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Whitechapel murders

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A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street
The "Nemesis of Neglect", an image of social destitution manifested as Jack the Ripper, stalks Whitechapel in a Punch cartoon of 1888

The Whitechapel murders were eleven unsolved brutal murders of women that were committed in the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London, between 3 April 1888 and 13 February 1891.

Most, if not all, of the victims—Emma Elizabeth Smith, Martha Tabram, Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, Mary Jane Kelly, Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, Frances Coles, and an unidentified woman—were prostitutes. Smith was sexually assaulted and robbed by a gang. Tabram was stabbed 39 times. Nichols, Chapman, Stride, Eddowes, Kelly, McKenzie and Coles had their throats cut. Eddowes and Stride were both killed on the same night, mere minutes and less than a mile apart, and the two murders were given the nickname the "double event". The bodies of Nichols, Chapman, Eddowes and Kelly had abdominal mutilations of increasing severity. Mylett was strangled. The body of the unidentified woman was dismembered, and the exact cause of her death is unclear.

Investigations were conducted by the Metropolitan Police Service, joined after the "double event" by the City of London Police. Private organisations, such as the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, were also involved in the search for the killer or killers. Despite their efforts, and several arrests, the culprit or culprits evaded identification and capture. At various points some or all of the killings have been ascribed to the notorious, but elusive, individual known as Jack the Ripper.

Context

At this period Whitechapel was reckoned as the most notorious criminal rookery in London.[1] Assistant Police Commissioner Robert Anderson recommended it to "those who take an interest in the dangerous classes" as one of London's prime criminal "show places".[2] Robbery and violence were commonplace. The district was characterised by extreme poverty, sub-standard housing, homelessness, drunkenness and endemic prostitution. These factors were focused in the institution of the common lodging-house, which provided cheap communal lodgings for the desperate and the destitute, amongst whom the Whitechapel murder victims were numbered.[3] All the identified victims resided at the heart of the rookery in Spitalfields, including three in George Street (later named Lolesworth Street), two in Dorset Street, two in Flower and Dean Street and one in Thrawl Street.[4]

Murders

Emma Smith

Map of about a dozen interconnecting London streets
Map of the Spitalfields rookery showing the streets where the victims were resident. Emma Elizabeth Smith, 45, was attacked near the junction of Osborn Street and Brick Lane (red circle). She resided at a common lodging-house at 18 George Street (later named Lolesworth Street), one block west of where she was attacked.[5]

On Tuesday 3 April 1888, following the Easter Monday bank holiday, prostitute Emma Elizabeth Smith was viciously assaulted and robbed at the junction of Osborn Street and Brick Lane, Whitechapel, in the early hours of the morning. Though injured, she survived the attack and managed to walk back to her lodging house at 18 George Street, Spitalfields. She told the deputy-keeper, Mary Russell, that she was attacked by two or three men, one of whom was a youth. Mrs Russell took Smith to the London Hospital, where medical examination revealed that a blunt object had been inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and died at 9 a.m. 4 April 1888.[6] On 7 April, the inquest was conducted by the coroner for East Middlesex, Wynne Edwin Baxter, who would also conduct inquests on nine of the other victims. The local inspector of the Metropolitan Police Service, Edmund Reid of H Division Whitechapel, investigated the attack but the culprits were never caught.[7] Walter Dew, who was a Detective Constable stationed with H Division at the time, later wrote that he thought that Smith was the first victim of Jack the Ripper,[8] but his colleagues suspected it was the work of a criminal gang.[9] Smith claimed that she was attacked by a group of men, but either refused to or could not describe them. Prostitutes were often managed by gangs, and Smith could have been attacked by her pimps as a punishment for disobeying them, or as part of their intimidation.[10] She may not have identified her attackers because she feared reprisal, and her murder is unlikely to be connected with the later killings.[11][12]

Martha Tabram

Black and white head shot of a well-fed middle-aged woman taken after death
Martha Tabram, 39, resided at a lodging-house at 19 George Street.[13]

On Tuesday 7 August, following a Monday bank holiday, prostitute Martha Tabram was murdered at about 2:30 a.m. Her body was found at George Yard Buildings, George Yard, Whitechapel. She had been stabbed 39 times with a short blade. On the basis of statements from a fellow prostitute, and PC Thomas Barrett who was patrolling nearby, Inspector Reid put soldiers at the Tower of London and Wellington Barracks on an identification parade, but without positive results.[14] The police did not connect the murder with Smith's, but they did connect it with the later murders.[15] Most experts today do not connect it with the other killings, as Tabram was stabbed whereas the later victims were slashed, but a connection cannot be ruled out.[16]

