2008 Thai political crisis

The People's Alliance for Democracy laid siege to and occupied the Government House from August to December of 2008.

The 2008–2009 Thai political crisis is an ongoing conflict in Thailand between the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) and the People's Power Party (PPP) governments of Prime Ministers Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat and later between the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship (UDD) and the Democrat Party government of Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva. It is a continuation of the 2005–2006 Thai political crisis, wherein the PAD protested against the Thai Rak Thai (TRT) party government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra. The PAD's followers dress in yellow, the royal color of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The UDD's followers dress in red.

The PPP won the December 2007 general election, prompting the PAD to reform itself after it had dissolved itself in 2006. The PAD called for Samak Sundaravej's resignation, noting that during his election campaign, he had declared himself a nominee of Thaksin. When Samak did not resign, the PAD seized Government House. Samak resigned in September after the Constitutional Court found him guilty of hosting a cooking show while Prime Minister. PPP deputy leader Somchai Wongsawat was elected as prime minister by the Parliament, prompting a further escalation of PAD protests. The protests led to violent clashes between police, the PAD, and anti-PAD protesters. One PAD supporter was killed due to a faulty tear gas grenade, while a member of the PAD security forces was killed when his car bomb exploded prematurely. In October 2008, the Supreme Court found Thaksin guilty of a conflict of interest and sentenced him in absentia to two years in jail. At the time, Thaksin was in Beijing, and has refused to return despite efforts to extradite him, claiming that the verdict was politically motivated. The PAD then escalated their protests by seizing the government's temporary offices at Don Muang Airport, and the seizure of Suvarnabhumi Airport. The sieges ended when the Constitutional Court dissolved the PPP and banned its executive team from political office, causing Somchai to resign. The Army then coerced many PPP MPs to defect to the Democrat Party and support Abhisit Vejjajiva as the new Premier. Both the PPP and the PAD called Abhisit's 2009 election as premier a coup d'etat. UDD protests in 2009 against the Abhisit government disrupted the Fourth East Asia Summit in Pattaya and led to violent clashes in Bangkok. Abhisit declared a state of emergency, censored the media, and used military force to quell the protests. PAD leader Sondhi Limthongkul was shot and injured after the Bangkok unrest. The PAD blamed factions within the Abhisit government for masterminding the shooting, whereas the Abhisit government blamed Thaksin.

The PAD is opposed to what it calls the "Thaksin system". The PAD claims that Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat are proxies for Thaksin. Samak had announced that he was Thaksin's nominee during his election campaign, Somchai is Thaksin's brother-in-law, and several Pua Thai Party members are former TRT members. The PAD is opposed to all attempts to reform the constitution in ways that would allow politicians banned from political office to re-enter politics. The PAD has also called for "New Politics", where the majority of parliament would be appointed from the bureaucracy and from professional groups. Several leaders of the Democrat Party are or were leaders of the PAD.

The UDD is opposed to what it calls the amatayathipatai (government run by traditional elites). It claims that Abhisit Vejjajiva is a proxy for the PAD, the Privy Council, and factions within the army and junta-appointed judiciary. In April 2009, it demanded the resignation of Abhisit and Privy Councilors Prem Tinsulanonda and Surayud Chulanont as well as fresh elections. It also demanded that charges be brought against the PAD for the 2008 airport seizures and unrest. Several members of Parliament in Pua Thai Party spoke in support of UDD in the parliament.

Timeline of key events
2008 29 January	Samak Sundaravej forms a coalition government and becomes prime minister, after winning the majority of seats in the 2007 general elections.
28 February	Former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra returns to Thailand. He and his wife face charges of corruption.
28 March	The PAD regroups, threatening to resume protests against Thaksin.
25 May	The PAD begins demonstrations at Democracy Monument, demanding Samak's resignation, and later settles at Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge.
27 June	Samak's government survives no-confidence motion in parliament.
11 August	Thaksin and his wife travel to the United Kingdom, violating bail.
26 August	PAD protesters invade Government House, three ministries and headquarters of the NBT. Little effort is made to remove the protesters from Government House, although minor clashes between police and protesters are seen.
29 August	Train and air transport are disrupted by PAD supporters, although services would resume a few days later and state enterprise unions would not follow up on their threat to disrupt services.
2 September	Anti-PAD protesters clash with the PAD, leaving 1 dead and 43 injured. A state of emergency is declared in Bangkok, which would last until 14 September.
9 September	The Constitutional Court finds Samak guilty of conflict of interest, terminating his premiership.
17 September	Somchai Wongsawat is ratified by the National Assembly and becomes prime minister. He is rejected by the PAD for being Thaksin's brother-in-law.
29 September	Deputy Prime Minster Chavalit Yongchaiyudh begins negotiations with PAD leaders.
4-5 October	PAD leaders Chaiwat Sinsuwongse and Chamlong Srimuang are arrested by police on insurrection charges filed since shortly after invasion of Government House in August.
6 October	PAD protesters rally at parliament, attempting to block a parliament session in which Prime Minster Somchai is to seek approval of policies. Police attempt to disperse protesters using tear gas. Somchai is forced to cross a fence to exit, while members of parliament are stranded in the building for many hours. Intermittent clashes day-long leave 2 dead and over 300 injured, including 20 policemen. Military troops are deployed to help control the situation.
9 October	An appeals court withdraws insurrection charges against PAD leaders and releases Chamlong and Chaiwat on bail. The following day, The remaining PAD leaders turn themselves in to police and are released on bail.
21 October	The supreme court finds Thaksin guilty in a land purchase conflict of interest case, and sentences him to two years in prison.
8 November	The Government of the UK, where Thaksin had been primarily residing, revokes the visas of Thaksin and his wife Pojaman.
25 November	The PAD blockades Don Mueang, where the government held its temporary offices, and Suvarnabhumi International Airports, leaving thousands of tourists stranded and cutting off most of Thailand's international air connections. Several explosions and clashes occur in the following days.
2 December	After weeks of opposition-led protests, the Constitutional Court of Thailand dissolved the governing People's Power Party and two coalition member parties and banned leaders of the parties, including Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat, from politics for five years. Wongsawat promptly resigned.
2009 11-12 April	The UDD protest group stormed the Fourth East Asia Summit in Pattaya, forcing its cancellation. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva declares a state of emergency in Bangkok and five neighbouring provinces.

Origins of the crisis

The 2008 crisis had its roots in the 2005–2006 Thai political crisis, the 2005 elections and 2006 elections, the 2006 coup, and the 2007 general election.

