Lisa Simpson
Template:Simpsons character Lisa Marie Simpson[1] is a fictional main character in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is the middle child of the eponymous family. Voiced by Yeardley Smith, Lisa first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night" on April 19, 1987. Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed her while waiting to meet with James L. Brooks. Groening had been invited to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic Life in Hell, but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the elder Simpson daughter after his younger sister Lisa Groening. After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family began their own series on Fox, which debuted on December 17, 1989.
At eight years old Lisa is the second child of Homer and Marge, younger sister of Bart, and older sister of Maggie. She is highly intelligent and plays the baritone saxophone. She has been a vegetarian since the seventh season, converted to Buddhism in season thirteen and advocates for a variety of political causes, including human rights in Tibet. She has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials and comic books – and inspired a line of merchandise.
Yeardley Smith originally tried out for the role of Bart, while Nancy Cartwright (who was later cast as the voice for Bart) tried out for Lisa. Producers considered Smith's voice too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was something of a "female Bart" who mirrored her brother's mischief, but as the series progressed she became a more sophisticated and intellectual character. Because of her unusual pointed hair style, many animators consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw.
Lisa is one of the most enduring characters on the series. TV Guide ranked her eleventh (tied with Bart) on their list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time". Her environmentalism has been especially well received; several episodes featuring her have won Genesis and Environmental Media Awards, including a special "Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award" in 2001. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals included Lisa on their list of the "Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time". Yeardley Smith won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992, and in 2000 Lisa and her family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Role in The Simpsons
The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not physically age; as such, Lisa is always depicted as eight years old.[2] The show itself is perpetually set in the year of broadcast (except for occasional flashbacks and flashforwards). In several episodes, events have been linked to specific time periods, although this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes.[3] Lisa's year of birth is given in "Lisa's First Word" (season four, 1992) as 1984, during the Summer Olympics.[4] The episode "That 90's Show" (season 19, 2008), however, contradicts much of the established backstory; for example, it presents Homer and Marge as being childless in the early 1990s.[5]
Lisa is a lover of music, especially jazz music. She enjoys playing the saxophone and became friends with jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy, whom she regards as an idol. Murphy helps pull Lisa out of her depression in "Moaning Lisa" (season one, 1990).[6] She is later deeply saddened by Murphy's death in "'Round Springfield". (season six, 1995)[7] Lisa has had relationships with several boys, including Ralph Wiggum in "I Love Lisa" (season four, 1993)[8], Nelson Muntz in "Lisa's Date with Density" (season eight, 1996)[9] and Colin in The Simpsons Movie. (2007)[10] Milhouse Van Houten has a crush on her, but despite dropping unsubtle hints about his feelings, he has been unsuccessful in winning her attention.[9]
Lisa is the most intellectual member of the Simpson family, and many episodes of the series focus on her fighting for various causes.[11] Lisa is often the focus of episodes with "a real moral or philosophical point," which according to former writer David S. Cohen is because "you really buy her as caring about it."[12] Lisa's political convictions are generally liberal. She is a vegetarian, feminist, environmentalist and a supporter of the Free Tibet movement.[13] While supportive of the general ideals of the Christian church in which she was raised, Lisa became a practicing Buddhist in the episode "She of Little Faith" (season 13, 2001) after she learned about the Noble Eightfold Path.[14]
Character
Creation
