Regions of Europe
 |
Europe is often divided into regions due to geographical, cultural or historical criteria. Some common divisions are as follows.
Directional divisions
Groupings by compass directions are the hardest to define in Europe, since (among other issues) the pure geographical criteria of "east" and "west" are often confused with the political meaning these words acquired during the Cold War Era.
The geographic scheme in use by the United Nations includes all of the above subregions, save Central Europe.
There are also physical geographic regions such as the central up-lands and the European plain
Historical divisions
Europe can be divided along many differing historical lines, normally corresponding to those parts that were inside or outside a particular cultural phenomenon, empire or political division. The areas varied at different times, and so it is arguable as to which areas fell into certain areas (e.g. are Germany or Britain to be considered Roman Europe as they were only part of the Empire for a brief period, or are the countries of the former communist Yugoslavia to be considered part of Eastern Europe since it was not in the Warsaw Pact ).
- Roman and Non-Roman Europe: those parts that were inside the Roman Empire.
- Greek Europe and Latin Europe: those parts that fell into the eastern (Byzantine) and western Roman Empires.
- Christendom and Pagan Europe: those lands that did and did not observe Christianity in the Middle Ages.
- Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Europe: those parts on either side of the Great Schism.
- Protestant and Catholic Europe: those parts that, in the main, left the Catholic Church during the Reformation contrasted with those that did not.
- Civil Code and Common Law Europe: Those parts that adopted a Napoleonic Code style system and those that retained a Common Law system.
- Communist (eastern) Europe and Capitalist (western) Europe: those parts on either side of the Iron Curtain.
- New Europe and Old Europe: Those parts that did and did not support the 2nd Iraq War.
Linguistic-cultural regions in Europe
This can often be a controversial division due to many complicating factors. In Europe areas often have more than one language, such as the Canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. It is also common for linguistic and cultural ties to not be analogous, such as in Scotland in the UK. Finally, there are sometimes competing theories as to cultural and linguistic ties, such as Hungary's relationship to Finland, Turkey, Central Asia and Central Europe:
Germanic Europe
Germanic Europe is where the Germanic languages are spoken. This area corresponds more or less to North-Western Europe and some parts of Central Europe. This region consists of: the United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Germany, Austria, The Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Swedish-speaking Finland, German-speaking Switzerland, Alsace and parts of Lorraine, South Tyrol and the Flemish and German parts of Belgium.
Latin Europe
Latin Europe, where the Romance languages are spoken. This area corresponds more or less to south-western Europe, with the exception of Romania and Moldova which are situated in Eastern Europe. This area consists of Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Romania, Moldova, French-speaking Belgium, French and Italian speaking Switzerland and Italian speaking Croatia.
Slavic Europe
Slavic Europe, where the Slavic languages are spoken. This linguistic and not necessarily cultural area corresponds more or less to Central and Eastern Europe. This area consists of: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine.
Celtic Europe
Celtic Europe, where Celtic languages are spoken, or where they were recently spoken and the population has kept its Celtic heritage for non-linguistic reasons. The Celtic nations are: Ireland, Wales, Cornwall (within the United Kingdom), the Isle of Man (a British Crown dependency), Scotland, and Brittany (within France). These are all nations where a Celtic language is spoken, or was spoken into modern times, and there is a degree of shared culture (see Pan Celticism).
Uralic Europe
Uralic Europe where Uralic languages are widely spoken, include Hungary, Finland, and Estonia. The region mostly corresponds to these nations.
Baltic Europe
Baltic Europe, where the Baltic languages are spoken. The area corresponds to that of Latvia and Lithuania.
Hellenic Europe
Hellenic Europe, where the Hellenic languages are spoken. This relates to Greece, other islands around Greece, and Cyprus.
Outside of this classification
Outside of these seven main groups we can find :
Malta, which has close linguistic ties to the Semitic World, yet close cultural ties to Italy and Catholic Europe.
Turkey, which speaks an Altaic language that is not related to other European languages.
The Basque Country, where the Basque language has continued while Indo-European languages have displaced other languages in Europe over the past 5000 years.
Peninsulas
- The Balkan peninsula is located in southeast Europe and is generally considered to comprise the following countries:
- Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania (some parts), Serbia, Slovenia (depending on the definition) and Turkey (European part)
- Located in the south of Europe, the Italian peninsula contains the states of Italy, San Marino and the Vatican City
Other groupings
- Benelux, or the Low Countries
- Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
- the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man, and the Republic of Ireland
- Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Iceland
- Scandinavia: Sweden, Norway, Denmark
- Fennoscandia: Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Karelia; a geological region defined by the Fennoscandian shield
- The states which have the Alps as a prominent part of their geography.
- Austria, Switzerland (Swiss Alps), Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Germany (Bavaria) France and Italy.
- The states that lie along the River Danube.
- Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Ukraine.
- A Central European group representing a historical alliance.
- Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary
- Mediterranean nations
- Mediterranean nations are those nations bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Excluding African countries these are the following:
- Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, and Malta
- Describing the concentration of the wealth/economic productivity of Europe in a banana-shaped band running from London, through Benelux, eastern France, western Germany to northern Italy.
Regions of Europe by country
This template must be substituted. Replace {{Template for discussion ...}} with {{subst:Template for discussion ...}}.
References
- ^ The term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland where its use is objected by the government of the Irish Republic and many of its citizens. (See British Isles naming dispute).