Thaksin Shinawatra's Thai Rak Thai party (TRT) won a landslide victory in the 2001 elections, the first elections held under the Thai Constitution of 1997. Thaksin's grassroots economic policies helped reduce poverty by half and provided universal health care, making him hugely popular in rural Thailand. His drug policies were effective at reducing drug use but were attacked for the large number of extrajudicial executions that resulted. He was accused of conflicts of interest due to his family's continued holdings in Shin Corporation, the telecoms business that he founded prior to becoming Premier. Despite this, he became the first politician in Thai history to finish his term. Thaksin's re-election in 2005 elections had the highest voter turnout in Thai history.

Media mogul Sondhi Limthongkul had been a staunch supporter of Thaksin until major losses at state-owned Krung Thai Bank caused CEO Viroj Nualkhair to be fired. Viroj was Sondhi's former banker and had forgiven Sondhi for billions in bad personal debts. Sondhi's levied public criticisms of Thaksin on his TV show and his media outlets, Manager Daily newspaper and ASTV.

Sondhi's People's Alliance for Democracy soon gathered supporters among Dhammayuttika Nikaya disciples of Luang Ta Maha Bua, prominent socialites and members of the Thai royal family who claimed that Thaksin frequently insulted King Bhumibol Adulyadej, several state-enterprise unions who were against Thaksin's state-enterprise privatization plans, and various factions in the Royal Thai Army who claimed that Thaksin promoted only those who were loyal to him. The movement gained in popularity after Thaksin's family sold their share in Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings, while making use of a regulation that exempted individuals from paying capital gains tax. The PAD led protests demanding that Thaksin pay additional taxes, despite the SEC and the Revenue Department saying that no wrong was done.

The protests escalated. In February 2006, Army Commander Sonthi Boonyaratglin started secretly planning for a military coup, despite regular denials. On 14 July 2006, Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda addressed graduating cadets of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, telling them that the Thai military must obey the orders of the King - not the Government.

The coup was executed on 19 September 2006 while Thaksin was attending a UN summit, just weeks before a planned Parliamentary election. The junta canceled the elections, abrogated the Constitution, dissolved Parliament, banned protests and all political activities, suppressed and censored the media, declared martial law, and arrested Cabinet members. The PAD voluntarily dissolved after announcing that its goals had been accomplished. Surayud Chulanont, Prem's former close aide, was appointed Prime Minister. A junta-appointed court banned the TRT and 111 of its executives from politics for five years. Privy Council President Prem harshly criticized Thaksin, who was in exile, comparing him to Adolf Hitler. A junta-appointed committee drafted a substantially revised constitution. Elections were scheduled for December 2007. Many TRT politicians moved to the People's Power Party. The PPP won the December elections and nominated Samak Sundaravej as Premier.

2008 resumption of PAD protests

A line of PAD demonstrators in Bangkok

The Samak Sundaravej government, elected in the December 2007 general elections, came under pressure to resign since May 2008, when the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) reformed and staged regular street protests. They protested the government’s proposals to amend the 2007 constitution, claiming that Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej and his government are acting as a proxy for former deposed prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. The PAD also criticized the Samak government's decision to support the Cambodian government's application for the listing of the disputed Preah Vihear Temple as a World Heritage site. Tensions rose between Thailand and Cambodia as the PAD called for Thai investors to withdraw from Cambodia, the closure of all 40 Thai-Cambodian border checkpoints, a ban on all flights from Thailand to Phnom Penh and Siam Reap, the construction of a naval base at Koh Kut near the border, and the abolishment of the committee which oversees demarcation of overlapping sea areas and the unilateral declaration of a Thai marine map.

In late June, the opposition filed a no-confidence motion in parliament, which the government survived. The PAD proposed that the constitution be amended to reduce the proportion of elected members of Parliament. This would disenfranchise the rural population, which the PAD viewed as being insufficiently educated to vote for anti-Thaksin Shinawatra parties.

Invasion of Government House

PAD protesters at the Government House on 26 August

Tensions escalated to crisis when on Tuesday 26 August the protesters invaded and occupied the grounds of the Government House, displacing the prime minister from his offices. Another armed group attacked the headquarters of the National Broadcasting Services of Thailand, while the offices of three ministries were also partially invaded. Major roads into Bangkok were blocked by PAD supporters. Prime Minister Samak remained defiant, refusing to resign, while also vowing not to violently remove the protesters. Despite a court warrant for the arrest of the PAD’s nine leaders and a Civil Court order to evacuate, the PAD remained firmly lodged in the government compound. Friday 29th saw semi-violent clashes at various protest sites between protesters and riot police, who were still largely unable to control the group.

Transport infrastructure was disrupted beginning 29 August, with state railway workers refusing to work, partially disabling train services. PAD demonstrators occupied the runways of and closed down airports in the southern cities of Hat Yai, Phuket and Krabi. (The airports later reopened on the 30th and 31st.) The State Enterprise Worker’s Union threatened to disrupt public infrastructure services including electricity, waterworks, airline, bus, port and communications services, beginning with police and government offices, on 3 September.

Prime Minister Samak called an emergency session of parliament on 31 August to resolve the issue, but refused to dissolve parliament as suggested by the opposition. Meanwhile, pro-Thaksin protesters calling themselves the United Front for Democracy against Dictatorship of Thailand (UDDT) began to gather in Sanam Luang.

September 2008 state of emergency

Early Tuesday 3 September, one week after the PAD began occupation of the Government House grounds, violence erupted as members of the UDDT clashed with the PAD in a melee involving firearms, resulting in 43 injuries and at least one death. Prime Minister Samak, by virtue of the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situation, BE 2548 (2005), declared a state of emergency in Bangkok at 07.00 hours of the following morning. The Declaration stated that:

Whereas it is manifest that certain groups of people are carrying out the activities causing anarchy which may lead to the national insurgency as well as may bring about damages to the public administration and erosion of the faith and trust in the economic system. These activities are impacting the public peace and order, detrimental to the national security and barring the development of the democratic regime and the exercise of rights and liberties of the people of guiltlessness, it is hence existed the need to extinguish the said worriment without delay.

Sundaravej also put Gen Anupong Paochinda, Army Commander in Chief, in charge of the remedy of the said State of Emergency, and appointing Pol Gen Patcharavat Wongsuwan, National Police Commander in Chief, and Lt Gen Prayuth Chan-ocha, 1st Army Area Commander as assistants to Gen Anupong. He also issued bans on the gathering or assemblage of more than five persons within Bangkok Metropolis; on the nationwide press release, distribution or dissemination of letters, publications or any other information containing the matters which may instigate apprehension amongst the people or is intended to distort information in order to mislead an understanding of the State of Emergency to the extent of affecting the security of state or public peace and order or good moral of the people; and on other matters which were a kind of public rights and liberties restriction.