Matt Groening first conceived Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer James L. Brooks's office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip. When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening went in another direction,[15] hurriedly sketching his version of a dysfunctional family, named after members of his own family. Lisa was named after Groening's younger sister, but little else was based on her.[16] In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa displayed little of the intelligence for which she later became known. She was more of a "female Bart"[17] and was originally described as simply the "middle child", without much personality.[18]
Lisa made her debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night".[19] In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Lisa and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.[15]
Design
![Lisa's head is a quartered sphere with horizontal axis, viewed obliquely from the side; three hair spikes emerge from each upper quarter and two emerge from the near lower quarter.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/Lisasmall2.gif)
The entire Simpson family was designed to be easily recognized in silhouette.[20] The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.[15] Lisa's physical features are generally unique. In some early episodes, minor background characters occasionally had a similar hairline. However, in the later seasons, no character other than Maggie shares her hairline.[21] While designing Lisa, Groening "couldn't be bothered to even think about girls' hair styles".[22] At the time, Groening was primarily drawing in black and white; when designing Lisa and Maggie, he "just gave them this kind of spiky starfish hair style, not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color".[23]
To draw Lisa's head and hair, most of the show's animators use what they call the "three-three-two arrangement". It begins with a circle, with two curving lines (one vertical, one horizontal) intersecting in the middle to indicate her eyeline. The vertical line continues outside of the circle to create one hair point, with two more added towards the back of her head. Three more points are then added in front (in the direction Lisa is facing), with two more behind it.[24] Several Simpsons animators, including Pete Michels and David Silverman, consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw.[25] Silverman explains that "her head is so abstract" due to her hairstyle.[22]
Voice
While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner because they were already a part of the Tracey Ullman Show cast,[26] the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Nancy Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa, but disliked the character's bland description—Lisa was described simply as the "middle child"—and read for the role of Bart instead.[18][27] Yeardley Smith also auditioned for the role of Bart but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled: "I always sounded too much like a girl, I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"[28][29]
![A light-skinned woman with reddish-brown hair smiles, her eyes closed slightly.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Yeardleysmithcomiccon.jpg/220px-Yeardleysmithcomiccon.jpg)
Smith was given the role of Lisa instead, although she almost turned it down.[30] Smith and the show's writers worked to give Lisa a more defined personality, and she has developed greatly during the series. In her 2000 memoir My Life as a Ten-Year-Old Boy, Cartwright wrote: "with the brilliant wit of the writers and the wry, in-your-eye, honest-to-a-fault interpretation, Yeardley Smith has made Lisa a bright light of leadership, full of compassion and competence beyond her years. Lisa Simpson is the kind of child we not only want our children to be, but also the kind of child we want all children to be. But, at the time, on The Tracey Ullman Show, she was just an animated eight-year-old kid who had no personality."[18]
Lisa is the only regular character voiced by Smith, who increases the pitch of her voice slightly for the role.[31] In some earlier episodes she provided some of Maggie's squeaks and occasional speaking parts, and has voiced other characters on very rare occasions.[32] Usually they are derivative of Lisa, such as Lisa Bella in "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" (season 11, 2000) and Lisa, Jr. in "Missionary: Impossible". (season 11, 2000)[33]
It's a happy fluke. When she was cast back in 1987, I just liked the sound of her voice. She's also a great actress. In general, people who make their living doing voices on cartoons aren't always great for us. Most cartoons want things peppy and cartoony. Yeardley is able to go through moments of great emotion and wring it for all she's worth.
