Sardinia
- Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, and his niece, Anne Juliana Gonzaga
- Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his second cousin, Maria Christina of Savoy (first wife)
- Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his second cousin, Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria (second wife)
- Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and his double first cousin, Princess Luisa of the Two Sicilies
- Ferdinand VII of Spain and his first cousin, Maria Antonietta of Naples (first wife)
- Ferdinand VII of Spain and his niece Maria Isabel of Portugal, and later his niece Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies
- Francis I of France and his second cousin, Queen Claude of France
- Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his double first cousin, Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria (first wife)
- Francis I of the Two Sicilies and his first cousin, Maria Isabella of Spain (second wife)
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and his double first cousin, Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily (second wife)
- Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and his first cousin, Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este (third wife)
- Francis IV, Duke of Modena and his niece, Maria Beatrice of Savoy (titular queen of England and Scotland according to the Jacobite succession)
- Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria and his first cousin, Empress Sissi
- Frederick VI of Denmark and his first cousin, Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel)
- Frederick William I of Prussia and his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Hanover
- Frederick William II of Prussia and his double first cousin, Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- King George I of Great Britain and his first cousin, Sophia Dorothea of Celle
- King George IV of the United Kingdom and his first cousin, Caroline of Brunswick
- King Haakon VII of Norway and his first cousin, Princess Maud of Wales
- Henry II of England and his half third cousin, Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Henry IV of France and his second cousin, Marguerite of Valois (first wife)
- Henry VI of England and his third cousin, Margaret of Anjou
- Henry VII of England and his third cousin, Elizabeth of York
- Princess Irene of Hesse and the Rhine and her first cousin, Henry of Prussia
- Isabella I of Castile and her second cousin, Ferdinand of Aragon
- Isabella II of Spain and her double first cousin, Francis of Spain
- James IV of Scotland and his third cousin, Margaret Tudor
- Joan of Spain and her double first cousin, John, Crown Prince of Portugal
- Juan Carlos I of Spain and his third cousin, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark
- Leonidas, King of Sparta and his half-niece, Gorgo[44]
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Margaret Theresa of Spain (first wife), who was both his niece and his first cousin
- Leopold II of Tuscany and his second cousin, Maria Anna of Saxony (first wife)
- Leopold II of Tuscany and his first cousin, Marie Antoinette of the Two Sicilies (second wife)
- Louis XIV of France and his double first cousin, Maria Theresa of Spain
- Louis XVI of France and his second cousin, once removed, Marie Antoinette
- Louis XVIII of France and his double second cousin, once removed, Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy
- Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France and her first cousin, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême
- Mary I of England and her first cousin, once removed, Philip II of Spain
- Princess Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary) and her second cousin, once removed, King George V
- Mary, Queen of Scots and her half-first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
- Maximilian I of Mexico and his second cousin, Charlotte of Belgium
- Michael I of Romania and his second cousin, once removed, Princess Anne of Parma
- Napoleon Louis Bonaparte and his first cousin, Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte
- Napoleon III and his cousin and fiancée, Mathilde Bonaparte
- Tsar Nicholas II and his second cousin, Alix of Hesse
- King Olav V of Norway and his first cousin, Princess Märtha of Sweden
- Peter III of Portugal and his niece, Maria I of Portugal
- Philip II of Spain and his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Asturias (first wife)
- Philip II of Spain and his niece, Anna of Austria (fourth wife)
- Philip IV of Spain and his niece, Mariana of Austria (second wife)
- Philip V of Spain and his double second cousin, Maria Luisa of Savoy (first wife)
- Philippe, comte de Paris and his first cousin, Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans
- Umberto I of Italy and his first cousin, Margherita of Savoy
- Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and his first cousin, Maria Adelaide of Austria
- Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh and her first cousin, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, and later her first cousin, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia
- Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine and her first cousin, once removed, Prince Louis of Battenberg
- Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and her first cousin, Prince Albert
- Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh and his first cousin, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh
- Kaiser Wilhelm II and his half second cousin, Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein
- King William I of the Netherlands and his first cousin, Wilhelmine of Prussia
- King William III of the Netherlands and his first cousin, Sophie of Württemberg
- King William III of England and his first cousin, Queen Mary II
Outside Europe