Mary Ann Nichols

Black and white head shot of dead middle-aged woman with short, mousey hair and a prominent, narrow nose
Mary Ann Nichols, 43, resided at a lodging-house at 18 Thrawl Street.[17]
Profile sketch of the head and shoulders of a whiskered man
Inspector Frederick Abberline led the police investigation

On Friday 31 August, prostitute Mary Ann Nichols was murdered in Buck's Row (since renamed Durward Street), a back street in Whitechapel. Her body was discovered by cart driver Charles Cross at 3:45 a.m. on the ground in front of a gated stable entrance. Her throat had been slit twice from left to right and her abdomen mutilated with one deep, jagged wound, several incisions across the abdomen, and three or four similar cuts on the right side caused by the same knife used violently and downwards.[18] As the murder had occurred in the territory of the J or Bethnal Green Division of the Metropolitan Police, it was initially investigated by the local detectives. On the same day James Monro resigned as the head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) over differences with Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Sir Charles Warren.[19] Initial investigations into the murder had little success, though elements of the press linked it to the two previous murders and suggested the killing might have been perpetrated by a gang, as in the case of Smith.[20] The Star newspaper instead suggested a single killer was the culprit and other newspapers took up their storyline.[21] Suspicions of a serial killer at large in London led to the secondment of Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore and Walter Andrews from the Central Office at Scotland Yard.[22] On the available evidence, Coroner Baxter concluded that Nichols was murdered at just after 3 a.m. where she was found. In his summing up, he dismissed the possibility that her murder was connected with those of Smith and Tabram since the lethal weapons were different in those cases, and neither of the earlier cases involved a slash to the throat.[23] However, by the time Nichols' inquest took place, a fourth woman had been murdered, and Baxter noted "The similarity of the injuries in the two cases is considerable."[24]

Annie Chapman

Black and white head shot of a dead middle-aged woman with short, curly hair
Annie Chapman, 47, resided at a lodging-house at 35 Dorset Street.[25]

The horribly mutilated body of the fourth woman, prostitute Annie Chapman, was discovered at about 6:00 a.m. on Saturday 8 September on the ground near a doorway in the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. Chapman had left her lodgings at 2 a.m on the day she was murdered, with the intention of getting money from a client to pay her rent.[26] Her throat was cut from left to right, and she had been disembowelled, with her intestines thrown out of her abdomen over each of her shoulders. The morgue examination revealed that part of her uterus was missing. The pathologist, George Bagster Phillips, was of the opinion that the murderer must have possessed anatomical knowledge to have sliced out the reproductive organs in a single movement with a blade about 6–8 inches (15–20 cm) long.[27] However, the idea that the murderer possessed surgical skill was dismissed by later experts.[28] As the bodies were not examined extensively at the scene, it has also been suggested that the organs were actually removed by mortuary staff, who took advantage of bodies that had already been opened to extract organs that they could then sell as surgical specimens.[28]

On 10 September, the police arrested a notorious local called John Pizer, who was dubbed "Leather Apron" and had a reputation for terrorising local prostitutes. His alibis for the two most recent murders were corroborated, and he was released without charge.[29] At the inquest one of the witnesses, Mrs Elizabeth Long, testified that she had seen Chapman talking to a man at about 5:30 a.m. just beyond the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, where Chapman was later found. Coroner Baxter inferred that the man Mrs Long had seen was the murderer. Mrs Long described him as over forty, a little taller than Chapman, of dark complexion, and of foreign, "shabby-genteel" appearance.[30] He was wearing a deer-stalker hat and dark overcoat.[30] Another witness, carpenter Albert Cadosch, had entered the neighbouring yard at 27 Hanbury Street at about the same time, and heard voices in the yard followed by the sound of something falling against the fence.[31]

Black and white photograph of a man with a moustache wearing a bowler hat, topcoat, and leather gloves. He holds a cane in the left hand, and a cigar in the right.
George Lusk, President of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee.

