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7th Infantry Division (United States)

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7th Infantry Division
7th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia
ActiveDecember 6, 1917 – September 22, 1921
July 1, 1940 – April 2, 1971
October 21, 1974 – June 16, 1994
October 16, 1999 – June 4, 2006
CountryUnited States United States of America
Allegiance United States Army
BranchActive duty
TypeInfantry division
RoleLight Infantry
SizeDivision
Part of(inactive)
Garrison/HQ(inactive)
Nickname(s)Hourglass;[1] Bayonet[1]
Motto(s)Light, Silent, And Deadly
MarchArirang
Mascot(s)Black Widow Spider
EngagementsWorld War I
World War II
Korean War
Armed Forces Expeditions - Panama
Commanders
Current
commander		(inactive)
Notable
commanders		Lyman Lemnitzer
Arthur Trudeau
Archibald V. Arnold
Joseph Warren Stilwell, Jr.
Insignia
Distinctive Unit Insignia

Template:US Infantry

The 7th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. The division was based at Fort Ord, California for most of its history.

Activated for service in World War I, the division saw brief service in the conflict, but never fought as an entire division. The division is best known for its exploits during World War II, fighting in the Pacific Theater against Japanese forces in the Aleutian Islands, Leyte, and Okinawa, suffering heavy casualties. The division subsequently was stationed in Korea and Japan, and was one of the first units to deploy at the outbreak of the Korean War, where it participated in the Incheon Landings and advanced north until Chinese forces counterattacked and overwhelmed the scattered division. The 7th would later go on to fight in such engagements as the Battle of Pork Chop Hill and the Battle of Old Baldy.

After Korea, the division was returned to the United States where it saw action in Operation Just Cause, Operation Golden Pheasant, and the 1992 Los Angeles Riots. The final duty for the 7th Infantry Division before its inactivation in 2006 was as a training and evaluation unit for Army National Guard brigades. Due to its extensive combat history, the division is highly decorated, and has been featured numerous times in American popular culture.

History

World War I

The 7th Infantry Division was first constituted and activated in the regular army as the 7th Division on December 6, 1917 at Camp Wheeler, Georgia.[2] One month later it organized and prepared for deployment to Europe to participate in World War I as a part of the American Expeditionary Force.[2] Two subordinate brigades were assigned to the division, the 12th Infantry Brigade and the 13th Infantry Brigade.[3] Most of the division sailed to Europe aboard the SS Leviathan.[4]

During its time in France, the division did not participate as a whole in any engagements, though its infantry and reconnaisance elements did engage German forces.[4] On October 11, 1918 the 7th Division first came under shelling attacks. At Saint-Mihiel the division also came under chemical attack.[4] Elements of the 7th probed up toward Prény near the Moselle River, capturing positions and driving German forces out of the region.[4] It was around this time that the division first received its shoulder sleeve insignia.[5]

In early November, the 7th Division began readying itself for an attack on the Hindenburg Line with the Second Army.[4] The division launched a reconnaissance in force on the Voëvre Plain, but before it could begin a full assault, the Allies signed an Armistice ending hostilities.[4] After 33 days on the front lines, the 7th Division suffered 1,988 casualties.[4] It was awarded one campaign streamer for Lorraine.[2] The division performed occupation duties for the next year as it began preparations to return to the continental United States.[6]

The 7th Division returned to the United States in late 1919, and gradually demobilized at Camp George G. Meade, Maryland until 1921.[4] On September 22 of that year, the 7th Division was inactivated.[2]

World War II

On July 1, 1940, the division was reactivated at Camp Ord, California[2] Under the command of Major General Joseph W. Stilwell.[4] The 12th and 13th Brigades did not reactivate, however, and the division was instead centered around three infantry regiments; the 17th Infantry Regiment,[7] the 32nd Infantry Regiment,[7] and the 53rd Infantry Regiment.[4] Also assigned to the division were the 31st, 48th, 49th and 57th Field Artillery Battalions, as well as the 7th Signal Company, the 707th Ordnance Company, the 7th Quartermaster Company, the 7th Reconnaissance Troop, the 13th Engineer Battalion, the 7th Medical Battalion, and the 7th Counter Intelligence Detachment.[7] Most of the soldiers in the division were selective service soldiers, chosen as a part of the US Army's first peacetime military draft.[4]

7th Infantry Division troops negotiate snow and ice during the battle on Attu in May, 1943.

