Northern and southern China

Northern China (Chinese: 华北; pinyin: Huáběi) and Southern China (pinyin: Huánán), also referred to in China as simply (Chinese: 北方; pinyin: Běifāng) the North and (Chinese: 南方; pinyin: Nánfāng) the South, are two approximate regions within China. The exact boundary between these two regions has never been precisely defined. Nevertheless, the self-perception of Chinese people, especially regional stereotypes, has often been dominated by these two concepts.

Extent

The geographical dividing line between northern and southern China is the Huai River-Qinling Mountains line. This line approximates the 0 degree January isotherm and the 800 mm isohyet in China.

Culturally, however, the division is more ambiguous. In the eastern provinces like Jiangsu and Anhui, however, the Yangtze River may instead be perceived as the north-south boundary instead of the Huai River, but this is a recent development.

There is an ambiguous area, the region around Nanyang, Henan, that lies in the gap where the Qinling has ended and the Huai River has not yet begun; in addition, central Anhui and Jiangsu lie south of the Huai River but north of the Yangtze, making their classification somewhat ambiguous as well. As such, the boundary between northern and southern China does not follow provincial boundaries; it cuts through Shaanxi, Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu, and creates areas such as Hanzhong (Shaanxi), Xinyang (Henan), and Xuzhou (Jiangsu) that lie on an opposite half of China from the rest of their respective provinces. This may have been deliberate; the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and Han Chinese Ming Dynasty established many of these boundaries intentionally to discourage regionalist separatism.

Areas often thought of as being outside "China proper", such as Manchuria, and Inner Mongolia, are also conceived as belonging to either northern or southern China according to the framework above. Xinjiang and Tibet are, however, not usually conceived of as being part of either north or south.

History

The concepts of northern and southern China originate from differences in climate, geography, culture, and physical traits; as well as several periods of actual political division in history. Northern China is too cold and dry for rice cultivation (though rice is grown there today with the aid of modern technology) and consists largely of flat plains, grasslands, and desert; while Southern China is warm and rainy enough for rice and consists of lush mountains cut by river valleys. Historically, these differences have led to differences in warfare during the pre-modern era, as cavalry could easily dominate the northern plains but encountered difficulties against river navies fielded in the south. There are also major differences in language, cuisine, culture, and popular entertainment forms.

File:China ling 90.jpg

The Qinling Mountains and Huai River approximately separate northern Mandarin-speaking regions on the one hand, and southwestern Mandarin-, eastern Mandarin-, and non-Mandarin-speaking regions on the other. ("Mandarin" and "Southern" on this map refer to Sinitic languages, while other groups are not Sinitic.)

Episodes of division into North and South include:

Three Kingdoms (220-280)
Sixteen Kingdoms (317-420) and Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-960)
Southern Song Dynasty (1127–1279) and Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)
Warlord era (1916–1928)

The Southern and Northern Dynasties showed such a high level of polarization between North and South that northerners and southerners referred to each other as barbarians; the Mongol Yuan Dynasty also made use of the concept: Yuan subjects were divided into four castes, with northern Han Chinese occupying the second-lowest caste and southern Han Chinese occupying the lowest one.

Today

In modern times, North and South is merely one of the ways that Chinese people identify themselves, and the divide between northern and southern China has been complicated both by a unified Chinese nationalism and as well as by local loyalties to province, county and village which prevent a coherent Northern or Southern identity from forming.

During the Deng Xiaoping reforms of the 1980s, South China developed much more quickly than North China leading some scholars to wonder whether the economic fault line would create political tension between north and south. Some of this was based on the idea that there would be conflict between the bureaucratic north and the commercial south. This has not occurred to the degree feared in part because the economic faultlines eventually created divisions between coastal China and the interior, as well as urban and rural China, which run in different directions from the north-south division, and in part because neither north or south has any type of obvious advantage within the Chinese central government. In addition there are other cultural divisions that exist within and across the north-south dichotomy.

Stereotypes

Nevertheless, the concepts of North and South continue to play an important role in regional stereotypes.

Northerner:

Is taller and bigger
Has small, slit-like, and/or slanty eyes with single eyelids (i.e. an epicanthal fold)^[1]
Has a longer rugged face (possibly with considerably more facial hair than southerners)
Has lighter skin color^[2]^{[unreliable source?]}
Speaks a northern Mandarin dialect
Eats wheat-based food rather than rice-based food^[3]

Southerner:

Is shorter and smaller
Has a smooth, round face
Has almond-shaped eyes with double eyelids^[1]
Has darker skin color^[2]^{[unreliable source?]}
Speaks a southern dialect such as Yue (Cantonese), Wu, Hakka, Xiang or Min
Eats rice-based food rather than wheat-based food^[3]

Note that these are very rough stereotypes, and are greatly complicated both by further stereotypes by province (or even county) and by real life. Though many of these are considered to be stereotypes, there are some studies illustrates variation of physiological differences.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Classifcation of Races. Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. (2006). World Almanac Education Group
^ ^a ^b Skin colour map, colourlovers.com
^ ^a ^b Regions of Chinese food-styles/flavours of cooking, University of Kansas
^ http://www.find-health-articles.com/rec_pub_18222443-clinal-variation-chinese-height-weight-evidence-descendants-emigrants.htm

Brues, Alice Mossie (1977). People and Races. Macmillan series in physical anthropology. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0023156700.
Eberhard, Wolfram (1965). "Chinese Regional Stereotypes." Asian Survey, 5(12), 596-608.
Lamprey, J. (1868). "A Contribution to the Ethnology of the Chinese." Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, 6, 101-108.
Morgan, Stephen L. (2000). "Richer and Taller: Stature and Living Standards in China, 1979–1995." The China Journal, (44), 1-39.
Muensterberger, Warner (1951). "Orality and Dependence: Characteristics of Southern Chinese." In Psychoanalysis and the Social Sciences, (3), ed. Geza Roheim (New York: International Universities Press).