In his memoirs Walter Dew recorded widespread panic in London due to the killings.[32] A mob attacked the Commercial Road police station, on the suspicion that the police were harbouring the murderer there.[33] Samuel Montagu, the Member of Parliament for Whitechapel, offered a reward of £100 (roughly £14,000 today) after suppositions by the public that the attacks were Jewish ritual killings led to anti-Semitic demonstrations.[34] The Whitechapel Vigilance Committee under the chairmanship of George Lusk was founded and offered a reward for the apprehension of the killer—something the Metropolitan Police (under instruction from the Home Office) refused to do because it could lead to false or misleading information.[35] The Committee employed two private detectives to investigate the case.[36]

Robert Anderson was appointed head of the CID on 1 September, but he went on sick leave to Switzerland on the 7th. Superintendent Thomas Arnold, who was in charge of H (Whitechapel) Division, went on leave on 2 September.[37] The absence of Anderson left overall direction of the enquiries confused, and led Chief Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson to co-ordinate the investigation from Scotland Yard.[38] A German hairdresser called Charles Ludwig was taken into custody on 18 September on suspicion of the murders, but he was released less than two weeks later when a double murder demonstrated that the real culprit was still at large.[34][39]

Double event: Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes

Black and white head shot of a dead woman with angular features and a wide mouth
Elizabeth Stride, 44, resided at a lodging-house at 32 Flower and Dean Street.[40]

On Sunday 30 September, the body of prostitute Elizabeth Stride was discovered at about 1 a.m. in Dutfield's Yard, inside the gateway of 40 Berner Street (since renamed Henriques Street), Whitechapel. She was lying in a pool of blood with her throat cut from left to right. She had been killed just minutes before, and her body was otherwise unmutilated. It is possible that the murderer was disturbed before he could commit any mutilation of the body by someone entering the yard, perhaps the body's discoverer Louis Diemschutz.[41] However, some commentators on the case conclude that Stride's murder was unconnected to the others[42] on the basis that the body was unmutilated, that it was the only murder to occur south of Whitechapel Road,[43] and the blade used might have been shorter and of a different design.[41] Most experts, however, consider the similarities in the case distinctive enough to connect Stride's murder with at least two of the earlier ones, as well as that of Catherine Eddowes on the same night.[44]

At 1:45 a.m. Catherine Eddowes' horribly mutilated body was found by PC Edward Watkins at the south-west corner of Mitre Square, in the City of London, about 12 minutes walk from Berner Street.[45] She had been killed less than 10 minutes before by a slash to the throat from left to right with a sharp, pointed knife at least 6 inches (15 cm) long.[46] Her face and abdomen were mutilated, and her intestines were drawn out over the right shoulder with a detached length between her torso and left arm. Her left kidney and most of her womb were removed. The Eddowes inquest was opened on 4 October by S. F. Langham, coroner for the City of London. The examining pathologist, Dr Frederick Gordon Brown, believed the perpetrator "had considerable knowledge of the position of the organs" and from the position of the wounds on the body he could tell that the murderer had knelt to the right of the body, and worked alone.[47] However, the first doctor at the scene, local surgeon Dr George William Sequeira, disputed that the killer possessed anatomical skill or sought particular organs.[48] His view was shared by City medical officer William Sedgwick Saunders, who was also present at the autopsy.[49] Due to the location of this murder the City of London Police under Detective Inspector James McWilliam were engaged in the enquiry.[50]

Black and white head shot of a dead woman whose lower face is severely mutilated
Catherine Eddowes, 46, lived with partner John Kelly in a lodging-house at 55 Flower and Dean Street.[51]

At 3 a.m. a blood-stained fragment of Eddowes' apron was found lying in the passage of the doorway leading to 108 to 119 Goulston Street, Whitechapel, about a third of a mile from the murder scene. There was chalk writing on the wall of the doorway, which read either "The Juwes are the men that will not be blamed for nothing"[52][53] or "The Juwes are not the men who will be blamed for nothing."[54] At 5 a.m., Commissioner Warren attended the scene and ordered the words erased for fear that they would spark anti-Jewish riots.[55] Goulston Street was on a direct route from Mitre Square to Flower and Dean Street, where both Stride and Eddowes lived.[56]