The 7th Infantry Division was assigned to III Corps of the Fourth United States Army,[4] and that year it was sent to Oregon for tactical maneuvers. Division units also practiced boat loading at the Monterey Wharf and amphibious assault techniques at the Salinas River in California.[4] With the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, the division was sent to Camp San Luis Obispo to resume its training as a combat division.[4] The 53rd Infantry Regiment was removed from the 7th Division and replaced with the 159th Infantry Regiment.[4] For the early parts of the war, the division participated mainly in construction and training roles. On April 9, 1942 the division formally redesignated as the 7th Motorized Division.[2] It began training in the Mojave Desert in preparation for deployment to the African theater.[4] However, it was again designated the 7th Infantry Division on January 1, 1943[2] when the motorized equipment was removed from the unit and it became a light infantry division once more. It began rigorous amphibious assault training under US Marines from the Fleet Marine Force, before being deployed to fight in the Pacific theater instead of Africa.[4] General Holland Smith oversaw the unit's training.[8]

Early Campaigns

Elements of the 7th Infantry Division first saw combat in the amphibious assault on Attu Island, the western-most Japanese entrenchment in the Aleutian islands chain. Elements landed on May 11, 1943 spearheaded by the 17th Infantry Regiment, and fought a bitter battle over freezing tundra against fanatically resisting Japanese.[9] The fight for the island culminated in a battle at Chichagof Harbor, when the division destroyed the Japanese resistance and drove them from the island.[9] After American forces secured the island chain, the 159th Infantry Regiment was ordered to stay on the island, and the 184th Infantry Regiment took its place as the 7th Division's third infantry regilemt. The 184th Infantry would remain with the division until the end of the war.[4] In August 1943 elements of the 7th Infantry Division took part in an amphibious assault on Kiska with a brigade from the 6th Canadian Infantry Division, only to find the island deserted by the Japanese.[9] This effort, termed Operation Cottage, marked the end of the Aleutian islands campaign, as the Japanese were driven from the region.

7th Infantry Division soldiers attack a blockhouse during the Battle of Kwajalein.

After the campaign, the division moved to Hawaii where it trained in new amphibious assault techniques on the island of Maui, before returning to Schofield Barracks on Oahu for brief leave. It was reassigned to V Amphibious Corps, a US Marine Corps command.[10] The division left Pearl Harbor on January 22, 1944 for an offensive on Japanese territory.[4] On January 30, 1944 the division landed on islands in the Kwajalein Atoll in conjunction with the 4th Marine Division, and in a week of heavy fighting, wrested them from the Japanese.[11] During this campaign the division captured 47 islands in the atoll, suffering 176 killed and 767 wounded.[4] On February 7, the division departed the atoll and returned to Schofield Barracks.[4]

Elements took part in the capture of Engebi in the Eniwetok Atoll on February 18, 1944. After a week of fighting, the division secured the islands of the atoll.[12] The division then returned to Hawaii to continue training. In June of 1944 General Douglas MacArthur and President of the United States Franklin Roosevelt personally came to Hawaii to review the division.[6] In September of that year it secured Yap Island. Within a month, the division defeated the Japanese on the island and began preparing to join the campaign to retake the Phillippines.[6]

Leyte and Okinawa

Invasion of Leyte Map, October 1944
Soldiers from the 184th Infantry advance on a machine gun nest during the Battle of Leyte.

The 7th Infantry Division left Hawaii on October 11, heading for Leyte.[6] At this time it was under the command of the Sixth United States Army.[4] On October 20, 1944, the division made an assault landing at Dulag, Leyte,[6] and after heavy fighting, the 184th Infantry secured airstrips at Dulag, while the 17th Infantry secured San Pablo, and the 32nd Infantry took Buri.[12] The 17th Infantry troops moved north to take Dagami on October 29, in intense jungle warfare that produced high casualties.[12] The division then shifted to the west coast of Leyte on November 25 and attacked north toward Ormoc, securing Valencia on December 25.[12] An amphibious landing by the 77th Infantry Division effected the capture of Ormoc on December 1944.[12] The 7th Infantry Division joined in the occupation of the city, and engaged the 26th Japanese Infantry Division, which had been holding up the advance of the 11th Airborne Division. The 7th Division's attack proved successful in allowing the 11th Airborne Division to move through,[4] however, the Japanese forces held on stubbornly and proved difficult to drive out of the area. As such, operations to secure Leyte continued until early February 1945.[12] Afterwards, the division began training for an invasion of the Ryiku island chain throughout March of 1945.[6]

