Ventureño language
 | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (June 2010) |
| Ventureño | |
|---|---|
| Region | Southern Californian coastal areas |
| Extinct | mid 20th century |
Chumashan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | nai |
| ISO 639-3 | veo |
Ventureño is one of the extinct Chumash languages, a group of Native American languages previously spoken along the coastal areas of Southern California from as far north as San Luis Obispo to as far south as Malibu. Ventureño was spoken from as far north as present-day Ventura to as far south as present-day Malibu and the Simi Hills, California.
Ventureño, like its sister Chumashan languages, is a polysynthetic language, having larger words composed of a number of morphemes. Ventureño has separate word classes of verb, noun, and oblique adjunct;[1] with no separate word class of adjective or adposition. Nouns and verbs are often heavily affixed (prefixed mostly) in Ventureño, affixing being a way to denote those meanings often conveyed by separate words in more analytic languages. Verbs play a primary role in Ventureño with utterances often composed only of a verb with clitics. Chumash word order is VSO/VOS, or VS&VO (as per Dryer 1997).
Sounds
Ventureño has a similar phonemic inventory to its sister language, Barbareño. Ventureño consists of 30 consonants and 6 vowels.
Vowels
Ventureño consists of a regular 5-vowel inventory with a sixth vowel that Harrington transcribes as <ə>. In Barbareño transcriptions,<ɨ> is used. It is not known whether these two phones are the same in both languages (and the difference in transcription is merely one of convention), or whether the sounds were in fact different enough for Harrington to use different symbols.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ə | u |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | plain | m | n | |||||
| glottalized | m | n | ||||||
| Plosive | plain | p | t | k | q | ʔ | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | kʼ | qʼ | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||
| Affricate | plain | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||
| aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡ʃʰ | ||||||
| Fricative | plain | s | ʃ | x | h | |||
| aspirated | sʰ | ʃʰ | ||||||
| Approximant | plain | w | l (ɬ)1 | j | ||||
| glottalized | w | j | ||||||
- Ventureño has only one lateral, /l/. However, /l/ has a distinct allophone [ɬ] that Harrington includes in his transcriptions.
Orthography
Ventureño has been written in several different ways by different linguists. John Peabody Harrington, who compiled most of the data on Ventureño, used a modified version of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Harrington differed from the International Phonetic Alphabet in the following symbols: a kappa <к> (small caps 'k') for [q], a for [x], a slanted bar <ł> for [ɬ], a reversed apostrophe <‘> for aspiration, and a right-turned (standard) apostrophe <’> for a glottal stop (this symbol was also used for ejectives and glottalized sonorants).
The Buenaventura Band of Mission Indians has adopted an Americanist form of transcription for Ventureño based on the work done by Harrington: <š> for [ʃ], <ł> for [ɬ], <x> for [x], <ʰ> for aspiration, <y> for [j], and for [q]. A standard apostrophe <’> continues to be used for a glottal stop [ʔ] and for denoting ejectives. Glottalized sonorants [m, n, w, y] are written with a combining apostrophe over the symbol. This transcription is in keeping with most current Chumashists (such as Wash below) except that alveolar affricates ([t͡s]) are written as <ts> in Ventureño, where other Chumashists write them as <c>. Likewise, Ventureño writes post-alveolar affricates ([t͡ʃ]) as <tš>, where other Chumashists write this sound as <č>.
Morphology
Chumash morphology is fairly polysynthetic. This applies especially to the verbs of the language, which has over 15 distinct morphological slots (when counting nominalized verbs). This is illustrated in the table below by the nominalized verb meaning "your wanting to make fun of me."
| Word | lošipałtšuyašuqonišpiyuyuw | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parse | lo- | si- | p- | ʔal- | suya- | su- | qoniš | -pi | -iyuw.REDUP |
| Gloss | DEM- | ART- | 2- | NZ- | DES- | CAUS- | make.fun.of | -APL.LOC | -1PL.REDUP |
| Translation | "your wanting to make fun of us" | ||||||||
Sample Vocabulary
(see citation below for Harrington)
'ałhašə'əš;: n. language; word
kuku'u: n. people
k'uwe: conj. but
References
- Wash, Suzanne (2001). Adverbial Clauses in Barbareño Chumash Narrative Discourse. University of California, Santa Barbara. Ph.D. dissertation.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - Dryer, Matthew S. 1997. "On the Six-Way Word Order Typology," Studies in Language 21(1): 69-103.
- Harrington, John Peabody. 1981. The Papers of John Peabody Harrington in the Smithsonian 1907-1957: A Guide to the Field Notes: Native American History, Language, and Culture of Southern California/Basin, vol. 3. Elaine L. Mills and Ann J. Brockfield, eds. Microfilm reels 69, 89, and 94 on Ventureño.
External links
- Ventureño language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World (unknown ed.). SIL International.[This citation is dated, and should be substituted with a specific edition of Ethnologue]
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- ^ Wash (2001)