The Middlesex coroner, Wynne Baxter, believed that Stride had been attacked with a swift, sudden action.[57] She was still holding a packet of cachous (breath freshening sweets) in her left hand when she was discovered,[58] indicating that she had not had time to defend herself.[59] A grocer, Matthew Packer, implied to private detectives employed by the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee that he had sold some grapes to Stride and the murderer; however, he had told police that he had shut his shop without seeing anything suspicious.[60] At the inquest, the pathologists stated emphatically that Stride had not held, swallowed or consumed grapes.[61] They described her stomach contents as "cheese, potatoes and farinaceous powder [flour or milled grain]".[62] Nevertheless, Packer's story appeared in the press.[63] Packer's description of the man did not match the statements by other witnesses who may have seen Stride with a man shortly before her murder, but all the descriptions differed.[64] Joseph Lawende passed through Mitre Square with two other men shortly before Eddowes was murdered there, and may have seen her with a man of about 30 years old, who was shabbily-dressed, wore a peaked cap, and had a fair moustache.[65] Chief Inspector Swanson noted that Lawende's description was a near match to another provided by one of the witnesses who may have seen Stride with her murderer.[66] However, Lawende stated that he would not be able to identify the man again, and the two other men with Lawende were unable to give descriptions.[67]

Criticism of the Metropolitan Police and the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews, continued to mount as little progress was made with the investigation.[68] The City Police and the Lord Mayor of London offered a reward of £500 (roughly £70,000 today) for information leading to the capture of the villain.[69] The use of bloodhounds to track the killer in the event of another attack was considered, but idea was abandoned because the trail of scents was confused in the busy city, the dogs were inexperienced in an urban environment, and the owner was concerned that the dogs would be poisoned by criminals if their role in crime detection became known.[70]

On 27 September, the Central News Agency received a letter, dubbed the "Dear Boss" letter, in which the writer, who signed himself "Jack the Ripper", claimed to have committed the murders.[71] On 1 October, a postcard, dubbed the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and also signed "Jack the Ripper", was received by the agency. It claimed responsibility for the most recent murders on 30 September, and described the murders of the two women as the "double event", a designation which has endured to this day.[72]

On Tuesday 2 October, an unidentified female torso was found in the basement of New Scotland Yard, which was under construction. It was linked to the Whitechapel murders by the press, but it was not included in the Whitechapel murders file, and any connection between the two is now considered unlikely.[73] The case became known as the Whitehall Mystery.[73] On the same day, the psychic Robert James Lees visited Scotland Yard and offered to track down the murderer using paranormal powers; the police turned him away and "called [him] a fool and a lunatic".[74]

The head of the CID, Anderson, eventually got back from holiday on 6 October and took charge of the investigation for Scotland Yard. On 16 October, George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee received another letter claiming to be from the killer. The handwriting and style were unlike that of the "Dear Boss" letter and "Saucy Jacky" postcard. The letter arrived with a small box containing half of a human kidney preserved in alcohol. The letter's writer claimed that he had extracted it from the body of Eddowes and that he had "fried and ate" the missing half.[75] Opinion on whether the kidney and the letter were genuine was and is divided.[76]

Mary Kelly

Black and white photograph of an eviscerated human body lying on a bed. The face is mutilated.
The body of Mary Jane Kelly, 25, photographed at the scene of her murder.

On Friday 9 November, prostitute Mary Jane Kelly was murdered in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller's Court, behind 26 Dorset Street, Spitalfields.[77] One of the earlier victims, Chapman, had lived in Dorset Street, and another, Eddowes, was reported to have slept rough there.[78] Kelly's severely mutilated body was discovered shortly after 10:45 a.m. lying on the bed. The first doctor at the scene, Dr George Bagster Phillips, believed that Kelly was killed by a slash to the throat.[79] After her death, her abdominal cavity was sliced open and all her viscera removed and spread around the room. Her breasts had been cut off, her face mutilated beyond recognition, and her thighs partially cut through to the bone, with some of the muscles removed.[80] Unlike the other victims, she was undressed and wore only a light chemise. Her clothes were folded neatly on a chair, with the exception of some found burnt in the grate. Inspector Abberline thought the clothes had been burnt by the murderer to provide light, as the room was otherwise only dimly lit by a single candle.[81] Kelly's murder was the most savage, probably because the murderer had more time to commit his atrocities in a private room rather than in the street.[82] Her state of undress and folded clothes have led to suggestions that she undressed herself before lying down on the bed, which would indicate that she was killed by someone she knew, by someone she believed to be a client, or when she was asleep, or insensible from drink.[83]

The coroner for North East Middlesex, Dr Roderick Macdonald, MP,[84] presided over the inquest into Kelly's death at Shoreditch Town Hall on 12 November.[85] Amid scenes of great emotion, an "enormous crowd" of mourners attended Mary Kelly's funeral on 19 November.[86] The streets became gridlocked and the cortège struggled to travel from Shoreditch mortuary to the Roman Catholic Cemetery at Leytonstone, where she was laid to rest.[86]