The division was reassigned to XXIV Corps of the Tenth United States Army, a newly formed command, and began preparations for the assault on Okinawa.[4] The Battle of Okinawa began on April 1, 1945, when the 7th Infantry Division participated in an assault landing on Okinawa.[12] It drove from the west to the east coast on the first day and engaged in a savage 51-day battle in the hills of southern Okinawa.[12] During the operation the division was bombarded with tens of thousands of rounds of field artillety fire, encountering Japanese armed with spears as it continued its fight across the island.[4] It fought for five continuous days to secure areas around the Nakagusuku Wan and Skyline Ridge. The division also secured Hill 178 in the fighting.[4] It then moved to Kochi Ridge, securing it after a two week battle.[4] After 39 days of continuous fighting, the 7th Infantry Division was sent into reserve, having suffered heavy casualties.[4]

After the 96th Infantry Division secured Conical Hill, the 7th Infantry Division returned to the line. It pushed into positions on the southern Ozato Mura hills, where Japanese resistance was heaviest.[4] It was placed on the extreme left flank of the Tenth Army, taking the Ghinen peninsula, Sashiki, and Hanagusuku, fending off a series of Japanese counterattacks.[4] Despite heavy Japanese resistance and prolonged bad weather, the division continued its advance until June 21, 1945, when the battle ended, having seen 82 days of combat.[4] During the Battle of Okinawa, the soldiers of the 7th Infantry Division killed between 25,000 and 28,000 Japanese soldiers and took 4,584 prisoners.[4] Balanced against this, the 7th Division suffered 1,116 killed, and around 6,000 wounded, to make its total casualties for World War II 8,135[4] during 208 days of combat.[9] The division was slated to participate in Operation Downfall as a part of XXIV Corps under the First United States Army, but these plans were scrapped after the Japanese surrendered following the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[13]

A few days after VJ Day, the division moved to Korea to accept the surrender of the Japanese Army in South Korea.[12] After the war, the division served as an occupation force in Korea and Japan. 7,500 members of the unit returned to the United States, and the 184th Infantry Regiment was reassigned to the California Army National Guard.[4] To replace it, the 31st Infantry Regiment was assigned to the division.[4] The division remained on occupation duty in Korea patrolling the 38th parallel until 1948, when it was reassigned to occupation duty in Japan, in charge of the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.[4]

Korean War

At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the 7th Infantry Division commander, Major General David G. Barr, assembled the division at Camp Fuji near Mount Fujiyama.[4] The division sent large numbers of reinforcements to South Korea, depleting its ranks. To replace them, the Republic of Korea assigned over 8,000 Korean soldiers to the division.[4] Also fighting with the 7th Division for much of the war were members of the three successive Kagnew Battalions sent by Emperor Haile Sellassie of Ethiopia as part of the United Nations forces.[14]

The Incheon Landings

The division paired with the 1st Marine Division under X Corps to participate in the Inchon Landing.[4] X Corps attacked Incheon on September 7, 1950, catching the North Korean Army by surprise.[6] By September 30 the division liberated Seoul with the help of air assets from the 1st Cavalry Division.[6] The next day, the division moved to Pusan for retraining and refitting for a new mission.[6]

The division participated in a second amphibious assault on October 29, landing at Iwon on the east coast. The division advanced to Hyesanjin, on the border with Manchuria by the Yalu River, the northernmost advance for United Nations soldiers of the war. Much of X Corps and the Eighth Army followed behind.[4]

Chinese intervention

Don Faith, leader of Task Force Faith

On November 27, the Chinese Communist Forces entered the war against the United Nations, advancing across the Manchurian border and attacking the Eighth Army in the west and X Corps in the east.[4] During the furious action that followed, the 7th Infantry Division's spread out regiments were unable to resist the overwhelming Chinese forces. 1st Battalion, 32nd Infantry (nicknamed Task Force Faith) was trapped by two Chinese divisions and destroyed in the Chosin Reservoir, while the 31st Infantry suffered heavy casualties trying to fight back the Chinese forces.[4] The scattered elements of the division saw repeated attacks as they attempted to withdrawal to South Korea in late 1950.[4]