However, on the same day, Mr Nitithon Lamluea, a member of Thailand Lawyer Council’s Human Rights Committee, lodged with the Supreme Administrative Court a complaint against Prime Minister Samak accusing him of abuse of power as he imposed Bangkok with the State of Emergency, but the circumstances on 2 September were not what prescribed in the said Emergency Decree as the State of Emergency. The complaint also requested the Court to revoke the State of Emergency. Tej Bunnag, Minister of Foreign Affairs, resigned from office as he disagreed with the Government’s measures to remedy the crisis and he felt uneasy to represent the Government in giving the foreigners the explanation of the prevailing circumstances.

On 14 September, the Government issued an Announcement revoking the State of Emergency throughout Bangkok together with all the pertinent announcements, orders and articles.

Fall of Samak

Main article: Samak Sundaravej: Court Decision

In 9 September 2008, the Constitutional Court of Thailand found that Samak had hosted and received payment for hosting two cooking TV shows, "Tasting and Grumbling" and "All Set at 6 AM," for a few months after he had become Prime Minister. He had been hosting the shows for years prior to becoming Premier. Section 267 of the 2007 Constitution of Thailand forbids members of the Cabinet from being employees of any person; this was to prevent conflicts of interest. The court found that although Samak was a contractor to the show's producers, and did not fit the definition of the term "employee" as defined under the Civil and Commercial Code, the law on labour protection or the law on taxation, the spirit of the Constitution gave a broader definition to the term. It thus found Samak guilty of breaching the Constitution and terminated his Premiership.

A session of the House of Representatives was held on 12 September to vote for a new prime minister. The People Power Party decided to renominate Samak as Premier (he had stopped hosting the TV shows earlier that year and thus was no longer an employee). The session was cut short because the House lacked a quorum. The nomination of a new Prime Minister was postponed until 17 September, where the PPP successfully nominated Deputy Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat as Premier.

Reactions to court decision

Karn Tienkaew, deputy leader of Samak’s People Power Party, said the party planned to propose a parliamentary vote Wednesday on returning Samak to power: "Samak still has legitimacy. The party still hopes to vote him back unless he says no. Otherwise we have many other capable candidates."

On 10 September 2008, however, the PPP shied away from their earlier statement they would renominate Sundaravej and was apparently looking for an alternative candidate instead; the new PM was to be nominated on 12 September 2008.

People Power Party’s deputy spokesman Kuthep Suthin Klangsang, on 12 September, 2008, announced that: "Samak has accepted his nomination for prime minister. Samak said he is confident that parliament will find him fit for office, and that he is happy to accept the post. A majority of party members voted Thursday to reappoint Samak. Samak is the leader of our party so he is the best choice." Despite objections from its coalition partners, the PPP, in an urgent meeting, unanimously decided to renominate Samak Sundaravej. 5 coalition parties, namely Chart Thai, Matchima Thipataya, Pracharaj, Puea Pandin and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana, unanimously agreed to support the People Power party (PPP) to set up the new government and vote for the person who should be nominated as the new prime minister. Chart Thai deputy leader Somsak Prissananantakul and Ruam Jai Thai Chart Pattana leader Chettha Thanajaro said the next prime minister who will be nominated on Friday. Caretaker prime minister Somchai Wongsawat said PPP secretary-general Surapong Suebwonglee will notify the 5 parties who the PPP nominates to take office again. Some lawmakers, however, said they will propose an alternate candidate. Meanwhile, Thailand’s army chief Gen. Anupong Paochinda said he backed the creation of a unity government that would include all the country’s parties, and he also asked for the lifting of a state of emergency that Samak imposed on 2 September.

On 12 September 2008, the quorum for selecting the new PM was not reached and the decision was delayed to 17 September 2008 in an event seen as signaling the end of Samak’s career. After its four coalition partners stated they'd prefer someone else to become PM instead of Samak, the PPP agreed to drop his nomination. Embattled Samak Sundaravej abandoned his bid to regain his Thailand Prime Minister post, and Teerapon Noprampa said Samak would also give up the ruling People’s Power Party (PPP) leadership. Meanwhile, PPP’s chief party spokesman Kudeb Saikrachang and Kan Thiankaew announced on 13 September that caretaker prime minister Somchai Wongsawat, caretaker justice minister Sompong Amornwiwat and PPP Secretary-General Surapong Suebwonglee were PPP’s candidates for premiership post. However, Suriyasai Katasila of People's Alliance for Democracy (a group of royalist businessmen, academics and activists), vowed to continue its occupation of Government House if a PPP candidate would be nominated: "We would accept anyone as prime minister, as long as he is not from the PPP."

The ruling People Power Party, on 15 September, 2008, named Somchai Wongsawat, candidate for prime minister to succeed Samak Sundaravej. Somchai Wongsawat was ratified by the National Assembly of Thailand as Prime Minister of Thailand on the 17th September, winning 263 votes against 163 votes for Abhisit Vejjajiva.

Meanwhile the Supreme Court will rule Wednesday in a corruption case against Thaksin and his wife, to be promulgated after the parliament vote for the new prime minister.

October violence

Chamlong's arrest

On October 4 and 5, 2008, respectively, Chamlong Srimuang and rally organizer, Chaiwat Sinsuwongse, of People's Alliance for Democracy, were detained by the Thai police led by Col. Sarathon Pradit, by virtue of August 27 arrest warrant for insurrection, conspiracy, illegal assembly and refusing orders to disperse (treason) against him and eight other protest leaders. At the Government House, Sondhi Limthongkul, however, stated demonstrations would continue: "I am warning you, the government and police, that you are putting fuel on the fire. Once you arrest me, thousands of people will tear you apart." Srimuang's wife, Ying Siriluck visited him at the Border Patrol Police Region 1, Pathum Thani. Other PAD members still wanted by police include Sondhi, activist MP Somkiat Pongpaibul and PAD leaders Somsak Kosaisuk and Pibhop Dhongchai.