On 8 November, Charles Warren resigned as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police after the Home Secretary informed him that he could not make public statements without Home Office approval.[87] James Monro, who had resigned a few months earlier over differences with Warren, was appointed as his replacement in December.[88] On 10 November, the police surgeon Thomas Bond wrote to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, detailing the similarities between the five murders of Nichols, Chapman, Stride, Eddowes and Kelly, "no doubt committed by the same hand".[89] On the same day, the Cabinet resolved to offer a pardon to any accomplice who came forward with information that led to the conviction of the actual murderer.[90] The Metropolitan Police Commissioner reported that the Whitechapel murderer remained unidentified despite 143 extra plain-clothes policemen deployed in Whitechapel in November and December.[91]

Rose Mylett

On 20 December 1888, a patrolling constable found prostitute Rose Mylett (also known as Catherine Millett and Lizzie Davis), 29, strangled in Clarke's Yard, High Street, Poplar, London.[92] Mylett had lodged at 18 George Street, as had Emma Smith.[93] Four doctors who examined Mylett's body thought she had been murdered, but Robert Anderson thought she had accidentally hanged herself on the collar of her dress while in a drunken stupor.[94] At Anderson's request Dr Bond examined Mylett's body, and agreed with Anderson.[95] Monro also suspected it was a suicide or natural death as there were no signs of a struggle.[96] The coroner, Wynne Baxter, told the inquest jury that "there is no evidence to show that death was the result of violence".[97] Despite this, the jury returned a verdict of "wilful murder against some person or persons unknown" and the case was added to the Whitechapel file.[98]

Alice McKenzie

Black and white head shot of a dead middle-aged woman with thick lips
Alice McKenzie, 40, resided at a lodging-house at 52 Gun Street.[99]

Alice McKenzie was possibly a prostitute,[100] and was murdered at about 12:40 a.m. on Wednesday 17 July 1889 in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. Like most of the previous murders, her left carotid artery was severed from left to right and there were wounds on her abdomen. However, her wounds were not as deep as in previous murders, and a shorter blade was used. Police Commissioner Monro[101] and one of the pathologists examining the body, Dr Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though another of the pathologists, Dr Phillips, and Robert Anderson disagreed,[102] as did Abberline.[103] Later writers are also divided, and either suggest that McKenzie was a Ripper victim,[104] or that the unknown murderer tried to make it look like a Ripper killing to deflect suspicion from himself.[105] At the inquest, Coroner Baxter acknowledged both possibilities, and concluded: "There is great similarity between this and the other class of cases, which have happened in this neighbourhood, and if the same person has not committed this crime, it is clearly an imitation of the other cases."[106]

Pinchin Street torso

A woman's torso was found at 5:15 a.m. on Tuesday 10 September 1889 under a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel. No other body parts were found, despite a search of the area, and neither the victim nor the culprit were ever identified. Chief Inspector Swanson and Commissioner Monro noted that the presence of blood within the torso indicated that death was not from haemorrhage or cutting of the throat.[107] The pathologists, however, noted that the general bloodlessness of the tissues and vessels indicated that haemorrhage was the cause of death.[108] Newspaper speculation that the body belonged to Lydia Hart, who had disappeared, was refuted after she was found recovering in hospital after "a bit of a spree".[73] Another claim that the victim was a missing girl called Emily Barker was also refuted, as the torso was from an older and taller woman.[73] The age of the victim was estimated at 30–40 years.[109]

Swanson did not consider this a Ripper case, and instead suggested a link to similar dismembered body cases in Rainham and Chelsea, as well as "the Whitehall Mystery".[110] Monro agreed with Swanson's assessment.[111] These three murders and the Pinchin Street case are suggested to be the work of a serial killer, nicknamed the "Torso killer", who could either be the same person as "Jack the Ripper" or a separate serial killer of uncertain connection.[112] Ripperologists such as Evans, Skinner and Rumbelow discount any connection between the torso and Ripper killings on the basis of their different modus operandi.[113]

Monro was replaced as Commissioner by Sir Edward Bradford on 21 June 1890, after a disagreement with Home Secretary Matthews over police pensions.[114]

Frances Coles

Black and white head shot of a dead young woman
Frances Coles, 25, lived at a lodging-house in White's Row.[115]