The division returned to the front lines in early 1951, spearheaded by the 17th Infantry, which had suffered the fewest casualties from the Chinese offensive. Division elements advanced through Tangyang in South Korea, and blocking enemy threats from the northwest.[4] The division reached full strength and saw action around Cheehon, Chungju, and Pyongchang. The 7th Infantry Division engaged in a series of successful "limited objective" attacks in the early weeks of February. By the end of the month the 17th Infantry was driving against a ridge near the village of Maltari.[4] The division, assigned to IX Corps assaulted and fought a fierce three-day battle culminating with the recapture of the terrain that had been lost near the Hwachon Reservoir just over the 38th Parallel in North Korea. In capturing the town bordering on the reservoir it cut off thousands of enemy troops.[4] The division fought on the front lines until June 1951 when it was assigned to the reserve for a brief rest and refitting.[4]

Stalemate

When the division returned to the lines after another assignment in reserve, it moved to the Heartbreak Ridge sector recently vacated by the 2nd Infantry Division. During this new deployment the division fought in the Battle for Heartbreak Ridge, to take an area of staging grounds for the Korean and Chinese armies.[6] The next year saw the 7th Division engaged in an extended campaign for nearby land, the Battle of Old Baldy.[6] The 7th Division continued to defend "Line Missouri" through September 1952, though it became known as the "Static Line" as UN forces made few meaningful gains in the time.[4]

Corpsmen assist wounded from the 31st Regiment during the Battle of Triangle Hill.

The 7th Infantry Division's Operation Showdown launched in the early morning hours of October 14, 1952, with the 31st Infantry and 32nd Infantry at the head of the attack. The target of the assault was the Triangle Hill complex northeast of Kumhwa.[4] The 7th Infantry Division remained in the Triangle Hill area until the end of October, when it was relieved by the 25th Infantry Division. The division was highly praised by commanders for its tenacty through the fight.[4]

The Division continuted patrol activity around Old Baldy Hill and Pork Chop Hill into 1953. In April, the North Korean Army began stepping up offensive operations against UN forces. During the Battle of Porkchop Hill, the North Koreans overran Pork Chop Hill, but the 7th counterattacked and recaptured the area the next day. On July 6 the Koreans and Chinese launched a determined attack against Pork Chop resulting in five days of fierce fighting with few meaningful results.[4] During this period of fighting an Armistice was signed, ending the war.

During the Korean War, the division totaled 850 days of combat, suffering 15,126 casualties.[4] For the next few years, the division remained on defensive duty along the 38th Parallel, under the command of the Eighth Army.[6]

Post Korean War history

Between 1953 to 1971, the 7th Infantry Division defended the Korean Demilitarized Zone. Its main garrison was Camp Casey, South Korea.[6] During these occupation duties, the division saw a complete reorganization in compliance with the Reorganization Objective Army Divisions plan.[3] The division's former headquarters company grew into the 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Division while the 13th Infantry Brigade became the 2nd Brigade, 7th Infantry Division.[3] The 14th Infantry Brigade redesignated at the 3rd Brigade, 7th Infantry Division.[15] In 1965 the division received its distinctive unit insignia, which alluded to the 7th Division's actions in Korea.[5] On April 2, 1971, the division returned to the United States and inactivated at Fort Lewis, Washington.[2]

Tactical map of Operation Just Cause.

In October 1974 the 7th reactivated at its former garrison, Fort Ord.[2] The unit did not see any action in Vietnam or during the post war era, but was tasked to keep a close watch on South American developments. It trained at Fort Ord, Camp Roberts, and Fort Irwin. On October 1, 1985 the division redesignated as the 7th Infantry Division (Light), organized again as a light infantry division.[6] It was the first US division specially designed as such. The various battalions of the 17th, 31st, and 32nd Regiments moved from the division, replaced by battalions from other regiments, including battalions from the 21st Infantry Regiment, the 27th Infantry Regiment, and the 9th Infantry Regiment. The 27th Infantry and the 9th Infantry Regiment participated in Operation Golden Pheasant in Honduras.[16] In 1989 the 7th Infantry Division participated in Operation Just Cause in Panama.[16]