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kamehameha_I.png/70px-Kamehameha_I.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Kamehameha_IV%2C_lithograph_by_Grozelier_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Kamehameha_IV%2C_lithograph_by_Grozelier_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg/80px-Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Asuka_dera_Prince_Shotoku.jpg/100px-Asuka_dera_Prince_Shotoku.jpg)
- Emperor Ichijō of Japan and his wife Fujiwara no Akiko
- Emperor Kōbun of Japan and Empress Tōchi
- King Kamehameha the Great of Hawaiʻi and his niece Queen Keopuolani
- Alexander Liholiho King Kamehameha IV of Hawaiʻi and his second cousin, Queen Emma Kaleleonalani Naʻea
- Prince Nagaya of Japan and his wife Princess Kibi
- Prince Shōtoku of Japan and his wife Princess Uji no Kaitako
- Zaitian, the Guangxu Emperor and his first cousin, Dowager Empress Longyu
See also
References
- ^ This Day in History in 1828, www.history.com, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Durant, Will (1965). The Age of Voltaire: a History of Civilization in Western Europe from 1715 to 1756, with Special Emphasis on the Conflict between Religion and Philosophy. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 391–93.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ HOASM: Johann Sebastian Bach, Here of a Sunday Morning, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Charles Bulfinch biography, nndb, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Floride Bonneau Colhoun Calhoun (Mrs. John C. Calhoun), Clemson University, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Jeanne Calment, World's Elder, Dies at 122, The New York Times, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ THREE GENERATIONS OF CARROLLS, Charles Carroll House, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Intimate Disclosures in Darwin Letters, The New York Times, 8-29-1915, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Peter Raven & George Johnson (1995). Understanding Biology 3rd Edition. Wm. C. Brown Communications. p. 287. ISBN 0-697-22213-6.
- ^ "Alfred I. duPont Papers" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ Albert Einstein -- Great Minds, Great Thinkers, edInformatics, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Notable Kin: NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONSTITUTION SIGNERS, New England Historic Genealogical Society, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Notable Kin: Boston Cousins of Queen Victoria and Yankee Ancestors of Mrs. Thomas Philip, New England Historic Genealogical Society, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Carlo Gambino, His Rise As New York's Mafia King, John J. Flood and Jim McGough, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Biographies - Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Gale Group, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Rudy Giuliani, nndb, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Spalding, Frances. Duncan Grant: A Biography. ISBN 0712666400.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|Publisher=
ignored (|publisher=
suggested) (help) - ^ Edward and Nina Grieg, Peter Hughes, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Abdullah Gül, nndb, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ The Bloodlines of Statesment and Noblemen, Pat Roberts, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Notable Kin - The Flowering of New England, Part Two: The Poets Bryant, Holmes, Longfellow, J.R. Lowell, and Whittier, Gary Boyd Roberts, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Notable Kin: NEW HAMPSHIRE, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONSTITUTION SIGNERS, New England Historic and Genealogical Society, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Zee James - Wife of Jesse James, Kathy Weiser, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Nobusuke Kishi Biography, Encyclopedia of World Biography, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Jerry Lee Lewis, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Harvard's Unitarian Presidents - Abbott Lawrence Lowell, Katia Savchuk, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ The Great Enterprise, CBC, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Conversations with Maltus, Dr Suzanne Rickard, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Brigadier General Francis Marion of the American Army, myrevolutionarywar.com, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Abraham Maslow, nndb, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Morse Papers, Library of Congress, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Outlines of English and American Literature, William J. Long, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Tyszkiewicz, Teresa (1971). Bolesław Prus. Warsaw: Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych. pp. 28–30.
- ^ Biography of Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sonal Panse, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Biography of Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR Library, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ The Wife Tells All, Time Magazine, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ This much I know: Greta Scacchi, actor, 48, Sussex, The Observer, retrieved 1-04-2009
- ^ They married in 1904. See the Polish Wikipedia article on "Henryk Sienkiewicz."
- ^ Igor Stravinsky, nndb, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Shogun and Samurai - Tales of Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Ieyasu, Okanoya Shigezane, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ Martin van Buren, The New Netherland Institute, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ H.G. Wells, Free Online Library, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ William Whipple and the Declaration of Independence, Speech given by Comrade Joseph Foster, Paymaster U.S. Navy, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 11-20-1892, retrieved 3-13-2008
- ^ http://elysiumgates.com/~helena/leonidas.html