—Matt Groening on Smith's vocal style[34]
Despite the fame of Lisa Simpson, Smith is rarely recognized in public, which she does not mind. She said, "it's wonderful to be in the midst of all this hype about the show, and people enjoying the show so much, and to be totally a fly on the wall; people never recognise me solely from my voice."[35] In a 2009 interview with The Guardian she commented that "It's the best job ever. I have nothing but gratitude for the amount of freedom The Simpsons has bought me in my life."[36] Although Smith received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 1992, she considers it unimportant, saying "there's part of me that feels it wasn't even a real Emmy." The award is a Creative Arts prize not awarded during the primetime telecast and, at the time, a juried award without nominations.[30] Still, Smith considers her work on the show a success. "If I had to be associated with one character in fiction," she said, "I will always be thrilled that it was Lisa Simpson."[30] Matt Groening has described Smith as being very similar to Lisa: "Yeardley has strong moral views about her character. There are lines that are written for Lisa that Yeardley reads and says, 'No, I wouldn't say that.'"[34] Former Simpsons writer Jay Kogen praised her performance on the show, particularly in the episode "Lisa's Substitute", as able "to move past comedy to something really strong and serious and dramatic."[34]
Until 1998, Smith was paid $30,000 per episode. A pay dispute erupted in 1998, during which Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.[37] The dispute was soon resolved, and Smith received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors sought an increase to $360,000 per episode.[37] The issue was resolved a month later,[38] and Smith earned $250,000 per episode.[35] New salary negotiations took place in 2008, and the voice actors currently receive approximately $400,000 per episode.[39]
Development
![A yellow-skinned female cartoon character lies in bed, covering most of her body with a blanket. Her hair is noticeably spiked.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Lisa_-_Good_Night.png/200px-Lisa_-_Good_Night.png)
In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was something of a "female Bart": equally mischievous but lacking unique traits.[17] As the series progressed, Lisa began to develop into a more intelligent and more emotional character.[40] She demonstrates her intellect in the 1990 episode "Krusty Gets Busted" (season one), by helping Bart reveal Sideshow Bob's plot to frame Krusty the Clown for armed robbery.[41] Many episodes focusing on Lisa have an emotional nature, such as "Moaning Lisa" (season one, 1990). The idea for the episode was pitched by James L. Brooks, who wanted to do an emotional episode involving Lisa's sadness, to complement the many "jokey episodes" in the first season.[42]
In the seventh-season episode "Lisa the Vegetarian" (1995), Lisa permanently becomes a vegetarian, distinguishing her as one of the first primetime television characters to make such a choice.[43] The episode was written by David S. Cohen (in his first solo writing credit) who jotted down the idea one day while eating lunch. Then-executive producer David Mirkin, who had recently become a vegetarian, quickly approved the idea. Several of Lisa's experiences in the episode are based on Mirkin's own experiences. The episode guest stars musician Paul McCartney, a committed vegetarian and animal rights activist. McCartney's condition for appearing was that Lisa would remain a vegetarian for the rest of the series and would not revert back the next week (as is common on situation comedies). The trait stayed and is one of the few permanent character changes made in the show.[44][45][46] In the season 13 episode "She of Little Faith" (2001), Lisa underwent another permanent character change when she converted to Buddhism.[47]
Lisa plays the baritone saxophone, and many episodes include that as a plot device. According to Matt Groening, the baritone saxophone was chosen because he found the thought of an eight year old girl playing it amusing. He added, "But she doesn't always play a baritone sax because the animators don't know what it looks like, so it changes shape and color from show to show."[48] One of the hallmarks of the show's opening sequence is a brief solo Lisa plays on her saxophone after being thrown out of music class. The Simpsons composer Alf Clausen said that the session musicians who perform her solos do not try to play at the second grade level and instead "think of Lisa as a really good player."[40]
Personality
[Lisa is] a good soul. I love that she is so compassionate. She is wise beyond her years. She has remarkable optimism, despite the fact that she's disappointed so often.