Clashes and the siege of Parliament

Armed PAD forces surrounded Parliament and used razor wire barricades to prevent the legislature from meeting to hear Samak's replacement, Somchai Wongsawat, formally announce his policies. Police dispersed the protesters, some of which were armed with guns and improvised "ping-pong" explosives, causing over a hundred of injuries and the death of PAD supporter Angkhana Radappanyawut. One additional PAD leader was killed when the bomb in his car went off in front of the headquarters of the Chart Thai Party, a member of the government coalition. Several protesters lost their hands and legs, although it was not clear whether these injuries were caused by tear gas rounds or the ping-pong grenades. Pornthip Rojanasunand, Director of the Central Institute of Forensic Science, claimed that the loss of one particular PAD member's leg could not have been the result of tear gas usage, but came from a more powerful explosion. After viewing photographs of Angkhana Radappanyawut's injuries, Pornthip Rojanasunand suggested unequivocally that the death was caused by the explosion of a tear gas canister. She also stated that there was no need to conduct further investigations into the death and injuries of protesters because it became clear that they were caused by weapons of police.

Afterwards, Doctor Suthep Kolcharnwit of Chulalongkorn Hospital led a campaign calling for doctors to refuse medical care to police injured during the clashes. Doctors from several major Bangkok hospitals joined him in his campaign. Doctor Suthep Kolcharnwit of the Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Medicine along with several doctors from also refused to provide medical care to police injured in the clash, and urged doctors of other hospitals to boycott police as well,

Afterwards, the PAD formally renounced non-violence and vowed bloody revenge. Deputy Prime Minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh resigned and admitted partial responsibility for the violent clashes. Soon afterwards, over 5,000 demonstrators returned and also blocked all four entries to the parliament building.

The protesters attempted to take 320 parliamentarians and senators hostage inside the Parliament building, cutting off power, and forcing Somchai Wongsawat to escape by jumping a back fence after his policy address. But other trapped legislators failed to leave and flee from the mob. The six-week sit-in and siege on the area beside the near prime minister’s office forced the government to transfer its activities to a former international airport.

Queen's appearance

On October 13, 2008, Queen Sirikit presided over the funeral ceremony of Angkhana Radappanyawut, the PAD supporter who had died during the protests. The Queen was accompanied by her daughter Chulabhorn, Army Chief Anupong Paochinda, Opposition Leader Abhisit Vejjajiva, and many high-ranked officials, but no signs of any police personnel. The Queen received a jubilant welcome from thousands of PAD supporters.

The Queen had a conversation with the deceased's father, Jinda Radappanyawut, who later said that she was concerned for the welfare of the protesters and "would soon send us flowers". She also conversed with PAD Leader Sondhi Limthongkul, who declined to unveil the particulars, citing that it was just a personal and insignificant business.

Previously, the revered Queen has donated ฿1 million to cover the medical expenses of those on both sides injured in the clashes. The protesters claimed the royal granted money as a gesture of support, though it went to injured police officers as well as protesters. The King also granted monetary contributions to the deceased's family.

Since the royal appearances above were unprecedented in the Thai history, many academicians and media deemed they were "unusual" and could be an "explicit royal backing to a five-month street campaign to oust the elected government". Historian David Streckfuss of the University of Wisconsin-Madison noted that no Thai social activists slain in the last decade ever had royal attendance at their funerals, "so it is interesting to note that in this case - a conflict that is controversial and ongoing - that a member of the royalty should apparently show support."

Airport seizures

Seizure of Suvarnabhumi International Airport

Main article: Seizure of Suvarnabhumi International Airport

On the evening of Tuesday 25 November 2008, the PAD executed what they called "Operation Hiroshima." A convoy of hundreds of armed PAD members dressed in yellow blocked the two ends of the road in front of the terminal building of Suvarnabhumi International Airport and blockaded the main road to the airport. The airport is Bangkok's main airport and an important regional hub. PAD forces quickly overpowered hundreds of policemen armed with riot gear. PAD leaders mounted a mobile stage and proceeded to criticize the government. PAD members armed with clubs, iron bars and knives, with some wearing black balaclavas, then entered the terminal, much to the surprise of the thousands of travellers inside.

Armed PAD forces also forced their way into the control tower, demanding the flight plan for Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat's return from the APEC summit in Peru. Somchai flew into Bangkok Don Muang airport on the evening of 25 November 2008 before flying on to Chiang Mai. All Suvarnabhumi flights were soon canceled, leaving thousands of travelers stranded in the airport.

The government called on the Royal Thai Army to restore order at the airport. The Army did not follow the orders. In a press conference on 26 November, Army Commander General Anupong Paochinda proposed that the PAD withdraw from the airport and that the government resign. He also proposed that if the PAD did not comply, that they be subject to "social sanctions", whereas if the government did not comply, that the bureaucracy stop implementing government orders. A written copy of the proposal was sent to the government. Neither the PAD or the government complied with the proposal.

At 4:30 AM on the morning of 26 November, three explosions were heard on the fourth floor of Suvarnbumi on the outside of the passenger terminal. Another explosion was reported at 6 AM. Several people were injured. It was not clear who set off the explosions. The PAD did not allow the police or forensics experts to investigate the explosions.

Attempts to evict the PAD

Also on 26 November, the Civil Court issued an injunction ordering the PAD to leave the Suvarnabhumi International Airport immediately. Notices of the injunction were placed on the front doors of the houses of the 13 PAD leaders. The PAD did not comply with the injunction.

On the evening of 27 November, the government declared a state of emergency around the two occupied airports and ordered police to clear out PAD forces. The state of emergency allowed the military to ban public gatherings of more than five people. The Navy was assigned to aid police at Suvarnabhumi, while the Air Force was assigned to aid police at Don Muang. The Army's spokesman noted, "The army disagrees with using troops to resolve the problem. The army does not want to do that, and it is not appropriate to do that."

The PAD was defiant. PAD leader Suriyasai Katasila announced that the PAD would fight off police. "If the government wants to clear the protesters, let it try. The PAD will protect all locations because we are using our rights to demonstrate peacefully without causing damages to state properties or rioting," Suriyasai said. Suriyasai also threatened to use human shields if police attempted to disperse the PAD.

On the morning of 28 November, PAD leader Chamlong Srimuang announced to PAD forces that he had received a call from an unspecified "senior person" (ผู้ใหญ่ท่านหนึ่ง) telling him to end the rallies. But he refused to do what the senior person told him. "For the past 108 days, the Alliance has protested together under hardship, while another group of people has remained in comfort. They can't just suddenly ask us to stop protesting," he told the assembled forces. Addressing supporters on ASTV, Sondhi said, "If we have to die today, I am willing to die. This is a fight for dignity."