The last of the murders in the Whitechapel file was committed on 13 February 1891 when prostitute Frances Coles was murdered under a railway arch. Her body was found by PC Ernest Thompson only moments after the attack at 2:15 a.m. at Swallow Gardens, a passageway under a railway arch between Chamber Street and Royal Mint Street, Whitechapel.[116] Minor wounds on the back of her head suggest that she was thrown violently to the ground before her throat was cut at least twice, from left to right and then back again..[117] Otherwise there were no mutilations to the body.[118] Superintendent Arnold and Inspector Reid arrived soon afterwards from the nearby Leman Street police station and by 5 a.m. Chief Inspectors Donald Swanson and Henry Moore, who had been involved in the previous murder investigations, arrived.[119] A man named James Sadler, seen earlier with her, was arrested by the police and charged with her murder. A high profile investigation by Swanson and Moore into Sadler's past history and his whereabouts at the time of the previous Whitechapel murders indicates that the police might have thought him to be the Ripper.[120] However, on 3 March Sadler was discharged due to lack of evidence.[120]

Legacy

There are no documents in the Whitechapel murder file dated after 1896.[121] The murderer or murderers were never identified and the cases remain unsolved.

The poor of the East End had long been ignored by affluent society, but the nature of the murders and of the victims drew attention to their living conditions.[122] The murders galvanised opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums of the East End, and led to demands for reform.[123] On 24 September 1888, George Bernard Shaw commented sarcastically in a letter to The Star newspaper eon the media's sudden concern in social justice:[124]

Whilst we conventional Social Democrats were wasting our time on education, agitation and organisation, some independent genius has taken the matter in hand, and by simply murdering and disembowelling … women, converted the proprietary press to an inept sort of communism.

Acts of Parliament, such as the Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890 and the Public Health Amendment Act 1890, set minimum standards for accommodation in an effort to transform degenerated urban areas.[125] In the two decades after the Whitechapel murders, the worst of the slums were closed down and demolished.[126]

Sensational reportage and the mystery surrounding the identity of the killer or killers fed the development of the character "Jack the Ripper", who was blamed for all or most of the murders.[34] Hundreds of books and articles discuss the Whitechapel murders, and they feature in novels, short stories, comic books, and films of multiple genres.