Lisa is highly intelligent and sees herself as a misfit within the Simpson family due to her knowledge. She shows characteristics rarely seen in Springfield, including spirituality and commitment to peaceful ways.[3] Lisa's knowledge covers a wide range of subjects, from astronomy to medicine, and she is notably more concerned with world affairs than her life in Springfield.[50] Although her rebellion against social norms is usually depicted as constructive and heroic, Lisa can be self-righteous at times.[51] In "Lisa the Vegetarian", an increasing sense of moral righteousness leads her to disrupt her father's roast-pig barbecue, an act for which she later apologizes.[52] Episodes often take shots at Lisa's idealism.[53] In "Bart Star," (season nine, 1997) Lisa, apparently looking for a new cause to crusade over,[54] defiantly declares that she, a girl, would like to join the football team. When coach Ned Flanders reveals that several girls already play for the team, she hesitates and claims football is "not really [her] thing". She then expresses distaste about a ball made of pig's skin, but one of the girls informs her that their footballs are synthetic and that proceeds are donated to Amnesty International. Visibly upset, Lisa runs off.[55]
Her brightness manifests itself in various ways. Lisa is said to have an IQ of 156,[56] and in "They Saved Lisa's Brain" (season ten, 1999) she becomes a member of the Springfield chapter of Mensa.[57] When unable to attend school due to a teachers' strike in "The PTA Disbands", (season six, 1995) she suffers withdrawl symptoms because of the sudden lack of praise.[58] She even demands that her mother grade her for no obvious reason.[59] In Planet Simpson, Chris Turner writes that these traits make Lisa more realistic because "No character can aspire to realism without a few all-too-human flaws."[58]
Although she is intellectually gifted, Lisa experiences typical childhood issues, sometimes requiring adult intervention. For example, in "Lost Our Lisa" (season nine, 1998), she tricks Homer into allowing her to ride the bus alone, only to become hopelessly lost and in need of aid from her father.[60] Chris Turner writes in Planet Simpson that incidents like this illustrate that "Even when Lisa's lecturing like a college professor or mounting yet another protest, she never becomes a full-grown adult trapped in a kid's body."[61] In The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer, Aeon J. Skoble states that although Lisa is an intellectual, she enjoys The Itchy and Scratchy Show and teenage heartthrobs. He writes, "In so many cases Lisa is presented not simply as a prodigy but as preternaturally wise, the fondness for Itchy and Scratchy and Corey seem to be highlighted, taking on greater significance. Lisa is portrayed as the avatar of logic and wisdom, but then she also worships Corey so she's 'no better'."[62]
Lisa occasionally worries that her family's dull habits will rub off on her, such as in "Lisa the Simpson" (season nine, 1998) she worries that the "Simpson gene" will make her less intelligent.[63][64] She is often embarrassed and disapproving of her eccentric family: of her father's poor parenting skills and buffoonish personality; her mother's stereotypical image and social ineptitude; and her brother's delinquent and low-brow nature. She is also concerned that Maggie may grow up to be like the rest of the family and tries to teach her complex ideas. Chris Turner writes in Planet Simpson that "Lisa embarks on quests to find solace for her yearning spirit [...] but the most reliable source of truth she finds is the one she always believed in: her family. It is from the other Simpsons that Lisa draws stability, meaning, contentment."[65] Her loyalty to her family is most clearly seen in the flashforward "Lisa's Wedding" (season six, 1995), in which she must reconcile her love for them with the distaste of her cultured fiancé.[66] In the episode "Mother Simpson" (season seven, 1995) she meets her paternal grandmother Mona Simpson for the first time.[67] Mona is also well-read and articulate, and the writers used the character as a way to explain the origins of Lisa's intelligence.[68]
Reception
Commendations
![A pink star engraved into a black tile. The words in the center of the star read "THE SIMPSONS", and below them is a pictogram of a television.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Simpsons_star.jpg/200px-The_Simpsons_star.jpg)
Lisa has been a popular character since the show's inception. She was listed at number 11 (tied with Bart) in TV Guide's "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time."[69] Yeardley Smith has won several awards for voicing Lisa, including a Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Voice-Over Performance" in 1992 for "Lisa the Greek".[70] Various episodes in which Lisa stars have won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program, including "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment" in 1991, "Lisa's Wedding" in 1995 and "HOMR" in 2001.[70] In 2000, Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.[71]
Lisa's environmentalism has been especially well received. In 2001 Lisa received a special "Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award" at the Environmental Media Awards.[72] "Lisa the Vegetarian" won both an Environmental Media Award for "Best Television Episodic Comedy"[73] and a Genesis Award for "Best Television Comedy Series, Ongoing Commitment".[74] Several other episodes that feature Lisa speaking out in favor of animal rights have won Genesis Awards, including "Whacking Day" in 1994,[75][76] "Bart Gets an Elephant" in 1995,[77][78][79] "Million Dollar Abie" in 2007[80] and "Apocalypse Cow" in 2009.[81]