Police manned checkpoints on roads leading to the airport. At one checkpoint, police found 15 home-made guns, an axe and other weapons in a Dharma Army six-wheel truck taking 20 protesters to Suvarnabhumi airport. One checkpoint, about 2 kilometers from the airport, was attacked by armed PAD forces in vehicles, causing the police to withdraw. Police Senior Sgt Maj Sompop Nathee, an officer from the Border Patrol Police Region 1, later returned to the scene of the clash and was detained by PAD forces. He was interrogated by Samran Rodphet, a PAD leader, and then detained inside the airport. Reporters and photographers tried to follow Sompop to his interrogation, but PAD forces did not allow them. PAD supporters were moved from Government House to the airport.

With the exception of one airplane leaving for the Hajj, no flights with passengers were allowed for eight days. The PAD has been apologetic to inconvenienced foreigners in the airports and offered them food.

End of the siege

Shortly after the Constitutional Court dissolved the three parties of the government coalition on 2 December 2008, the PAD held a press conference where they announced that they were ending all of their protests as of 10 AM local time (GMT 7+) on 3 December 2008. "We have won a victory and achieved our aims," said Sondhi Limthongkul.

Flights from Suvarnabhumi resumed on 4 December, when a Thai Airways flight departed for Sydney, Australia. Thai Airways expected to have five other international flights departing on 4 December and 5 December to New Delhi, Tokyo, Frankfurt, Seoul, and Copenhagen. Passengers for these flights had to check in at a convention centre outside the airport.

Views on the Seizure

Democrat Party

Democrat Party MP for Sukhothai, Samphan Benchaphon, said of the airport seizure that the PAD "have the right to do it." Democrat Party MP for Bangkok, Thawil Praison, said that the PAD "could seize the airport and doing so is not excessive. The entire world understands that this is a normal matter in the struggle of democratic countries."

International reactions

The governments of China, France, New Zealand, Singapore, Britain, the United States, Australia and Japan warned their citizens to avoid Thailand and steer clear of protesters at the airport.

The European Union urged the protesters to peacefully leave the airports. EU ambassadors to Thailand wrote in a joint statement that the demonstrators are hurting Thailand's image and economy, continuing "While respecting the right of protesting and without interfering in any way with the internal political debate in Thailand, the EU considers that these actions are totally inappropriate".

US State Department spokesman Gordon Duguid said that occupying the airports was "not an appropriate means of protest" and that the PAD should "walk away from the airports peacefully."

Closure of Bangkok Don Muang Airport

On the night of 26 November 2008, the services at the Don Mueang Airport were stopped after the People's Alliance for Democracy seized control of the domestic passenger terminal.

A bomb exploded near a bunker made of tires near the main entrance to the passenger terminal at Don Muang Airport at 3.55 AM on 30 November. Before the explosion occurred, about seven gunshots were heard from the direction of a warehouse deeper inside the airport compound. No one was injured in the explosion. It was not clear who or what set the bomb off.

A plainclothes policewoman at the airport was identified and captured by PAD security forces and forced onto the main PAD stage inside the airport. Angry PAD protesters threw water at her and many tried to hit her. She was eventually allowed to leave the airport.

Flights from Don Mueang Airport are expected to begin again on 5 December.

Constitutional Court ruling on Parties' Dissolution

Prior to the decision

In December 2008, the Constitutional Court was scheduled to rule on whether or not to dissolve the PPP, Chart Thai, and Matchima Thippatai parties on electoral fraud charges. If the parties were dissolved, executives of the parties could have their political rights stripped for five years. However, non-executive MPs of the parties have the right to change parties for a period of time after the court decision. 37 PPP executives were also MPs, although 8 had resigned, leaving only 14. If the PPP was to be dissolved, the number of MPs they have would fall from 233 to 219. Out of Chart Thai's 43 executives, 19 of them are MPs. No Matchima executives are MPs. Thus, if the Constitutional Court dissolved all three parties, the government coalition would reduce in size to 283 out of a total of 447 MPs in Parliament – a majority is 224. The opposition Democrat Party has only 164 MPs. If all the non-PPP parties allied with the Democrats, they would have a total of 228 MPs – only 4 MPs above a majority.

The site for the court decision was changed from the Constitutional Court to the Supreme Administrative Court after UDD supporters surrounded the Constitution Court. The Supreme Administrative court was protected by Royal Thai Army troops armed with M16 rifles. The Constitutional Court handed down its decision immediately after hearing closing comments from the Chart Thai party.

Summary of Decision

Prior to the delivery of decision, judge Chat Chonlaworn, President of the nine-judge panel, remarked that:

The Court’s trials at this time are independent, and not interfered or compelled by any political influences. The provisions under the Constitution are taken as the Court’s guidance in trying these cases. And in this kind of political circumstances in our Country, certain sectors would favour with the outcome of the trials while the others would not; however, the Court ask for the faith and trust in it... The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, Buddhist Era 2550 (2007) contains the spirits to justify the elections, especially, through providing the provisions to prevent electoral fraud, such as vote buying. The vote buying is one of countless means chronically practiced by the politicians to be able to win the election; but, it is a severe offence and detrimental to the democratic development as well as the Country, for the politicians, after having come into the power, are brazen-faced in wrongfully seeking for self-interests in order to benefit their future elections. The Constitution, hence, attempts to pitch out this unceasing unpropitious circle, and promotes the politicians, whose heart and hands are so devoted, to participate in bringing about the advantages to the Country.

Following the decision

Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat was, therefore, disqualified by the Court's decision, and replaced in a caretaker capacity by Chaovarat Chanweerakul, the Deputy Prime Minister.

The PPP issued a statement calling the ruling a "judicial coup", and called into question the court's procedures, for instance, allowing all the PPP's witnesses only 2 hours to speak. It also noted that the wife of one of the judges was an active PAD member, and said that these and other irregularities would likely lead the Thai people to call the integrity of the court into question and see the ruling as an alternative means of accomplishing a coup. Former PPP MPs and members founded the For Thais Party to prepare for the event that the PPP should be banned, and PPP members immediately started joining the For Thais Party.

Reelections for the 26 constituencies of the banned executive members from the three parties were held on 11 December 2008.

On 6 December 2008, the opposition Democrat Party announced it had garnered sufficient support from former coalition partners of PPP and their splinters to be able to form a government, while For Thais claimed the same, adding that it had already been joined by more than a third of MPs. The coalition partners of the Democrat Party appeared to be most of the dissolved Thai Nation Party and Neutral Democratic Party, the Thais United National Development Party, For the Motherland and the "Friends of Newin" faction, a splinter of the banned PPP.