Notes

  1. ^ For example, the area around Flower and Dean Street was described as "perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the whole metropolis" (Greenwood, James (1883), In Strange Company, London, p. 158, quoted in Begg, pp. 21, 45) and Dorset Street was called "the worst street in London" (Daily Mail, 16 July 1901, quoted in Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders" in Werner, p. 62 and Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel" in Werner, p. 179
  2. ^ Pall Mall Gazette, 4 November 1889, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 225 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 516
  3. ^ Marriott, John, "The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders" in Werner, pp. 42–44; Jackson, Louise A., "Law, Order and Violence" in Werner, pp. 118–122; Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel" in Werner, pp. 141–170
  4. ^ White, Jerry (2007), London in the Nineteenth Century, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 978-0224062725, pp. 323–332
  5. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 47; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 4; Rumbelow, p.30
  6. ^ Begg, pp. 27–29; Cook, pp. 34–35; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 4–7
  7. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50
  8. ^ Dew, Walter (1938), I Caught Crippen, London: Blackie and Son, p. 92, quoted in Begg, p. 29
  9. ^ Begg, p. 29
  10. ^ Marriott, pp. 5–7
  11. ^ Begg, pp. 29–31; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 47–50; Marriott, pp. 5–7
  12. ^ "The Enduring Mystery of Jack the Ripper", Metropolitan Police, retrieved 1 May 2009
  13. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 11
  14. ^ Begg, pp. 51–53; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 51–55; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 8–18; Marriott, pp. 9–14
  15. ^ In an interview reported in the Pall Mall Gazette, 24 March 1903, Inspector Frederick Abberline referred to "George-yard, Whitechapel-road, where the first murder was committed" (quoted in Begg, p. 56). Walter Dew wrote in his memoirs, that "there can be no doubt that the August Bank Holiday murder ... was the handiwork of the Ripper" (I Caught Crippen, p. 97, quoted in Begg, p. 56). In his memoirs, Assistant Commissioner Robert Anderson said the second murder occurred on 31 August (quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 632).
  16. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 515; Marriott, p. 13
  17. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 61; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 24; Begg, pp. 85–85
  18. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 60–61; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 35; Rumbelow, pp. 24–27
  19. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 64
  20. ^ Begg, p. 98; Cook, pp. 25–28; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 62–63
  21. ^ Cook, pp. 25–28; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 21–22
  22. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 676, 678
  23. ^ Marriott, pp. 21–22
  24. ^ Marriott, pp. 22–23
  25. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 66–73
  26. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 66–70
  27. ^ Cook, p. 221; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 71–72; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 67–68, 87; Marriott, pp. 26–29; Rumbelow, p. 42
  28. ^ a b Marriott, pp. 77–79
  29. ^ Begg, p. 157; Cook, pp. 65–66; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 29; Marriott, pp. 59–75; Rumbelow, pp. 49–50
  30. ^ a b Begg, p. 153; Cook, p. 163; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 98; Marriott, pp. 59–75
  31. ^ Begg, p. 153; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 100; Marriott, pp. 59–75
  32. ^ Connell, pp. 15–16; Cook, p. 90
  33. ^ Connell, pp. 19–21; Rumbelow, pp. 67–68
  34. ^ a b c Davenport-Hines
  35. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 159–160; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 111–119, 265–290
  36. ^ Begg, p. 186
  37. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 65
  38. ^ Begg, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 84–85
  39. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 86
  40. ^ Begg, pp. 46, 168–170; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 96–98; Rumbelow, pp. 69–70
  41. ^ a b Cook, p. 157; Woods and Baddeley, p. 86
  42. ^ See for example Stewart, William (1939), Jack the Ripper: A New Theory, Quality Press, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 418
  43. ^ Marriott, pp.81–125
  44. ^ e.g. Melville Macnaghten quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587 and Rumbelow, p. 140; Thomas Bond (British physician) quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147
  45. ^ Inquest testimony of surveyor Frederick William Foster, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 201–202; Marriott, p. 138
  46. ^ Examining pathologist Dr Frederick Gordon Brown quoted in Marriott, pp. 130–131
  47. ^ Examining pathologist Dr Frederick Gordon Brown quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 128; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 207; and Marriott, pp. 132–133, 141–143
  48. ^ Sequeira's inquest testimony quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 128; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 208; and Marriott, p. 144
  49. ^ Saunders' inquest testimony quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 208
  50. ^ Cook, pp. 45–47; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 178–181
  51. ^ Begg, pp. 46, 189; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 114–116; Marriott, p. 81
  52. ^ Constable Alfred Long's inquest testimony, quoted in Marriott, pp. 148–149 and Rumbelow, p. 61
  53. ^ Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 183–184
  54. ^ Detective Constable Daniel Halse's inquest testimony, 11 October 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 214–215 and Marriott, pp. 150–151
  55. ^ Letter from Charles Warren to the Home Office Undersecretary of State, 6 November 1888, quoted in Begg, p. 197; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 183–184 and Marriott, p. 159
  56. ^ Inquest testimony of surveyor Frederick William Foster, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 201–202
  57. ^ Quoted by Rumbelow, p.76
  58. ^ Testimony of Dr Blackwell, the first surgeon at the scene, quoted by Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 163 and Rumbelow, p. 71
  59. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 175; Rumbelow, p. 76
  60. ^ Begg, pp. 186–187; Cook, pp. 166–167; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 106–108; Rumbelow, p. 76
  61. ^ Begg, pp. 186–187; Cook, p. 167; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 164; Rumbelow, p. 76
  62. ^ Quoted by Evans and Rumbelow, p. 104; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 158 and Rumbelow, p. 72
  63. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 106–108; Rumbelow, p. 76
  64. ^ Begg, pp. 176–184
  65. ^ Reported in The Times, 2 October 1888
  66. ^ Inspector Donald Swanson's report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, p. 193
  67. ^ Begg, pp. 193–194; Chief Inspector Swanson's report, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 24–25
  68. ^ Begg, pp. 201–203
  69. ^ Begg, p. 202; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 141; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 179, 225