Cultural influence
Jonathan Gray, author of the book Watching The Simpsons, feels that Lisa "is probably the best and certainly longest-running feminist character that television has had. She's the heart of the show and she quite often questions the gender politics".[82] According to PETA, Lisa was one of the first vegetarian characters on primetime television. In 2004 the organization included Lisa on its list of the "Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time".[43] In 2008, environmentalist website The Daily Green honored Lisa's role in The Simpsons Movie with one of its inaugural "Heart of Green" awards, which "recognize those who have helped green go mainstream." The wrote "young Lisa Simpson has inspired a generation to wear their hearts on their sleeves and get educated, and involved, about global issues, from justice to feminism and the environment."[83] Japanese broadcasters reversed viewer dislike of the series by focusing marketing of the show on Lisa. Lisa's well-intended but ill-fated struggles to be a voice of reason and a force of good in her family and community struck a chord with Japanese audiences.[84] Mario D'Amato, a specialist in Buddhist studies at Rollins College in Florida, described Lisa as "open-minded, reflective, ethical, and interested in improving herself in various ways, while still preserving a child-like sense of innocence. These are all excellent qualities, ones which are espoused by many Buddhist traditions."[85]
Lisa and the rest of the Simpsons have had a significant influence on English-language idioms. The dismissive term "Meh", used by Lisa and popularized by the show,[86] entered the Collins English Dictionary in 2008.[87] In 1996, The New York Times published an article saying that Lisa was inspiring children, especially young girls, to learn to play the saxophone.[48]
Merchandising
Lisa has been included in many The Simpsons publications, toys, and other merchandise. The Lisa Book, describing Lisa's personality and attributes, was released in 2006.[88] Other merchandise includes dolls, posters, figurines, bobblehead dolls, mugs, and clothing such as slippers, T-shirts, baseball caps, and boxer shorts.[89] Lisa has appeared in commercials for Burger King,[90] C.C. Lemon, Church's Chicken, Domino's Pizza, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Ramada Inn, Ritz Crackers, Subway and Butterfinger.[91]
On April 9, 2009, the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Lisa and the four other members of the nuclear Simpson family. They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while still in production.[92] The stamps, designed by Matt Groening, went on sale in May 2009.[93][94]
Lisa has also appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons. She has appeared in each Simpsons video game, including The Simpsons Game, released in 2007.[95] In addition to the television series, Lisa regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics, first published on November 29, 1993 and published monthly. The comics focus on the sweeter, more naive incarnation from the early seasons.[96][97] Lisa also plays a role in The Simpsons Ride, launched in 2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood.[98]
Notes
- ^ Daniels, Greg; Reardon, Jim (1995-03-19). "Lisa's Wedding". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 19. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Moore, Rich (1991-09-19). "Stark Raving Dad". The Simpsons. Season 03. Episode 01. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Turner 2004, pp. 78–79
- ^ Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark (1992-12-03). "Lisa's First Word". The Simpsons. Season 04. Episode 10. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Selman, Matt; Kirkland, Mark (2008-01-27). "That 90's Show". The Simpsons. Season 19. Episode 11. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Archer, Wes (1990-02-11). "Moaning Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 01. Episode 06. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Sternin, Joshua; Ventimilia, Jeffrey; Moore, Steven Dean (1995-04-30). "'Round Springfield". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 22. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mula, Frank; Archer, Wes (1993-02-11). "I Love Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 04. Episode 15. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Scully, Mike; Dietter, Susie (1996-12-15). "Lisa's Date with Density". The Simpsons. Season 08. Episode 07. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ The Simpsons Movie (Film). 20th Century Fox. 2007.
- ^ Delingpole, James (2010-01-05). "What 'The Simpsons' can teach us about life". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Meyer, George; Michels, Pete; Scully, Mike; Smith; Yeardley. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Skeptic", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Curran, Kevin; Kruse, Nancy (2003-02-16). "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can". The Simpsons. Season 1. Episode 12. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Freiberger, Bill; Moore, Steven Dean (2001-12-16). "She of Little Faith". The Simpsons. Season 13. Episode 06. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
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suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c BBC (2000). 'The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD) (DVD). UK: 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Rose, Joseph (2007-08-03). "The real people behind Homer Simpson and family". The Oregonian. Retrieved 2008-01-19.