On 15 December 2008, Abhisit Vejjajiva was elected the new Prime Minister. Army commander and co-leader of the 2006 coup, General Anupong Paochinda, was widely reported to have coerced PPP MPs to defect to the Democrat Party. PAD leader Khamnoon Sitthisamarn and junta-appointed Senator called Abhisit's premiership a "genuine PAD victory" and a "Anupong-style coup d'etat." The circumstances of his ascent to power closely linked Abhisit to the Bangkok elite, the Army and the Royal Palace.

April 2009 states of emergency

Accusations against Prem Tinsulanonda and resulting protests

In March 2009, Thaksin Shinawatra claimed via video broadcast that Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda masterminded the 2006 military coup, and that Prem and fellow Privy Councilor members Surayud Chulanont and Chanchai Likhitjittha conspired with the military to ensure that Abhisit became Premier. Although Abhisit denied the accusations, hundreds of thousands protested in Bangkok early April demanding that Abhisit resign from the Premiership and that Prem, Surayud, and Chanchai resign from the Privy Council. Thaksin openly called for a "peoples revolution" to overcome the amatayathipatai (bureaucratic policy; government run by traditional elites) influences of the Abhisit government.

Pattaya protests

The protests, led by the red-shirted National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) expanded to Pattaya, the site of the Fourth East Asia Summit. Violent clashes occurred between the UDD and blue-shirted government supporters. The Straits Times reported that both sides used sticks, stones, clubs, molotov cocktails, and "small bombs" in the clashes. The protests and clashes escalated, causing the summit to be cancelled. Abhisit declared a state of emergency in the areas of Pattaya and Chonburi on April 11. Visiting leaders were evacuated from the venue by helicopter to a nearby military airbase that had been Suvarnabhumi's replacement during the PAD's airport sieges of 2008. Legislation authorizing emergency decrees was originally drafted and pushed through Parliament in 2005 by the Thaksin government, provoking charges of authoritarianism at the time by the Democrats. Under the state of emergency, gatherings of more than five people are prohibited and the press was not permitted to present news which could incite worry.

Bangkok unrest

As the week-long Songkran (Thai New Year) holiday began, protests escalated in Bangkok. Protesters used cars, buses, and in one location LPG tankers to take control of several locations in central Bangkok. Fighting erupted between anti-government protesters, government supporters, and the general population. At a demonstration in front of Prem's residence, a PAD supporter plunged her car into a crowd of UDD protesters before driving away. Abhisit declared a state of emergency for Bangkok and surrounding areas due to heightened escalation of tension and denounced the anti-government protesters as "national enemies".

Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva declared another state of emergency in Bangkok and surrounding areas on 12 April 2009. Abhisit also issued a decree that empowered the government to censor television broadcasts. A television journalist reported that he was ordered not to show images damaging to the military or government. Before the bloodshed, Thaksin appealed on a D-Station television broadcast for King Bhumibol to intervene and end the showdown.

Despite the restrictions large crowds of protesters continued to meet on the streets and even attacked Abhisit's car as he left the Interior Ministry after declaring the state of emergency. A large crowd gathered outside the prime minister's office and barricades were constructed in an attempt to block access by the military. At one point protesters gained access to the Interior Ministry, in a confrontation with army units where several warning shots were fired, and have barricaded key road junctions and at least one railway. The anti-government protesters have commandeered buses and two armored cars and have blocked access to key government offices, some of them made ready by arming themselves with klewang and petrol bombs. According to BBC news, at least two people were killed in the protests and violent scuffles had already broken out between the army and protestors with several people arrested.

In a pre-dawn raid on Monday April 13, Thai soldiers in full combat kit used tear gas and fired live rounds and training rounds from automatic weapons to clear protesters from the Din Daeng intersection near the Victory Monument in central Bangkok, injuring at least 70 people. The Army later claimed that live rounds were only fired into the air while training rounds were fired at the crowd. Human Rights Watch confirmed that there are some cases where the Army fired live ammunition directly at protesters, but that this only occured when military forces approached protesters throwing Molotov bombs and improvised grenades, firing slingshots, and shooting guns at the troops. The UDD claimed one protester died from gunshot wounds sustained during the military's attack. However, the Army later claimed that the wound was not caused by an M-16, the standard Army rifle. Also on Monday the government ordered the blocking of satellite news station D Station, an affiliate of the UDD which, at the time, was broadcasting the clashes. Several community radio stations were shut down and searched upon suspicion of being supporters of the UDD. Violent clashes at numerous locations in Bangkok continued while arrest warrants were issued for Thaksin and 13 protest leaders. Many protest leaders voluntarily gave themselves in to police on 14 April 2009, ending the violence. Government House protesters were identified and had their photographs taken prior to being released. Soon afterwards, Abhisit revoked Thaksin's ordinary passport (Abhisit had revoked Thaksin's diplomatic passport shortly after taking office) and issued warrants for dozens of other protest leaders.

On 21 April, Abhisit declared a "media war" against the UDD's claims. He also announced the public distribution of millions of VCDs documenting the government's views on the unrest. At the time, the government's emergency and censorship decrees were still in place.

The state of emergency, but not the censorship decree, was lifted on 24 April.

Abhisit's treatment of the UDD prompted criticisms that he was apply one standard for his critics and another standard for his PAD supporters. The Asian Human Rights Commission noted "The obvious differences in how the yellow shirts and red shirts have been treated will only encourage government opponents to resort to increasingly extralegal means to get their way." At the time, warrants had not yet been issued for the PAD's airport seizures that occurred months before, while warrants had been issued for the UDD hours after the military commenced its crackdown.

Deaths, injuries, and damages

According to government figures, over 120 people were injured in the unrest, most of them UDD demonstrators. At least one UDD protester died from gunshot wounds sustained during the military's attack in Din Daeng, although the Army claimed the wound was not caused by their standard firearm. The UDD claimed that at least 6 demonstrators were killed in the the unrest and their bodies hauled away by the military, although the Army rejected the claim. The dead bodies of 2 UDD protesters were found floating in the Chao Phraya river, their hands tied behind their backs and their bodies badly beaten, although police had yet to conclude whether their murders were politically motivated. Despite the claims, Army chief Anupong Paochinda swore on his life that no lives were lost as a result of his security operations.

Abhisit aide Satit Wongnontaey claimed that two Bangkok residents were shot dead by red shirted protesters in clashes in Din Daeng. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration estimated that it had incurred 10 million Baht (approximately 300,000 USD) in property damages, including 31 damaged and burned buses. Standard & Poor's lowered Thailand's local currency rating to "A-" from "A", although Finance Minister Korn Chatikavanij claimed this would increase the government's borrowing cost minimally.

