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Ardennais

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Ardennes
Ardennes Stallion
Other namesArdennais
French Ardennais
Belgian Ardennes
Country of originFrance, Belgium, Luxembourg
Traits
Distinguishing featuresDraft horse breed that stands between 15-16 hands.

The Ardennes or Ardennais is one of the oldest breeds of draft horse, and originates from the Ardennes area in Belgium, Luxembourg and France. They are heavy-boned with thick legs and are used for draft work. The Ardennes is found in many colors, although black horses are very rare and are not allowed to be registered with the breed registry. Their history reaches back to Ancient Rome, and throughout the years blood from several other breeds has been added to the Ardennes, although only the Belgian breed had any significant impact. The first Ardennes were imported to the United States in the early 20th century, and the first breed registry was established in Europe in 1929. The horses have been used throughout history as war horses, both as cavalry mounts and to draw artillery, and are used today mainly for heavy draft and farm work, meat production and competitive driving events. They have also been used to influence or create several other horse breeds throughout Europe and Asia.

Description

Ardennes generally stand between 15 and 16 hands (60 and 64 inches, 152 and 163 cm) high, and weigh between 1,540 to 2,200 pounds (700 to 1,000 kg). Their heads are heavy, with a broad face and a straight or slightly convex profile. Their conformation is broad and muscular, with a compact body, short back, and short, sturdy legs with strong joints. Their fetlocks are feathered. Their coats may be bay, roan, chestnut, gray, or palomino.[1] Bay and roan are the two most common colors.[2] Black is very rare and is excluded from registration.[3] White markings are small, usually restricted to a star or blaze. The breed matures early, and they are said to be easy keepers, economical to feed despite their size. The Ardennes is a free-moving, long-striding breed, despite their compact body structure.[2]

History

Grazing Ardennes

The Ardennes breed could be a direct descendent of the prehistoric Solutre horse, and is thought to be descended from the type of horse described by Julius Caesar in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico.[1] Caesar described these horses of Belgium as "rustic, hard and tireless", and recommended them for use in heavy cavalry units. The breed was used by many later Roman emperors for military applications.[4] The breed's ancestors are thought to have been bred for 2,000 years on the Ardennes plains, and it is one of the oldest European heavy draft breeds.[3] In the Roman era, the breed stood only around 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm) high. Later, Napoleon added Arabian blood to increase stamina and endurance and used the breed in his Russian campaign.[1] Percheron, Boulonnais and Thoroughbred blood were also added, although they had little impact.[5] In the 19th century, Belgian draft blood was added to give the breed the heavier conformation it has today.[1] The extra weight and size was desired to turn the breed into a very heavy draft breed, after their role as an artillery horse had diminished through the advent of mechanization, as well as a desire for a meat animal. The breed increased in size from an average of 1,210 pounds (550 kg) to their current weight,[2] which at the same time had the consequence of reducing their vigor and endurance.[6] Breed registries have been in existence since 1929.[1] Today there are three separate studbooks in France, Belgium and Luxembourg, although there is extensive interbreeding between the three. The Ardennes Horse Society of Great Britain was also formed in the late 20th century to preserve and promote the horses of that country,[2] but today is not recognized as a studbook or passport issuing organization by the British government[7] and may not exist in any form.

It is difficult to determine when the first Ardennes were imported to the United States because originally, when imported to the United States, Ardennes were eligible for registration with the now-defunct National French Draft Horse Association of America[8] or French Draft Horse Society. This organization published a stud book and registered six individual French draft breeds as one breed, combining the information so that no totals of individual breeds are known. Many of these horses were imported to the United States with their breed being considered simply "French draft" and no individual type being specified.[9] Some Ardennes horses imported to the United States before 1917 were called Belgians when they were imported and subsequently registered as Belgians.[10] Ardennes horses have continued to be imported into the United States from Belgium, with imports occurring as late as 2004.[11]

Uses

An Ardennes in harness

Horses from the Ardennes region were used in the Crusades in the 11th century by knights led by Godfrey of Bouillon.[2] They were used during the 1600s by Marshal Turenne as remounts for his cavalry.[6] In the French Revolution, they were considered to be the best artillery horse available, due to their temperament, stamina and strength.[12] Napoleon used large numbers of Ardennes to pull artillery and transport supplies during his 1812 Russian campaign. They were said to be the only breed used by Napoleon that was hardy enough to withstand the winter retreat from Moscow, which they did while pulling a large amount of the army's wagon train.[5] They were also used to pull artillery in World War I, when they were depended upon by the French and Belgian armies. Their calm, tolerant disposition, combined with their active and flexible nature, made them an ideal artillery horse.[2] The breed was considered so useful and valuable that when the Germans established the Commission for the Purchase of Horses in October 1917 to capture Belgian horses, the Ardennes was one of two breeds specified as important, the other being the Brabant.[13]

Today, the breed is used mainly for meat, due to the extensive musculature. However, they are increasingly used for farm, forest and leisure work. Their nimble action, stamina and good temper make them increasingly used for competitive driving across Europe, and they have also been used as mounts for therapeutic horseback riding.[2] The breed is known for its ability to work in rough, hilly terrain.[3]

The Ardennes has been used to create several breeds and subgroups, including the Baltic Ardennes and Russian Heavy Draft.[3] They are closely related to the Auxois breed, and were used in the 1920s to improve the Comtois by adding size. The Swedish Ardennes is a sub-group of the breed well established in that country, where it is in demand for use in forestry.[2] The Ardennes was used, along with the Breton and the Anglo-Norman, to create the Sokolsky horse.[14] The Trait Du Nord was created through a mixture of Ardennes and Belgian blood.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Bongianni, Maurizio (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. Simon & Schuster, Inc. p. 92. ISBN 0671660683.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Pinney, Charlie (2000). "The Ardennes". The Working Horse Manual. Farming Press. p. 24-25. ISBN 0852364016.
  3. ^ a b c d "Ardennes". Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
  4. ^ Hewitt, Mrs J.C. (October 1998). "A Brief History of the Ardennes Horse". The Joy of Horses. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
  5. ^ a b c Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p. 262-63. ISBN 1564586146.
  6. ^ a b Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 1976). Points of the Horse (7th Revised ed.). New York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. p. 374. ISBN ASIN: B000UEYZHA. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
  7. ^ "Horse passports- organisations issuing horse passports". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. April 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  8. ^ Bailey, Liberty Hyde (1910). Cyclopedia of American Agriculture:A Popular Survey of Agricultural Conditions, Practices and Ideals in the United States and Canada (3rd ed.). Macmillan. p. 460-461.
  9. ^ Harper, Merritt Wesley (1913). Management and Breeding of Horses. Orange Judd Co. p. 183.
  10. ^ Annual Report. New York (State) Dept. of Agriculture. 1917. p. 73.
  11. ^ "Horses of a Different Culture". St. Petersburg Times Online. June 18, 2004. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  12. ^ Swinney, Nicola Jane (2006). Horse Breeds of the World. Globe Pequot. p. 160. ISBN 1592289908.
  13. ^ Tucker, Spencer (1996). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 52. ISBN 081533351X.
  14. ^ Hayes, Capt. M. Horace, FRCVS (1969, Reprinted 1976). Points of the Horse (7th Revised ed.). New York, NY: Arco Publishing Company, Inc. p. 403. ISBN ASIN: B000UEYZHA. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: year (link)
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