{{cite web}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ a b Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "Boy-Scoutz N the Hood", in The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b c Cartwright 2000, pp. 35–40
- ^ Richmond 1997, p. 14
- ^ Groening, Matt. (2005). Commentary for "Fear of Flying", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "Principal Charming", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Silverman, David; Reardon, Jim; Groening, Matt. (2005). Illustrated commentary for "Treehouse of Horror V", in The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b Groening, Matt. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "All Singing, All Dancing", in The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "Summer of 4 Ft. 2", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Michels, Pete. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "All Singing, All Dancing", in The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Lee, Luaine (2003-02-27). "D'oh, you're the voice". The Age. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Bart's voice tells all". BBC News. 2000-11-10. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
- ^ Larry Carroll (2008-10-26). "'Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To "Burns-Sexual" Smithers". MTV. Retrieved 2007-07-29.
- ^ Charles Miranda (2007-12-08). "She who laughs last". The Daily Telegraph. p. 8E.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ a b c Heidi Vogt (2004-04-04). "She's happy as Lisa Simpson, although she'd like more d'oh". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Charles Miranda (2007-12-08). "She who laughs last". The Daily Telegraph. p. 8E.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Smith, Yeardley (2007). Audio commentary for The Simpsons Movie (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Smith, Yeardley. (2008). Commentary for "Missionary: Impossible", in The Simpsons: The Complete Eleventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b c L.W. Michion (Spring 1992). "Yeardley Smith Confesses: "I Love Lisa"". Simpsons Illustrated Magazine, Volume 1, Number 5. pp. 20–23.
- ^ a b Peter Sheridan (2004-05-06). "Meet the Simpsons". Daily Express.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Lisa Marks (2009-01-16). "From Springfield to Tinseltown". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ a b Glaister, Dan (2004-04-03). "Simpsons actors demand bigger share". The Age. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "'Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work". CBS News. 2004-05-01. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ^ "Simpsons cast sign new pay deal". BBC News. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ a b Rhodes, Joe (1991-07-26). "Sax and the Single Simpson". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "Krusty Gets Busted", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "Moaning Lisa", in The Simpsons: The Complete First Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ a b "Friends' Phoebe tops PETA's list of most animal-friendly TV characters of all time". PETA. 2004-05-04. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Vegetarian", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Paul McCartney Insisted Lisa Simpson Stay VEG". ecorazzi. 2009-08-26. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ "Sideswipe: McCartney keeps Lisa vegetarian". The New Zealand Herald. August 28, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ Pinsky 2007, p. 171
- ^ a b Barron, James (1996-01-14). "A Sax Craze, Inspired by 'The Simpsons'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
- ^ Paul Freeman (1994-11-20). "Local actress finds a voice in `Simpsons'". The Washington Times.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ Gross, Michael (2003-10-30). "Eat my lab coat". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
- ^ Pinsky 2001, p. 46
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark (1995-10-15). "Lisa the Vegetarian". The Simpsons. Season 07. Episode 05. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Turner 2004, p. 229
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 230
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark (1997-11-09). "Bart Star". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 06. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Swartzwelder, John; Reardon, Jim (1997-05-04). "Homer's Enemy". The Simpsons. Season 08. Episode 23. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Selman, Matt; Michels, Pete (1999-05-09). "They Saved Lisa's Brain". The Simpsons. Season 10. Episode 22. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b Turner 2004, p. 201
- ^ Crittenden, Jennifer; Scott III, Swinton O. (1995-04-16). "The PTA Disbands". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 21. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Scully, Briann; Michels, Pete (1998-05-10). "Lost Our Lisa". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 24. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Turner 2004, p. 203
- ^ Skoble 1999, pp. 31–32
- ^ Gates, Anita (2000-04-09). "Men on TV: Dumb as Posts And Proud of It". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
- ^ Goldreyer, Ned; Dietter, Susie (1998-03-08). "Lisa the Simpson". The Simpsons. Season 09. Episode 17. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Turner 2004, p. 233
- ^ Daniels, Greg; Reardon, Jim (1995-03-19). "Lisa's Wedding". The Simpsons. Season 06. Episode 19. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Appel, Rich; Silverman, David (1995-11-19). "Mother Simpson". The Simpsons. Season 07. Episode 08. Fox.