In 1991 the Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the closing of Fort Ord due to the escalating cost of living on the Central California coastline. By 1994, the garrison closed the Division subsequently relocated to Fort Lewis, Washington.[17] Elements of the division (the entire 2nd Brigade, to include its Headquarters and Headquarters Company, and other assigned military police companies) participated in one final mission in the United states before deactivation; quelling the 1992 Los Angeles Riots, called Operation Garden Plot.[18] In 1993 the division moved to Fort Lewis and began the process of deactivation following the post-Cold War drawdown of the US Army. The 1st Brigade renamed as the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Infantry Division while the 2nd Brigade inactivated and the 3rd Brigade of the 7th renamed as the 1st Brigade of the 25th Infantry Division.[3] The division headquarters formally inactivated on June 16, 1994 at Fort Lewis.[2]

Active Component/Reserve Component

In the wake of the Cold War, the US Army considered new options for the integration and organization of Active duty, Army Reserve and Army National Guard units in training and deployment. Two division headquarters activated in the active duty component for training National Guard units. The 7th Infantry Division and the 24th Infantry Division headquarters were selected.[19] The subordinate brigades of the divisions did not activate so they could not be deployed as divisions, however their active duty status would allow the headquarters to focus on the national guard units under them full time.[20]

The Headquarters company of the 7th Infantry Division (Light) formally reactivated on 4 June 1999, at Fort Carson, Colorado, as the first Active Component/Reserve Component division.[2] The reserve formations that made up the 7th Infantry Division included the 39th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Arkansas National Guard, the 41st Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oregon National Guard and the 45th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Oklahoma National Guard.[16] Fort Carson became the new headquarters for the division.[16]

The division headquarters also provided training assistance in preparation for Small Scale Contingency Operations rotations, Joint Readiness Training Center rotations, Brigade Command and Battle Staff Training rotations and annual training for its subordinate units.[16] As a part of this commitment, the 7th Infantry Division headquarters would deploy a Division Tactical Command Post to serve as higher headquarters for training and field exercises, evaluating and coordinating the units as they trained. It would also conduct quarterly Unit Status Report Briefs with the three brigades to discuss readiness and resource issues affecting those units, ensuring that they were at peak performance should they be needed.[16]

To expand upon the concept of Reserve component and National Guard components, the First Army activated Division East and Division West, two commands responsible for training reserve units' readiness and mobilization exercises. Division West, activated at Fort Carson.[21] This transformation was part of an overall restructuring of the US Army to streamline the organizations overseeing training. The Division West took control of reserve units in 21 states west of the Mississippi River, eliminating the need for the 7th Infantry Division headquarters.[21] As such it was subsequently deactivated for the last time on August 22, 2006 at Fort Carson.[2]

Honors

Unit decorations

Ribbon Award Year Notes
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation 1950 for the Inchon Landings
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation 1950–1953 for service in Korea
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation 1945–1948; 1953–1971 for service in Korea
Phillipine Presidential Unit Citation 1944–1945 for service in the Phillipines during World War II

Campaign streamers

Conflict Streamer Year(s)
World War I Lorraine 1918
World War II Aleutian Islands 1943
World War II Eastern Mandates 1944
World War II Leyte 1945
World War II Ryukyus 1945
Korean War UN Defensive 1950
Korean War UN Offensive 1950
Korean War CCF Intervention 1950
Korean War First UN Counteroffensive 1950
Korean War CCF Spring Offensive 1951
Korean War UN Summer-Fall Offensive 1951
Korean War Second Korean Winter 1951–1952
Korean War Korea, Summer-Fall 1952 1952
Korean War Third Korean Winter 1952–1953
Korean War Korea, Summer 1953 1953

Legacy

Medal of Honor recipient Einar Ingman Jr..

With its long history, the 7th Infantry Division has been featured several times in popular culture. The 7th Infantry Division appeared in Tom Clancy's novel Clear and Present Danger.[22] The division is also featured in Ranger: Simulation of Modern Patrolling Operations, a video game developed by US Army veterans.[23]

People who served in the 7th Infantry Division later went on to achieve notability in the military or other fields, including Heisman Trophy winner Pete Dawkins,[24] future US Air Force General and aviation pioneer Ira C. Eaker,[25] astronomer Philip Fox, [26] Canadian politician Fred Bass, and Young-Oak Kim the first minority commander of a US Army combat battalion. [27]

Additionally, many high ranking generals served in the 7th Infantry Division for a time before moving on to higher commands, including Generals William F. Kernan, Arthur E. Brown, Jr.,[28] Henry I. Hodes, Andrew P. O'Meara,[29] William R. Richardson,[30] Edwin H. Burba, Jr.,[31] and Berton E. Spivy, Jr.. Lieutenant Generals Robert Arter, Robert Sink, Claire E. Hutchin, Jr. and Scott C. Black[32] also served with the division, along with Major Generals Galen B. Jackman and Jens A. Doe.[33]