Shooting of Sondhi Limthongkul

Sondhi Limthongkul, leader of the Peoples Alliance for Democracy, was shot early in the morning of 17 April 2009. Gunmen firing M-16 and AK-47 rifles shot out his tires at a petrol station and sprayed over 100 bullets into Sondhi’s car, wounding Sondhi and seriously wounding his driver. The attackers escaped the scene when Sondhi's followers in another car opened fire on them. Sondhi suffered one wound to the head but was conscious, standing, and lucid before being sent to the hospital for surgery. Sondhi survived the surgery and was visited by relatives afterwards.

Sondhi's son, Jittanart Limthongkul, blamed factions within the military and the Abhisit government of being behind the assassination attempt:

"A new form of war is emerging -- it's being launched by the collusion of certain police and military officers. They are plotting a new coup. It is said that a minister, who is said to be involved in the attempted assassination of a privy councillor, is actively behind this new exercise."

Privy Councillor Charnchai Likitjitta had recently allegedly been the target of an assassination plot. The Criminal Court has issued an arrest warrant for a close aide to Deputy Prime Minister and senior Democrat Party figure Sanan Kachornprasart, on the grounds that the aide masterminded the alleged assassination attempt on privy councillor Charnchai Likitjitta.

However, foreign minister and former PAD leader Kasit Piromya speculated that Thaksin was behind the assassination attempt:

"Thaksin failed on the populist movement and now I think he has resorted to some sort of assassination attempt."

Kasit revealed that he had planned to have lunch with the Sondhi on the day of the attack. Kasit also claimed that himself, Abhisit, Finance Minister Korn Chatikavanij, and Deputy Prime Minister Suthep Thaugsuban were planned targets for assassination, and that he was guarded by several fully armed marines.

International reactions

According to CNN, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon he was disappointed by the delay of the 14th ASEAN Summit, stating that "I understand the circumstances that led the Thai government to take this difficult decision. While I had hoped to have exchanges with the leaders of ASEAN and its dialogue partners, I continue to look forward to engaging again with them in the near future. I strongly value the long-standing relationship between ASEAN and the United Nations, and their cooperation in various fields. I hope for an early restoration of normalcy in Thailand and for the settlement of differences through dialogue and peaceful means."

Human Rights Watch condemned the violence. "Soldiers and police who used force beyond what was needed should not escape investigation and prosecution. The government cannot only prosecute protest leaders or they will make a mockery of Thai law," said the group's Asia director.

Travel advisories

Following the protests at the summit, a number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Hong Kong, New Zealand and Singapore have issued new travel advisories for their citizens.. As of 27 April 2009, Hong Kong already lift the travel advisory to Thailand.

Money laundering allegations against Thaksin Shinawatra

Shortly before the April unrest, Privy Councilor General Pichitr Kullavanijaya claimed to the Thai media that former US ambassador to Thailand Ralph "Skip" Boyce told him that Thaksin had laundered 100 billion baht (US$2.8 billion) through Cayman Island bank accounts and was using the funds to organize the anti-government protests. Thaksin strongly denied the charges and filed a defamation suit against the royal advisor in a Thai court. Ambassador Boyce was reported to have told numerous people that he has no idea why he was cited by Privy Councilor Pichitr, and that he has no such information about the alleged money laundering.

Bhumibol and the 2006 coup

On 20 April 2009, Thaksin claimed in an interview with the Financial Times that King Bhumibol had been briefed by Privy Councillors Prem Tinsulanonda and Surayud Chulanont about their plans to stage the 2006 coup. He claimed that General Panlop Pinmanee, a leader of the People's Alliance for Democracy, had told him of the briefing.

The Thai embassy in London immediately denied Thaksin's claims. Coup leaders had earlier revealed that they started planning for the coup in approximately February 2006. Former National Security Council head Prasong Soonsiri claimed that he and Sonthi Boonyaratklin had been planning a coup as early as July 2006, but that Surayud and Prem were not yet involved at the time. The King had an audience with Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda at the same time as the First Special Forces were ordered mobilised. The purpose of the audience was reported to concern a meritmaking ceremony for the Queen's late mother. In a 23 April interview with the Financial Times, Abhisit also denied the claims, noting "We checked up on the answer and the meeting referred to did not in any way discuss the coup." Editor Thanong Khanthong of The Nation newspaper also denied Thaksin's claim, noting “As a matter of fact, His Majesty did not personally approve the 2006 coup.”

Economic effects

As the crisis is ongoing and fluid, the final economic consequences of the crisis are as yet unclear. After a state of emergency was declared on 2 September 2008, the SET Index reached its lowest point since January 2007 at 655.62; it had fallen 24.7% since the beginning of the PAD’s demonstrations in May 2008. The baht hit a one-year low of 34.52 per US dollar, prompting the Bank of Thailand to intervene.

The PAD seizure of Don Muang and Suvarnabhumi Airports is estimated to have cost the Thai economy at least three billion Baht (approximately US$100 million) a day in lost shipment value and opportunities. As of 1 December 2008, the number of stranded passengers was estimated at anywhere from over 100,000 to 350,000. The April 2009 unrest was reported to have caused nearly 10 million Baht (approximately 300,000 USD) in property damages to the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, including 31 damaged and burned buses.

Political effects

The long term political consequences of the crisis are as yet unclear. The crisis, and particularly the siege of Suvarnabhumi Airport, saw a rise in international press coverage on Thailand, with numerous high-profile articles breaking Thai taboos about public discussion of the role of the monarchy in the crisis as well as the succession. There was a decline in the popularity of the PAD among the Bangkok elite as the crisis escalated and increasingly affected the economy. The crisis saw increasing polarization in Thai political thinking, with David Streckfuss of the Council on International Educational Exchange noting that it "shattered the myth of unity that has been papered over the many social and political cleavages in Thailand." The judiciary was increasingly seen as a tool of the elite, having flagged the government for even the tiniest infractions while refusing to rein in the growing violence of the PAD.

In 2009, there was growing concern about a perceived double standard in how the UDD's protests were treated compared to how the PAD's 2008 protests were treated. Contrasts were drawn between the light touch used by security forces in 2008 against royalist protesters and the thousands of troops who forcibly dislodged the UDD from Bangkok’s streets in 2009. The Abhisit government several Internet sites linked to the UDD as well as a satellite television station that carried live broadcasts of the protests. By contrast ASTV, a satellite station run by the PAD, was never shut down.

The 2009 protests also saw two distinct camps emerge within the UDD: one camp that protested to support Thaksin and those that protested against the Abhisit government and the bureaucratic polity that was perceived to be supporting the government.