{{cite episode}}
: Unknown parameter|episodelink=
ignored (|episode-link=
suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|serieslink=
ignored (|series-link=
suggested) (help) - ^ Appel, Rich. (2005). Commentary for "Mother Simpson", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list". CNN. 2002-07-30. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
- ^ a b "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. Retrieved 2008-01-18.
- ^ "Hollywood Icons". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
- ^ W. Reed Moran (2001-11-15). "Lisa Simpson animates environmental awards". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "Awards for "The Simpsons"". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
- ^ "1995 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "'Free Willy', 'Simpsons' win Genesis Awards". Rocky Mountain News. 1994-01-30. p. 56A.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "1994 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Yardena Arar (1991-01-19). "Films, TV Programs praised for treatment of Animal issues". Daily News of Los Angeles. p. L9.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "1995 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Cohen, David X.; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "Lisa the Vegetarian", in The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
- ^ "2007 Genesis Awards". Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
- ^ "The 23rd Genesis Awards Nominees". Humane Society of the United States. 2009-02-24. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ Ortved 2009, p. 86
- ^ "The Daily Green's Heart of Green Awards 2008". The Daily Green. 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 327
- ^ Pinsky 2007, p. 180
- ^ Michael Hann (2007-03-05). "Meh — the word that's sweeping the internet". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ Boswell, Randy (2008-11-18). "Canadian politics: The definition of 'meh'". Vancouver Sun. Canwest News Service. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ Groening, Matt (2006). The Lisa Book. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060748230.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Search Results for Lisa". The Simpsons Shop. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ "Burger King, Simpsons team up, could face trouble from networks". The Miami Herald. 1990-08-20.
{{cite news}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help) - ^ "10 Things You Never Knew About The Simpsons". Flavor wire. October 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
- ^ Szalai, George (2009-04-01). "Postal Service launching "Simpsons" stamps". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "The Simpsons stamps launched in US". Newslite. 2009-05-08. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ "The Simpsons Get 'Stamping Ovation' To Tune of 1 Billion Stamps". United States Postal Service. 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
- ^ Walk, Gary Eng (2007-11-05). "Work of Bart". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Groening launches Futurama comics". The Gazette. 2000-11-19.
{{cite web}}
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(help); Unknown parameter|accssdate=
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- ^ MacDonald, Brady (2008-04-09). "Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help)
References
- Cartwright, Nancy (2000). My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. New York City: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8600-5.
- Ortved, John (2009). The Simpsons: An Uncensored, Unauthorized History. Greystone Books. pp. 248–250. ISBN 978-1-55365-503-9.
- Pinsky, Mark I (2007). The Gospel According to The Simpsons, Bigger and Possibly Even Better! Edition. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-23265-8.
- Pinsky, Mark I (2001). The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22419-9.
- Richmond, Ray (1997). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638898-1.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Skoble, Aeon J. (1999). "Lisa and American anti-intellectualism". In Irwin, William; Conrad, Mark T.; Skoble, Aeon (eds.) (ed.). The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'oh! of Homer. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9433-3.
{{cite book}}
:|editor=
has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - Turner, Chris (2004). Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 0-679-31318-4.
Further reading
- Alberti, John (ed.) (2003). Leaving Springfield: "The Simpsons" and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2849-0.
{{cite book}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - Brown, Alan (2006). The Psychology of The Simpsons. Benbella Books. ISBN 1-932100-70-9.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Groening, Matt (2006). The Lisa Book. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060748230.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthor=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Groening, Matt (1991). The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-096582-7.
External links
- Lisa Simpson at The Simpsons.com
- Template:Imdb character