  70. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 291–299
  71. ^ Cook, pp. 76–77; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 48–49
  72. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 30; Rumbelow, p. 118
  73. ^ a b c d Evans and Rumblelow, pp. 142–144; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 239 Cite error: The named reference "e&r" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  74. ^ Lees' diary quoted in Woods and Baddeley, p. 66
  75. ^ Quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 167; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 63; Chief Inspector Swanson's report, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 185–188; and Rumbelow, p. 118
  76. ^ Cook, pp. 144–149; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 54–71; Rumbelow, p. 121
  77. ^ Begg, p. 231; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 177
  78. ^ Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 339
  79. ^ Dr Phillips' inquest testimony, 12 November 1888, quoted in Marriott, p. 176
  80. ^ Police surgeon Thomas Bond's report, MEPO 3/3153 ff. 10–18, quoted in Begg, pp. 242–243; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 345–347 and Marriott, pp. 170–171.
  81. ^ Inspector Abberline's inquest testimony, 12 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 375–376 and Marriott, p. 177
  82. ^ Marriott, p. 179; Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 338
  83. ^ Marriott, pp. 167–180
  84. ^ Marriott, p.172
  85. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 175, 189; Rumbelow, pp. 94 ff.
  86. ^ a b East London Advertiser, 21 November 1888, quoted in Begg, p. 247
  87. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 174; Telegram from Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to Queen Victoria, 11 November 1888, Royal Archives VIC/A67/20, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 357
  88. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 196
  89. ^ Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147
  90. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 347–349
  91. ^ Letter to the Home Office of 18 July 1889 and Commissioner's Report for 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 204
  92. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 245–246; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 422–447
  93. ^ Daily Chronicle, 26 December 1888, quoted in Beadle, William (2009), Jack the Ripper: Unmasked, London: John Blake, ISBN 9781844546886, p. 209
  94. ^ Robert Anderson to James Monro, 11 January 1889, MEPO 3/143 ff. E–J, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 434–436
  95. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 433
  96. ^ Report by James Monro, 23 December 1888, HO 144/221/A49301H ff. 7–14, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 423–425
  97. ^ Quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 433
  98. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 245–246
  99. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 205–209; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 448–468
  100. ^ Rumbelow, p. 129
  101. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 207–208; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 137
  102. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Marriott, pp. 182–183
  103. ^ Interview in Cassell's Saturday Journal, 28 May 1892, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 225
  104. ^ Marriott, p. 195
  105. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 209
  106. ^ Coroner Baxter's summing up, 14 August 1888, quoted in Marriott, p. 193
  107. ^ Report to the Home Office by Swanson, 10 September 1889, MEPO 3/140 ff. 136–40, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 480–482; Report to the Home Office by Monro, 11 September 1889, HO 144/221/A49301K ff. 1–8, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 492–494
  108. ^ Report of Dr Charles A. Hebbert, 16 September 1889, MEPO 3/140 ff. 146–7, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 496–497; inquest testimony of George Bagster Phillips, 24 September 1889, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 509–510
  109. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 489–510
  110. ^ Report to the Home Office by Swanson, 10 September 1889, MEPO 3/140 ff. 136–40, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 210–213 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 480–482
  111. ^ Report to the Home Office by Monro, 11 September 1889, HO 144/221/A49301K ff. 1–8, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 213 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 492–494
  112. ^ Gordon, R. Michael (2002). "The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London". McFarland & Company. ISBN 9780786413485
  113. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 480; Rumbelow, p. 132
  114. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 217
  115. ^ Fido, p. 113; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 551–557
  116. ^ Cook, pp. 53–55; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–219; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 551
  117. ^ Examining pathologist Dr Phillips, and Dr F. J. Oxley, first doctor at the scene, quoted in Marriott, p. 198
  118. ^ Cook, p. 237; Marriott, p. 198
  119. ^ Fido, pp. 104–105
  120. ^ a b Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 220–222; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 551–568
  121. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 223; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 655
  122. ^ Begg, pp. 1–2
  123. ^ Cook, pp. 139–141; Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth" in Werner, pp. 236–237
  124. ^ Ryder, Stephen P. (editor) (2006), Public Reactions to Jack the Ripper: Letters to the Editor August – December 1888, Chestertown, Maryland: Inklings Press, ISBN 0975912976; Begg, pp. 1–2; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 144–145
  125. ^ Vaughan, Laura, "Mapping the East End Labyrinth" in Werner, pp. 236–237
  126. ^ Dennis, Richard, "Common Lodgings and 'Furnished Rooms': Housing in 1880s Whitechapel" in Werner, pp. 177–179

References

  • Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 058250631X
  • Connell, Nicholas (2005). Walter Dew: The Man Who Caught Crippen. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press. ISBN 9780750938037
  • Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781848683273
  • Davenport-Hines, Richard (2004). "Jack the Ripper (fl. 1888)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Subscription required for online version.
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Sutton: Stroud. ISBN 0750942282
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1841192252
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0750925493
  • Fido, Martin (1987). The Crimes, Death and Detection of Jack the Ripper. Vermont: Trafalgar Square. ISBN 9780297791362
  • Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1844541037
  • Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper: Fully Revised and Updated. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140173951
  • Werner, Alex (editor) (2008). Jack the Ripper and the East End. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 9780701182472
  • Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 9780711034105
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