Fifteen men were awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for actions while serving with the 7th Infantry Division. Three of these were awarded during World War II — Leonard C. Brostrom, John F. Thorson, and Joe P. Martinez — whilst the another twelve members of the division received the Medal of Honor for their actions during the Korean War. They were: Charles H. Barker, Raymond Harvey, Einar H. Ingman, Jr., William F. Lyell, Joseph C. Rodriguez, Richard Thomas Shea, Jack G. Hanson, Ralph E. Pomeroy, Edward R. Schowalter, Jr., Benjamin F. Wilson, Don C. Faith, Jr., and Daniel D. Schoonover.[34][35]

References

  1. ^ a b "Regular Army / Army Reserve Special Designation Listing". United States Army Center of Military History. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Lineage and Honors Information: 7th Infantry Division". The United States Army Center for Military History. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  3. ^ a b c d McGrath, p. 188.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az "7th Infantry Division Homepage: History". 7th Infantry Division. 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  5. ^ a b "The Institute of Heraldry: 7th Infantry Division". The Institute of Heraldry. 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "7th Infantry Division Homepage: Chronological History". 7th Infantry Division. 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
  7. ^ a b c Almanac, p. 592.
  8. ^ "General Holland McTyeire Smith, USMC". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
  9. ^ a b c d Almanac, p. 524.
  10. ^ Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle - Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War, 1939 - 1945. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31906-5.
  11. ^ Marshall, S. L. A. (2001). Island Victory: The Battle of Kwajalein Atoll. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8272-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Almanac, p. 525.
  13. ^ Allen, Thomas B. (1995). Code-Name Downfall. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684804069. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Varhola, Michael J. Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950-1953. 2000, page 134.
  15. ^ McGrath, p. 189
  16. ^ a b c d e f "GlobalSecurity.org: 7th Infantry Division". GlobalSecurity. 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  17. ^ "GlobalSecurity.org: Fort Ord". GlobalSecurity. 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  18. ^ "GlobalSecurity.org: Operation Garden Plot". GlobalSecurity. 2003. Retrieved 2009-04-27. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  19. ^ [www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/acrc/96-10.doc "Memorandum for Reserve Component Coordination Council"]. United States Army Forces Command. 2009-05-02. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  20. ^ "Report to the Secretary of Defense (2000)". United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  21. ^ a b "First Army Division West: About Us". First United Stated Army Public Affairs. Retrieved 2009-05-03.
  22. ^ Clancy, Tom (1989). Clear and Present Danger. Putnam Press. ISBN ISBN 0-399-13440-9. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  23. ^ Ranger: Simulation of Modern Patrolling Operations (Omega Games), 1984.
  24. ^ "Dete Dawkins Homepage: Biography". Pete Dawkins. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  25. ^ "Ira C. Eaker Biography". United States Air Force. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  26. ^ Menke, David H. Phillip Fox and the Adler Planetarium, 1987, Planetarium, Vol 16, #1.
  27. ^ "The Many Firsts of Col. Young-oak Kim". Digital Chosunilbo (English Edition) : Daily News in English About Korea. Seoul. August 19, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-04. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  28. ^ "Interview with Arthur Brown Jr" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. Retrieved 2009-05-02.. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  29. ^ "Arlington National Cemetary: Pick O'Meara". Patterson, Micheal Robert. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  30. ^ "William Richardson Biography". National Infantry Museum and Foundation. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  31. ^ "Edwin Burba Biography". National Infantry Museum and Foundation. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
  32. ^ "The Judge Advocate General, U.S. Army Major General Scott C. Black". The Judge Advocate General's Corps Leadership. Retrieved 2006-08-07. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |publishers= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ McCartney, Wiliam F. (1948), The Jungleers: A History of the 41st Infantry Division, Washington, D.C.: Infantry Journal Press, pp. 190–191, ISBN 1432588176
  34. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients - Vietnam (A-L)". United States Army. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  35. ^ "Medal of Honor Recipients - Vietnam (M-Z)". United States Army. Retrieved 2008-04-24.

Sources

  • McGrath, John J. (2004). The Brigade: A History: Its Organization and Employment in the US Army. Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-4404-4915-4.
  • Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. 1959. ISBN ASIN B0006D8NKK. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
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