See also

• History of Thailand since 1973
• Politics of Thailand

References

• "Thai PM turns to parliament to try to defuse protests". AFP. 2008-08-31. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• "Thai protesters, police scuffle as turmoil escalates". AFP. 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• AFP, Thai ruling party leaders back Somchai for PM
• AFP, Thai police arrest second anti-govt protest leader
• AFP, Thai PM turns to parliament to defuse protest siege, 30 August 2008
• The Age, "Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters"
• AP, Strike by Thai anti-government forces falls flat, 3 September 2008
• AP, ap.google.com, Thai leader forced to resign over TV cooking show
• AP, Thai ruling party re-nominates leader as PM
• AP, Thai deputy prime minister resigns
• "No Quitting". Bangkok Post.
• Bangkok Post, Electric shocks, sparks, drainage lids deter police, 30 August 2008
• Bangkok Post, Airports still shut, trains not running
• Bangkok Post, Coalition parties to hold meeting this evening
• Bangkok Post, Somchai, Sompong are candidates for PM
• Bangkok Post, Parliament confirms Somchai
• Bangkok Post, Wife of Chamlong visits him after arrest
• Samak and Anupong Sitting in a Tree.... (2008, 3 September). Bangkok Post. [Online]. Available: http://bangkokpundit.blogspot.com/2008/02/samak-and-anupong-sitting-in-tree.html. (Accessed: 3 September 2008).
• "Thai protesters 'want new coup'". BBC News. 2008-08-26. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• BBC, Thai coalition looks for new PM
• BBC, Samak out of Thai leadership race
• BBC, Thai party names nominee for PM
• BBC News. (2008, 13 October). Thailand's queen mourns protester. [Online]. Available: < http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7666839.stm >. (Accessed: 13 October 2008).
• Bloomberg, Thai deputy prime minister resigns
• Bloomberg, Thailand Postpones Premier Vote After Samak Boycott (Update2)
• CNN, Thai ruling party nominates Samak for PM
• CNN, Thai judges issue warrants to arrest protesters, 27 August 2008
• Constitutional Court, คำวินิจฉัยศาลรัฐธรรมนูญที่ 12-13/2551. [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://www.concourt.or.th/download/Center_desic/51/center12-13_51.pdf. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: 12 กันยายน 2551).
• Declaration of the State of Emergency within the areas of Bangkok Metropolis (2008, 2 September). Government Gazette of Thailand (vol 125, pt 144 D, special issue), p. 1.
• Financial Times, www.ft.com, Bangkok state of emergency lifted
• Krungthep Business. (2551, 13 ตุลาคม). พระราชินีรับสั่งน้องโบว์เป็นเด็กดี 'ช่วยชาติ-รักษาสถาบัน'. [ออนไลน์]. เ้ข้าถึงได้จาก: < http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/2008/10/13/news_302910.php >. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: 13 ตุลาคม 2551).
• Reuters. (2008, 13 October). Thai queen weighs in with anti-govt protesters. [Online]. Available: < http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-35930920081013 >. (Accessed: 13 October 2008).
• Gecker, Jocelyn (2008-09-02). "Thai premier declares emergency in capital". Associated Pres. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• The Guardian, Bangkok protesters hurt in anti-government clashes
• Head, Jonathan (2008-08-27). "Rifts behind Thailand's political crisis". BBC News. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• The Irrawaddy, PAD Protesters, Police in Tense Standoff, 27 August 2008
• The Nation, Treason versus Civil Disobedience, 28 August 2008
• The Nation, Tolerance winning the day at Government House — for now, 29 August 2008
• The Nation, Somchai elected new prime minister
• The Nation. (2008, 14 October). Queen attends slain protester's cremation. [Online]. Available: < http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2008/10/14/politics/politics_30085986.php >. (Accessed: 14 October 2008).
• New York Times, Police Arrest Leader of Thai Protests
• New York Times, Thai Protesters Trap Legislators
• People's Daily Online, Thai ruling coalition to submit PM nominee Friday
• Press TV, Samak pulls out of Thai PM vote
• Reuters, 6-Thai deputy PM quits after Bangkok clashes
• Thai foreign minister quits as Bangkok protests drag on. (2008, 3 September). Reuters. [Online]. Available: http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSBKK12612220080903. (Accessed: 3 September 2008).
• Reuters, Thai ruling party picks Thaksin in-law for PM
• Reuters, Thai ruling coalition begins search for new PM
• Sriring, Orathai (2008-09-02). "UPDATE 2-Thai emergency hits baht and shares, but bonds rise". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• Shen Min (2008-08-12). "Thai former Prime Minister seeks asylum in United Kingdom". Xinhua. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• "Thai protesters storm government-run TV station, cut off programming". Southeast Asian Press Alliance. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• The Star, Thai-style democracy, 30 August 2008
• The Star, Thailand democracy at risk, 3 September 2008
• The Straits Times, I won't quit: Samak, 31 August 2008
• Thai Rath, "ข่าวลือสะพัด'เตช'ลาออก หนักใจตอบต่างประเทศ". (2551, 3 กันยายน). ไทยรัฐ. [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://www.thairath.co.th/online.php?section=newsthairathonline&content=102915. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: 3 กันยายน 2551).
• Thai Rath, "อนุพงษ์ชี้'ฉุกเฉิน' แค่ยุตินองเลือด ปัดภารกิจยึดทำเนียบคืน". (2551, 3 กันยายน). ไทยรัฐ. [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: http://www.thairath.co.th/offline.php?section=hotnews&content=102834. (เข้าถึงเมื่อ: 3 กันยายน 2551).
• The Order of the Prime Minister No. 195/2551 Re: Appointment of the Competent Authorities for Remedy of the State of Emergency, dated 2 September 2008. (2008, 2 September). Government Gazette of Thailand, (vol 125, pt 144 D, special issue). pp. 3.
• UPI, upi.com, Bangkok state of emergency lifted
• Wall Street Journal, Thai Police Arrest Another Leader Of Protest as Crackdown Continues
• Wannabovorn, Sutin (2008-08-28). "Thai protest refuses order to leave gov't compound". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• Wannabovorn, Sutin (2008-08-30). "Pressure grows on Thai prime minister to resign". Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
• Washington Post, Ousted Premier Ends Attempt to Get Job Back
• Xinhua, Party spokesman: Samak accepts PM nomination
• Yahoo! News. (2008, 13 October). Thai queen attends funeral for anti-government protester. [Online]. Available: < http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20081013/wl_asia_afp/thailandpoliticsprotestfuneral >. (Accessed: 13 October 2008).

External links

• A list of 63 websites censored by the Abhisit government during the Songkran 2009 unrest